{"id":53308,"date":"2025-08-21T07:04:59","date_gmt":"2025-08-20T23:04:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=53308"},"modified":"2025-08-21T07:04:59","modified_gmt":"2025-08-20T23:04:59","slug":"%e4%ba%9a%e7%be%8e%e5%b0%bc%e4%ba%9a%e7%a7%8d%e6%97%8f%e7%81%ad%e7%bb%9d%e7%ae%80%e5%8f%b2%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%80%e6%88%98%e4%b8%ad%e5%9c%9f%e8%80%b3%e5%85%b6%e5%88%b6%e9%80%a0%e7%9a%84%e5%a4%a7%e7%81%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=53308","title":{"rendered":"\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7b80\u53f2\uff1a\u4e00\u6218\u4e2d\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5236\u9020\u7684\u5927\u707e\u96be"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6765\u6e90: \u6c88\u8001\u5e08\u8bf4\u53f2<\/p>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-27494a0ce519fa294d7111599b60f748_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7b2c\u4e8c\u591a\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u62ff\u6765\u4e0e\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u4fee-\u9ea6\u91d1\u6258\u4ec0\uff08Matthew A. 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sadika\uff08\u5fe0\u8bda\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u7766\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6743\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u5927\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6240\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u5c11\u4e8e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u540c\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>19 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V\uff09\u88ab\u63a8\u4e3e\u4e3a\u5f62\u8c61\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\uff0c\u5b9e\u6743\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u6885\u5c14-\u6069\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Enver Pasha\uff09\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u652f\u6301 &#8220;\u9752\u5e74\u571f\u8033\u5176\u515a&#8221;\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u9769\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u88ab\u9009\u5165\u65b0\u6062\u590d\u7684\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7559\u5728\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>\u5b9e\u65bd\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6069\u7ef4\u5c14-\u5e15\u590f\u5728\u8428\u91cc\u5361\u7c73\u65af\u6218\u5f79\uff081914-1915 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Kaya \u7684\u6307\u6325\u4e0b\uff0c\u5171\u6709 25 \u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"_3hMwG _2kCxD \">\n<div class=\"_1NCGf\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/v2-8becc93fb821d39f1328691d5683fce4_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\/\u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u4f4d\u4e8e\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u8fb9\u5883\u9644\u8fd1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ea\u662f\u4e34\u65f6\u8fc7\u6e21\u8425\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u636e\u8bf4\u53ea\u662f\u7528\u4f5c\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u63a9\u57cb\u533a\uff0c\u5982\u62c9\u5fb7\u7ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u3001\u5361\u7279\u9a6c\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u548c\u963f\u624e\u5179\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u5df2\u4e8e 1915 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5000 \u540d\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u88ab\u70e7\u6b7b\u7684\u573a\u9762\uff0c[2] \u5965\u65af\u66fc\u519b\u961f\u7684 Hasan Maruf \u4e2d\u5c09\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u96c6\u4e2d\u8d77\u6765\u70e7\u6b7b\u7684\u3002[3]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u519b\u6307\u6325\u5b98 Vehib \u5728\u7279\u62c9\u5e03\u5b97\u7cfb\u5217\u5ba1\u5224\uff081919 \u5e74 3 \u6708 29 \u65e5\uff09\u4e2d\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684 12 \u9875\u5ba3\u8a93\u4e66\uff08\u65e5\u671f\u4e3a 1918 \u5e74 12 \u6708 5 \u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u5173\u952e\u8d77\u8bc9\u4e66\uff081919 \u5e74 5 \u6708 5 \u65e5\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e Takvimi Vekayi \u7b2c 3540 \u53f7\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u4e86 Mus \u9644\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u88ab\u96c6\u4f53\u711a\u70e7\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u9ea6\u514b\u5362\u5c14\uff08S. S. McClure\uff09\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u969c\u788d\u300b[4]\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u6bd4\u7279\u5229\u65af\u3001\u7a46\u65af\u548c\u8428\u677e\uff0c&#8221;\u5904\u7406\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u74e6\u7247\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u7684\u5987\u5973\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u7684\u6700\u7b80\u6377\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u70e7\u6b7b\u4ed6\u4eec&#8221;\u3002&#8221;\u800c\u4e14\uff0c&#8221;\u663e\u7136\u76ee\u7779\u8fc7\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u573a\u666f\u7684\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6218\u4fd8\u5728\u56de\u5fc6\u8d77\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u611f\u5230\u60ca\u6050\u548c\u75af\u72c2\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u71c3\u70e7\u4eba\u8089\u7684\u6076\u81ed\u5728\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5929\u91cc\u5f25\u6f2b\u5728\u7a7a\u6c14\u4e2d&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u636e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5df4\u7279-\u53f6\u5965\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u4e5f\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u88ab\u711a\u70e7\u7684\u573a\u9762\uff1a \u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u662f\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e2d\u7684\u76df\u53cb\uff0c&#8230;&#8230;\u4ed6\u4eec\u76ee\u7779\u4e86\u5e73\u6c11\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u5173\u5728\u6559\u5802\u91cc\u711a\u70e7\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u96c6\u4f53\u96c6\u4e2d\u5230\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\uff0c\u88ab\u6298\u78e8\u81f4\u6b7b\uff0c\u5316\u4e3a\u7070\u70ec\uff0c&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;[5]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u5728\u7279\u62c9\u5e03\u5b97\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u5ba1\u5224\u671f\u95f4\uff081919 \u5e74 3 \u6708 26 \u65e5\u81f3 5 \u6708 17 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\u533b\u751f\u548c\u7279\u62c9\u5e03\u5b97\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u670d\u52a1\u4e3b\u4efb Adnan \u533b\u751f\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e66\u9762\u8bc1\u8bcd\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u4e00 \u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u8d77\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u9001\u4e0a\u5939\u5c42\uff0c\u7528\u6709\u6bd2\u6c14\u4f53\u8bbe \u5907\u6740\u6b7b\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u6b64\u6848\u5728 1919 \u5e74 4 \u6708 1 \u65e5\u4e0b\u5348\u7684\u7b2c 3 \u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u8868\u5728 1919 \u5e74 4 \u6708 27 \u65e5\u7684\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u300a\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u62a5\u300b\u4e0a\uff08\u66f4\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u9605\u300a\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u62a5\u300b1919 \u5e74 4 \u6708 27 \u65e5\uff09\u3002[7]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5916\u79d1\u533b\u751f Haydar Cemal \u535a\u58eb\u5728\u300aT\u00fcrkce Istanbul\u300b\u7b2c 45 \u671f\uff081918 \u5e74 12 \u6708 23 \u65e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u300b1918 \u5e74 12 \u6708 26 \u65e5\uff09\u4e0a\u5199\u9053\uff1a&#8221;1916 \u5e74 1 \u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u4f24\u5bd2\u75c5\u8513\u5ef6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e25\u91cd\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7b2c\u4e09\u519b\u536b\u751f\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u88ab\u63a5\u79cd\u4e86\u4f24\u5bd2\u75c5\u4eba\u7684\u8840\u6db2\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8840\u6db2&#8217;\u5931\u53bb\u6d3b\u6027&#8217;\u3002[8]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u6770\u91cc\u7c73-\u4f11-\u5df4\u4f26\u5199\u9053\uff1a&#8221;\u4e2a\u522b\u533b\u751f\u76f4\u63a5\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6bd2\u6740\u5a74\u513f\u3001\u6740\u5bb3\u513f\u7ae5\uff0c\u5e76\u51fa\u5177\u865a\u5047\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6b7b\u4ea1\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u7eb3\u9f50\u59c6\u7684\u59b9\u592b\u7279\u592b\u83f2\u514b-\u9c81\u4ec0\u675c\u533b\u751f\u662f\u536b\u751f\u670d\u52a1\u76d1\u5bdf\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u7528\u6570\u5343\u516c\u65a4\u77f3\u7070\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5904\u7406\u4e86\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\uff1b\u4ed6\u5728 1925 \u5e74\u81f3 1938 \u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u62c5\u4efb\u5916\u4ea4\u79d8\u4e66\u3002[9]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279-\u6770\u4f0a-\u5229\u592b\u987f\u5728\u5176\u300a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u533b\u751f\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7eb3\u7cb9\u533b\u751f\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u62ec\u53f7\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a&#8221;\u533b\u7597\u6740\u622e\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66&#8221;\uff1a Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide\uff0cBasic Books\uff0c\uff081986 \u5e74\uff09\uff1axii\uff1a &#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u7279\u62c9\u5e03\u5b97\u9886\u4e8b\u5965\u65af\u5361-S-\u6d77\u6cfd\u5c14\u62a5\u544a\u8bf4\uff1a&#8221;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u5948\u5c14-\u8d1d\u6cfd\u5c14\uff1a \u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u7279\u62c9\u5e03\u5b97\u9886\u4e8b Oscar S. Heizer \u62a5\u544a\u8bf4\uff1a&#8221;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408 Nail Bey &#8230;.\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5b69\u5b50\u88ab\u88c5\u4e0a\u8239\uff0c\u5e26\u5230\u6d77\u4e0a\u6254\u5230\u6d77\u91cc\u3002[10] 1915 \u5e74\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9a7b\u7279\u62c9\u5e03\u5b97\u9886\u4e8b\u8d3e\u79d1\u83ab-\u6208\u91cc\u5c3c\u5199\u9053\uff1a&#8221;\u6211\u770b\u5230\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u5987\u5973\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u88ab\u88c5\u4e0a\u5728\u9ed1\u6d77\u503e\u8986\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u3002(\u89c1\uff1a\u300a\u591a\u4f26\u591a\u73af\u7403\u62a5\u300b1915 \u5e74 8 \u6708 26 \u65e5\uff09\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u4e34\u65f6\u4ee3\u529e\u970d\u592b\u66fc-\u83f2\u5229\u666e\uff08Hoffman Philip\uff09\u5199\u9053\uff1a&#8221;\u4ece\u4f50\u5c14\uff08Zor\uff09\u987a\u6d41\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u8239\u53ea\u62b5\u8fbe 30 \u82f1\u91cc\u5916\u7684\u963f\u7eb3\uff08Ana\uff09\uff0c\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u7684\u4e58\u5ba2\u5931\u8e2a\u3002[11] \u7279\u62c9\u5e03\u5b97\u5ba1\u5224\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u5728\u9ed1\u6d77\u6df9\u6b7b\u3002[12]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0b\u4ee4\u758f\u6563\u6216\u9a71\u9010\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u5b89\u7eb3\u6258\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u57c3\u5fb7\u8428\u5e02\uff08\u4eca\u6851\u52d2\u4e4c\u5c14\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u62c5\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\uff081916 \u5e74\u521d\uff09\u8d77\u4e49\u53cd\u6297\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5e76\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u8001\u57ce\u3002\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u653b\u57ce\u5e76\u7528\u5927\u70ae\u8f70\u51fb\uff0c\u4f46\u906d\u5230\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u3002\u6307\u6325\u79bb\u8be5\u57ce\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u519b\u961f\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c06\u519b\u51af-\u5fb7-\u6208\u5c14\u8328\u7537\u7235\u62b5\u8fbe\u8be5\u57ce\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u8c08\u5224\u8fbe\u6210\u548c\u89e3\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u6295\u964d\u548c\u89e3\u9664\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u653f\u5e9c\u540c\u610f\u4e0d\u9a71\u9010\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u534f\u8bae\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u9a71\u9010\u4e86\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7279\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"_3hMwG _2kCxD \">\n<div class=\"_1NCGf\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-f11bba6c99543344d4bc9dadbd1a831f_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e 1911 \u5e74 12 \u6708\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b98\u65b9 &#8220;\u7279\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7&#8221;\uff0c\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53c2\u4e0e\u5bfc\u81f4\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u793e\u533a\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u7531 lttihad ve Terraki \u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u6280\u672f\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e 1914 \u5e74 7 \u6708\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u70b9\uff1b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6839\u636e\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u662f &#8220;\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c&#8221;\uff08\u65e0\u9700\u547d\u4ee4\u5373\u53ef\u884c\u52a8\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1914 \u5e74\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f71\u54cd\u7279\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u592e\u76d1\u72f1\u91ca\u653e\u7f6a\u72af\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7279\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6210\u5458\u3002\u636e\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u9a6c\u624e\u5c14\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u79f0\uff0c\u65e9\u5728 1914 \u5e74 11 \u6708\uff0c\u5c31\u6709 124 \u540d\u7f6a\u72af\u4ece\u76ae\u7c73\u5b89\u76d1\u72f1\u83b7\u91ca\u3002\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u5b89\u5361\u62c9\u4e2d\u592e\u76d1\u72f1\u91ca\u653e\u4e86 49 \u540d\u7f6a\u72af\u3002\u4ece 1914 \u5e74\u5e95\u5230 1915 \u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u6709\u6570\u767e\u540d\u3001\u6570\u5343\u540d\u56da\u72af\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d1f\u8d23\u62a4\u9001\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u8f66\u961f\u3002\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e09\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u97e6\u5e0c\u535c\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u4e3a<strong>&#8220;\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5c60\u592b&#8221;\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7531\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7eb3\u9f50\u59c6\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u8d1d\u6d77\u4e01-\u8428\u57fa\u5c14\u3001\u963f\u8482\u592b-\u91cc\u624e\u548c\u524d\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u957f\u963f\u9f50\u5179-\u8d1d\u4f0a\u9886\u5bfc\u3002\u8d1d\u6d77\u4e01-\u8428\u57fa\u5c14\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u8bbe\u5728\u57c3\u5c14\u7956\u9c81\u59c6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\u6307\u6325\u4e1c\u90e8\u5404\u53bf\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u3002\u963f\u9f50\u5179\u3001\u963f\u8482\u592b\u548c\u7eb3\u9f50\u59c6-\u8d1d\u4f0a\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u5f00\u5c55\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u7531\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u519b\u4e8b\u957f\u5b98\u5207\u74e6\u7279-\u8d1d\u4f0a\u6279\u51c6\u548c\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f6a\u72af\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6311\u9009\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9009\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6b8b\u5fcd\u7684\u5c60\u592b\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u7279\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u3002\u9a6c\u624e\u5c14\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f6a\u72af\u540d\u5355\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u83b7\u91ca\u7684 65 \u540d\u7f6a\u72af\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709 50 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\/>\n<\/strong><strong>\u56fd\u5185\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u56fd\u5185\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u59cb\u4e8e 1918 \u5e74 11 \u6708 23 \u65e5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5ead\u662f\u7531\u82cf\u4e39\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u516d\u4e16\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u63a8\u5411\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6bc1\u706d\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u8054\u76df\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6b65\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u95ee\u9898\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u60e9\u7f5a\u8054\u76df\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6b65\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6587\u4ef6\u540e\u6765\u90fd\u8f6c\u5230\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u5230 1919 \u5e74 1 \u6708\uff0c\u4e00\u4efd\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u82cf\u4e39\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u516d\u4e16\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u63a7\u4e86 130 \u591a\u540d\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7-\u5854\u62c9\u7279-\u5e15\u590f\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u6885\u5c14-\u6069\u7ef4\u5c14\u5728 1919 \u5e74\u524d\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u82cf\u4e39\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u516d\u4e16\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u547d\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u3002\u4e09\u4f4d\u5e15\u590f &#8220;\u4e00\u822c\u6307\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u63a8\u5411\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u8fd9\u4e09\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u4eba\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u6b63\u5f0f\u89e3\u6563\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u7edf\u6cbb\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u957f\u8fbe\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u7684\u8054\u76df\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6b65\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8d44\u4ea7\u90fd\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u56fd\u5e93\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u5224\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u5219\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230 &#8220;tecedd\u00fct firkasi&#8221;\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u9664\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e15\u590f\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u8d1d\u57fa\u62c9\u52a0\u7684\u76d1\u72f1\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u9a6c\u8033\u4ed6\u3002\u4e09\u4f4d\u5e15\u590f\u88ab\u7f3a\u5e2d\u5224\u51b3\u6709\u7f6a\u3002\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u6307\u8d23 &#8220;\u4f0a\u8482\u54c8\u7279-\u7279\u62c9\u514b\u57fa &#8220;\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u5458\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408 &#8220;\u6c11\u5175 &#8220;\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56fd\u9645\u5ba1\u5224<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1915 \u5e74 5 \u6708 24 \u65e5\uff0c\u4e09\u56fd\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u5411\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u53d1\u51fa\u8b66\u544a\uff1a&#8221;\u9274\u4e8e\u571f\u8033\u5176&#8230;&#8230;\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u548c\u6587\u660e\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f6a\u884c&#8230;&#8230;\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5f00\u5ba3\u5e03&#8230;&#8230;\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8ffd\u7a76&#8230;&#8230;\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u53ca\u5176\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e2d\u4e0e\u6b64\u7c7b\u5c60\u6740\u6709\u7275\u8fde\u8005\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb&#8221;[13][14]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1919 \u5e74 1 \u6708\u7a46\u5fb7\u7f57\u65af\u505c\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u9884\u5907\u548c\u5e73\u4f1a\u8bae\uff081919 \u5e74\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f1a\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u00a0<strong>&#8220;\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u5236\u88c1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a&#8221;<\/strong>\uff0c\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u5170\u8f9b\u62c5\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4f5c\u540e\uff0c\u6761\u7ea6\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u82e5\u5e72\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u4ee3\u7406\u653f\u5e9c\u82cf\u4e39\u7a46\u7f55\u9ed8\u5fb7\u516d\u4e16\u548c\u8fbe\u9a6c\u7279-\u963f\u8fea\u5c14-\u8d39\u91cc\u7279-\u5e15\u590f\u88ab\u4f20\u8baf\u3002\u585e\u592b\u5c14\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u627f\u8ba4\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u5ba1\u5224 &#8220;\u91ce\u86ee\u548c\u975e\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u65b9\u6cd5&#8230;&#8230;[\u5305\u62ec]\u8fdd\u53cd\u6218\u4e89\u6cd5\u89c4\u548c\u60ef\u4f8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u9053\u539f\u5219 &#8220;\u7684\u7f6a\u72af\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u585e\u592b\u5c14\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c 230 \u6761\u8981\u6c42\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd &#8220;\u5411\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u4ea4\u51fa\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u4ea4\u51fa\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u6301\u7eed\u671f\u95f4\u5728 1914 \u5e74 8 \u6708 1 \u65e5\u6784\u6210\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u6240\u72af\u5c60\u6740\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u4eba&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1919 \u5e74\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4eba\u5728 1918 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Pasa\u300b\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u5854\u62c9\u7279-\u5e15\u8428\u5728\u8054\u76df\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6b65\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u51fa\u9003\u524d\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\u4f4d\u4e8e\u963f\u7eb3\u6b66\u5fb7\u67ef\u4f0a\u6d77\u5cb8\u8fb9\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u505c\u7559\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e00\u7bb1\u6587\u4ef6\u653e\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u5728\u5730\u4e0b\u5ba4\u7684\u706b\u7089\u4e2d\u88ab\u70e7\u6bc1\u4e86\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a&#8230;&#8230;CUP\u2019s\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u4e0d\u77e5\u53bb\u5411&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86CUP\u2019s\u8fc7\u5176\u7279\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ece\u8089\u4f53\u4e0a\u6d88\u706d\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u613f\u30021919 \u5e74\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u5ba3\u5224\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86CUP\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u7279\u522b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ece\u8089\u4f53\u4e0a\u6d88\u706d\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u613f\u30021919 \u5e74\u4f0a\u65af\u5766\u5e03\u5c14\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u5ba3\u5224\u5982\u4e0b:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e00\u81f4\u5ba3\u5e03\uff1a\u524d\u5927\u7ef4\u9f50\u5c14 Talat Pasha\u3001\u524d\u9646\u519b\u90e8\u957f Enver Efendi\u3001\u524d\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\u957f Cemal Efendi \u548c\u524d\u9646\u519b\u90e8\u957f Dr. Nazim Efendi \u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u4e3b\u72af\u3002\u7eb3\u9f50\u59c6-\u57c3\u82ac\u8fea\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u524d\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u957f\uff0c\u8054\u76df\u4e0e\u8fdb\u6b65\u603b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u8be5\u515a\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4eba\u58eb\uff1b&#8230;&#8230;\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5ba3\u5224\u5854\u62c9\u7279\u3001\u6069\u7ef4\u5c14\u3001\u6770\u9a6c\u5c14\u548c\u7eb3\u9f50\u59c6\u535a\u58eb\u6b7b\u5211&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>1914-1923 \u5e74\u4f24\u4ea1\u60c5\u51b5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u5c11\u6570\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u89c1\u8005\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6c11\u65cf\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5916\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728 1914 \u5e74\u81f3 1923 \u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u6709 100 \u591a\u4e07\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u4e27\u751f\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u63d0\u51fa 120 \u4e07\u8fd9\u4e00\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u751a\u81f3 150 \u4e07\uff1b\u8981\u4e48\u63d0\u51fa &#8220;\u8d85\u8fc7 100 \u4e07 &#8220;\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f83\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5982\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6 Fikret Adanir \u6240\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec 1917-1918 \u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u7acb\u573a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u5728 &#8220;\u64a4\u79bb &#8220;\u6216 &#8220;\u9a71\u9010&#8221;\uff08\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4f7f\u7528 &#8220;\u8fc1\u79fb &#8220;\u4e00\u8bcd\uff09\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u662f\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5f53\u5c40\uff08\u6216\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff09\u610f\u56fe\u4e0d\u52a0\u533a\u522b\u5730\u5168\u90e8\u6216\u90e8\u5206\u6d88\u706d\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u7acb\u573a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"_3hMwG _2kCxD \">\n<div class=\"_1NCGf\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/v2-ee27f0e8e394fd9ad6ba23237c8944b8_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u8fd9\u5e45\u653f\u6cbb\u6f2b\u753b\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\/\u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e9b\u540c\u60c5\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5b98\u65b9\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e86\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4f46\u571f\u8033\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u5374\u975e\u5e38\u8fdf\u7f13\u3002 [15] 1975 \u5e74\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u4f20\u8bb0\u4f5c\u5bb6\u585e\u592b\u51ef\u7279-\u82cf\u96f7\u4e9a-\u827e\u5fb7\u7c73\u5c14\uff08Sevket Sureyya Aydemir\uff09\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdf\u7f13\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a&#8221;\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u8981\u7ea0\u7f20\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8ba9\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u5fd8\u8bb0\uff08\u5e73\u606f\uff09\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u5f53\u65f6\u4e5f\u6301\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u524d\u5927\u4f7f\u6cfd\u57fa-\u5e93\u7eb3\u62c9\u666e\uff08Zeki Kuneralp\uff09\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a &#8220;\u4e0d\u516c\u5e03\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5927\u4e8e\u597d\u5904&#8221;[16]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u5361\u7a46\u5170-\u53e4\u4f26\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e00\u6bb5\u9887\u5177\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5f00\u59cb\u53d7\u5230\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u6784\u4e5f\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6548\u4eff\u5361\u7a46\u5170-\u53e4\u4f26\u3002\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u4f24\u4ea1\u548c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u95f4\u6218\u6597\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u4f24\u4ea1\u7b49\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u89e3\u7b54\u3002\u6700\u521d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u7c7b\u548c\u5f52\u7c7b\u6765\u63a2\u8ba8\u7efc\u5408\u6570\u636e\u95ee\u9898\u3002[17]\u4ee5\u53ca\u53db\u4e71\u4e0b\u7684\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u95ee\u9898\u3002[18]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u5927\u591a\u65e8\u5728\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u5206\u6790\u56f4\u7ed5\u5f53\u65f6\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u65e8\u5728\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3 &#8220;\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e3a\u4f55\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210&#8221;\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8ba9\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u906e\u853d\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8d85\u8d8a\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u800c\u6d6e\u51fa\u6c34\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u9884\u9632\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u65f6\u5438\u53d6\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6559\u8bad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7ecf\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u6765\u53cd\u9a73\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u3002\u636e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u9a6c\u514b-\u9a6c\u4f50\u5c14\uff08Mark Mazower\uff09\u79f0\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u618e\u6068\u897f\u65b9\u5bf9\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u5bf9\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u6b49\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u53cd\u571f\u8033\u5176\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u9a6c\u4f50\u5c14\u627f\u8ba4\u5bf9\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a&#8221;\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff1a &#8220;\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u4e0e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5e73\u6c11\u7684\u635f\u5931\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8054\u7cfb\uff1a\u5728\u6f2b\u957f\u7684 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u534a\u5c9b\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u603b\u662f\u63d0\u9192\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e&#8211;\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u96be\u4ee5\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u6028\u6068&#8221;[19]\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u653f\u6cbb\u8bba\u636e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u52a8\u4e71\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u5728\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fd7\u613f\u519b\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4f5c\u6218\u3002\u5f53\u5c40\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u9a9a\u4e71\u6216\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u79cd\u65cf-\u5b97\u6559\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u65e2\u5b9a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u8fa9\u79f0\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5efa\u7acb &#8220;\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5171\u548c\u56fd 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1915 \u5e74\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u94c1\u8def\u8fde\u63a5\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u8def\u7ebf\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u706d\u7edd\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5f53\u5c40\u5f3a\u70c8\u53cd\u5bf9\u5173\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u5730\u70b9\u662f\u5c06\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u6c99\u6f20\u4e2d\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>Dayr az-Zawr \u662f\u5e7c\u53d1\u62c9\u5e95\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u662f\u8fdc\u79bb\u4efb\u4f55\u519b\u4e8b\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5730\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cDayr az-Zawr \u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u8352\u65e0\u4eba\u70df\u7684\u57cb\u846c\u5730\u70b9\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\u7684\u575f\u5893\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5728\u975e\u5e38\u8270\u82e6\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u884c\u8fdb\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8425\u5730\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u6b63\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u897f\u90e8\u7684\u52a0\u5229\u6ce2\u5229\u767b\u9646\u6218\u548c\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u6218\u5f79\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5f53\u5c40\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u4f7f\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u8d22\u653f\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u8d70\u5411\u706d\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u636e\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u6253\u5f00\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u96be\u51c6\u786e\u786e\u5b9a\u5728\u9a71\u9010\u671f\u95f4\u5230\u5e95\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5f53\u5c40\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u548c\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u58f0\u79f0\u575a\u6301\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u4e00\u8bcd\u4f1a\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8be5\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u4e24\u65b9\u9635\u8425\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u786c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/0b50b07de9ba4461\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u6709\u5173\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u62a5\u544a<\/p>\n<p>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5f53\u5c40\u4e0d\u65ad\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u5355\u4e00\u6765\u6e90\uff08\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u6216\u897f\u65b9\uff09\u95ee\u9898\u6709\u5173\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e09\u89d2\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u62a5\u9053\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u67e5\u9605\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u6863\u6848\u9986\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u8be5\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e8c\u624b\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u5982\u9884\u7b97\u3001\u62e8\u6b3e\u3001\u51b3\u5b9a\/\u8bf7\u6c42\u7406\u7531\u7b49\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5982 Mehmed Talat Pasha \u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7b14\u8bb0\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u6307\u51fa\u5f53\u65f6\u5c06\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u89c6\u4e3a &#8220;\u6b27\u6d32\u75c5\u592b &#8220;\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u5bf9\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5b58\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u504f\u5dee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u5e38 &#8220;\u6838\u5fc3 &#8220;\u7684\uff08\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u6700\u591a\u7684\uff09\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5f3a\u70c8\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u6863\u6848\u9986\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5360\u9886\u519b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u5176\u60c5\u62a5\uff08\u4fe1\u606f\u6536\u96c6\uff09\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u62c5\u5fc3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002<br \/>\nEnver Zia Karal\uff08\u5b89\u5361\u62c9\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u3001Salahi R\uff0eSonyel\uff08\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u516c\u5171\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\uff09\u3001Ismail Binark\uff08\u5b89\u5361\u62c9\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u6863\u6848\u9986\u9986\u957f\uff09\u3001Sinasi Orel\uff08\u5907\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u6587\u4ef6\u89e3\u5bc6\u9879\u76ee\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff09\u3001Kamuran Gurun\uff08\u524d\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\uff09\u3001Mim Kemal Oke\u3001Justin McCarthy \u7b49\u4eba\u5bf9 James Bryce \u548c Arnold Toynbee \u7f16\u5199\u7684 &#8220;\u84dd\u76ae\u4e66&#8221;\u300a1915-1916 \u5e74\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u300b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u8be5\u4e66\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002<br \/>\n\u9006\u5411\u5de5\u7a0b\u6d3b\u52a8\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bc1\u636e\u800c\u4e0d\u6db5\u76d6\u53cd\u5bf9\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u5982 &#8220;\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u5730\u56fe&#8221;\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\u8be5\u5730\u56fe\u5b58\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u56fe\u4e2d\uff0c&#8221;\u5c60\u6740\u548c\u9a71\u9010\u4e2d\u5fc3 &#8220;\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6c47\u7f16\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e5f\u662f\u6c47\u603b\u6570\u636e\uff09\u800c\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591\u3002<br \/>\n\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5b58\u5728 &#8220;\u79d8\u5bc6\u5b89\u6392 &#8220;\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u5236\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u5206\u5e03\u7684\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u6765\u8ffd\u6eaf\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\uff08\u6216\u4e0d\u6838\u5b9e\uff09\u5916\u56f4\u4e2d\u592e\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u5728\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5916\u56f4\u4e2d\u592e\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u5206\u914d 10%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u4eba\u53e3\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5f53\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u4f24\u4ea1\u60c5\u51b5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u8d3e\u65af\u6c40-\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\uff08Justin McCarthy\uff09\u5bf9\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u6218\u524d\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u8fdc\u8fdc\u5c11\u4e8e 150 \u4e07\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9 1914 \u5e74\u81f3\u7a46\u5fb7\u7f57\u65af\u505c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u6709\u6240\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u4ece 20 \u4e07\u5230 60 \u4e07\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6b7b\u4ea1\u5e76\u4e0d\u90fd\u4e0e\u9a71\u9010\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5168\u90e8\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5f53\u5c40\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"_3hMwG _2kCxD \">\n<div class=\"_1NCGf\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pic3.zhimg.com\/v2-f9281430884c4e8d8c46302b2bf23d68_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08TTK\uff09\u4e3b\u5e2d Yusuf Halacoglu \u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u4f24\u4ea1\u6570\u5b57\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u4ed6\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5171\u6709 56 000 \u540d\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u4e27\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u4e0d\u5230 10 000 \u4eba\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4efd\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7eb3\u7cb9\u548c\u9752\u5e74\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u5f3a\u5236\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u5176\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u4eba\u53e3\u906d\u53d7\u9965\u997f\u3001\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u4f46\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5f53\u5c40\u4e5f\u5426\u8ba4\u4e0e\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9f13\u52a8\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5b66\u8005\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5373\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u9f13\u52a8\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u5c06\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e26\u5165\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6467\u6bc1\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u5426\u8ba4\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u5982\u4e0b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(a) \u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u539f\u7c4d\u6863\u6848\u8fd8\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u6863\u6848\uff09\u8868\u660e\u66fe\u52aa\u529b\u5236\u5b9a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6740\u622e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6740\u622e\u624b\u6bb5\uff1b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>(b) \u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u540d\u5355\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8ffd\u8e2a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u5730\u805a\u96c6\u548c\u6740\u622e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\uff1b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>(c) \u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u706d\u7edd\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u5206\u914d\u8d44\u6e90(\u751f\u7269\u3001\u5316\u5b66\u6b66\u5668\u5206\u914d)\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5417\u5561\u4f5c\u4e3a \u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u706d\u7edd\u5242\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e0d\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff1b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u652f\u52a9\u8d39\u7528\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52aa \u529b\u5728\u9a71\u9010\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff1b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>(d) \u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u56da\u72af\u5bf9\u5f85\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff1b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>(e) \u5173\u4e8e\u56da\u72af\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u6c11\u5175\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u6269\u5927\u5230\u79cd\u65cf\u5b9a\u6027\uff1b\u5728 1915 \u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u65e0\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u90e8\u961f\u89c4\u6a21\uff1b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>(f) \u6ca1\u6709\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6216\u5efa\u9020\u4e0e\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8bf4\u6cd5\u76f8\u7b26\u7684\u76d1\u72f1\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff1b<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>(g) \u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9488\u5bf9\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u770b\u6cd5<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>\u627f\u8ba4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u786e\u5b9e\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u95ee\u9898\u5b66\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\uff08\u5317\u7f8e\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5b66\u8005\u673a\u6784\uff09\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5426\u8ba4\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ec7\u6068\u8a00\u8bba\u6216\/\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u906d\u5230\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e9b\u571f\u8033\u5176\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u8bba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u62c9\u5409\u666e-\u624e\u62c9\u79d1\u5362\uff08Ragip Zarakolu\uff09\u3001\u963f\u91cc-\u57c3\u5c14\u6cf0\u59c6\uff08Ali Ertem\uff09\u3001\u5854\u7eb3\u5c14-\u963f\u514b\u6070\u59c6\uff08Taner Ak\u00e7am\uff09\u3001\u54c8\u5229\u52d2-\u8d1d\u5c14\u5854\u4f0a\uff08Halil Berktay\uff09\u3001\u6cd5\u7279\u9a6c-\u7a46\u683c-\u6208\u5207\u514b\uff08Fatma Muge Gocek\uff09\u6216\u83f2\u514b\u96f7\u7279-\u963f\u8fbe\u5c3c\u5c14\uff08Fikret Adanir\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e9b\u571f\u8033\u5176\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u63a5\u53d7\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u8bba\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9996\u5148<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u662f\u7f6a\u72af\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f6a\u72af\u662f\u4e13\u95e8\u88ab\u6d3e\u6765\u62bc\u9001\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u72af\u7f6a\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u5145\u5206\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD 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\u535a\u58eb\u5c31\u6b64\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u9a71\u9010\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u9014\u4e2d\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u662f\u5728\u88ab\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e3a\u6700\u521d\u505c\u9760\u70b9\u7684\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eba\u6c11\u8fc1\u5f99\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5145\u5206\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d88\u706d\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5b58\u5728<\/strong>&#8220;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u571f\u8033\u5176\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709 60 \u4e07\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5373 80 \u4e07\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u3002Fikret Adanir \u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u8d85\u8fc7 100 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\u5e74\u624d\u8fd4\u56de\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff0c\u4ee5\u634d\u536b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u6743\uff1a \u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a&#8221;1915 \u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u662f\u571f\u8033\u5176\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0d\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7981\u5fcc\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u8c08\u8bba\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002&#8221;[21] \u968f\u540e\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u5bf9\u5e15\u6155\u514b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5211\u4e8b\u6307\u63a7\u3002[22] \u7136\u800c\uff0c2006 \u5e74 1 \u6708 23 \u65e5\uff0c&#8221;\u4fae\u8fb1\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba &#8220;\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u88ab\u64a4\u9500\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3e\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u6b22\u8fce&#8211;\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u4ecd\u5bf9\u662f\u5426\u63d0\u51fa\u6307\u63a7\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5426\u8ba4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u571f\u8033\u5176\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u627f\u8ba4\u8bb8\u591a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u5728\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u3002\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5386\u53f2\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7-\u5218\u6613\u65af\uff08\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u3001\u5e0c\u65af-\u6d1b\u745e\uff08\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u3001\u8d3e\u65af\u6c40-\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\uff08\u8def\u6613\u65af\u7ef4\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\uff09\u3001\u5409\u52d2-\u7ef4\u6069\u65af\u5766\uff08\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5b66\u9662\uff09[23] \u548c\u65af\u5766\u798f-\u8096\uff08\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u5206\u6821\u3001\u6bd4\u5c14\u80af\u7279\u5927\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u6027\u8d28\u8868\u793a\u6000\u7591\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u5b89\u7eb3\u6258\u5229\u4e9a\u53ca\u90bb\u8fd1\u5730\u533a\u7684\u82e6\u96be\u548c\u5c60\u6740\u662f\u7531\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u975e\u6b63\u89c4\u90e8\u961f\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u65cf\u7fa4\u95f4\u6218\u4e89\u9020\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u75be\u75c5\u548c\u9965\u8352\u4f7f\u6218\u4e89\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u4ed6\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4eba\u6570\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u51c6\u786e\u5206\u6e05\u4ea4\u6218\u53cc\u65b9\u548c\u65e0\u8f9c\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u786e\u5b9a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b89\u7eb3\u6258\u5229\u4e9a\u4e1c\u90e8\u5927\u91cf\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6216\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u6709\u5f85\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7acb\u573a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5bf9\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4f46\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u5a92\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3001\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u548c\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-7f19256c066b56536b2e445333197a32_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u663e\u793a\u5df2\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u56fe\/\u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u8054\u90a6\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd 50 \u4e2a\u5dde\u4e2d\u6709 39 \u4e2a\u627f\u8ba4 1915 \u5e74\u81f3 1917 \u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4fa8\u6c11\u805a\u5c45\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u745e\u58eb\u3002\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5728\u4e0e\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u5165\u76df\u8c08\u5224\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u547c\u5401\u5c06\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u89c6\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4ece\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u622a\u81f3 2014 \u5e74 11 \u6708\uff0c\u5df2\u6709 22 \u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\u8be5\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u62a5\u7eb8\u5728\u6ca1\u6709 &#8220;\u636e\u79f0 &#8220;\u7b49\u514d\u8d23\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8bb8\u591a\u62a5\u7eb8\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u5df2\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5bf9\u8be5\u8bcd\u8868\u793a\u6000\u7591\u4e5f\u662f\u8fdd\u53cd\u7f16\u8f91\u653f\u7b56\u7684\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u627f\u8ba4\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u6784\u5305\u62ec\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u9632\u6b62\u6b67\u89c6\u53ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c11\u6570\u5c0f\u7ec4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u8fc7\u6e21\u65f6\u671f\u53f8\u6cd5\u56fd\u9645\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08\u6839\u636e\u4e3a\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u548c\u89e3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\uff09\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u95ee\u9898\u5b66\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u516c\u7406\u4f1a\u8054\u76df\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u534f\u8fdb\u4f1a\u3001\u6d41\u4ea1\u5e93\u5c14\u5fb7\u65af\u5766\u81ea\u5c01\u7684\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u8bae\u4f1a[24] \u548c\u5e38\u8bbe\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"_3hMwG _2kCxD \">\n<div class=\"_1NCGf\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/v2-3c34f9a086dc90f7c13597d35434adea_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>\u7eaa\u5ff5\u9986<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"_3hMwG _2kCxD \">\n<div class=\"_1NCGf\"><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/f8331494cafe66a2\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p><strong>\u57c3\u91cc\u6e29 Tsitsernakaberd \u5c71\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\/\u7ef4\u57fa\u5171\u4eab\u8d44\u6e90<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>1965 \u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7eaa\u5ff5\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd 50 \u5468\u5e74\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u840c\u751f\u4e86\u5efa\u9020\u8fd9\u5ea7\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u5361\u62c9\u5e0c\u5b89\uff08Kalashian\uff09\u548c\u59c6\u5c14\u7279\u5947\u626c\uff08Mkrtchyan\uff09\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u5728\u57c3\u91cc\u6e29\u8d6b\u62c9\u5179\u4e39\u5ce1\u8c37\u4e0a\u65b9\u7684\u9f50\u7b56\u7eb3\u5361\u8d1d\u5c14\u5fb7\u5c71\u4e0a\u843d\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u5ea7 44 \u7c73\u9ad8\u7684\u77f3\u7891\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u590d\u5174\u3002\u5341\u4e8c\u5757\u77f3\u677f\u56f4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5706\u5708\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u5f53\u4eca\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684 12 \u4e2a\u5931\u843d\u7701\u4efd\u3002\u5728\u5706\u5708\u4e2d\u5fc3 1.5 \u7c73\u6df1\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u675f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u706b\u7130\u3002\u6cbf\u7740\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u524d\u7684\u516c\u56ed\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u9762 100 \u7c73\u957f\u7684\u5899\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u5199\u7740\u5df2\u77e5\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u548c\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>1995 \u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u56ed\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u578b\u5730\u4e0b\u73af\u5f62\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e86\u89e3\u6709\u5173 1915 \u5e74\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fd8\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u6444\u5f71\u5e08\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u571f\u8033\u5176\u7684\u76df\u53cb\uff09\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u963f\u5c14\u660e-T-\u97e6\u683c\u7eb3\uff08Armin T. Wegner\uff09\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u5173\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9644\u8fd1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u690d\u6811\u7eaa\u5ff5\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6bcf\u5e74 4 \u6708 24 \u65e5\uff08\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u4eba\u6b65\u884c\u5230\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u524d\uff0c\u5411\u6c38\u6052\u4e4b\u706b\u5468\u56f4\u732e\u82b1\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7ea2\u8272\u5eb7\u4e43\u99a8\u6216\u90c1\u91d1\u9999\uff09\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7eaa\u5ff5\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\uff0c\u6563\u5c45\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u4e5f\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u827a\u672f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8457\u540d\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e50\u961f System of a Down \u7684\u56db\u4f4d\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u540e\u88d4\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u3002\u6bcf\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u4e50\u961f\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e3e\u529e &#8220;\u7075\u9b42 &#8220;\u5de1\u56de\u6f14\u5531\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u4e50\u961f\u5728\u9996\u5f20\u540c\u540d\u4e13\u8f91\u4e2d\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u9996\u5173\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u6b4c\u66f2 &#8220;P.L.U.C.K.\uff08Politically Lying, Unholy, Cowardly Killers\uff09&#8221;\u3002\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u4e0a\u5199\u9053 &#8220;System Of A Down \u4e50\u961f\u8c28\u4ee5\u8fd9\u9996\u6b4c\u7f05\u6000 1915 \u5e74\u571f\u8033\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684 150 \u4e07\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6b4c\u66f2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec &#8220;X&#8221;\uff08Toxicity\uff09\u548c &#8220;Holy Mountains&#8221;\uff08Hypnotize\uff09\uff0c\u636e\u4fe1\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u517c\u6b4c\u624b\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14-\u6234\u514b\uff08Daniel Decker\uff09\u56e0\u4e0e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\u963f\u62c9-\u683c\u6c83\u5c14\u5409\u5b89\uff08Ara Gevorgian\uff09\u5408\u4f5c\u800c\u5e7f\u53d7\u597d\u8bc4\u3002\u6b4c\u66f2 &#8220;Adana &#8220;\u4ee5\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u6700\u65e9\u88ab\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u5fb7\u514b\u5c14\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u8fd9\u9996\u6b4c\u7684\u6b4c\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e0e Ara Gevorgian \u7684\u97f3\u4e50\u76f8\u5f97\u76ca\u5f70\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u9886\u5148\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6742\u5fd7\u548c\u95e8\u6237\u7f51\u7ad9 Cross Rhythms \u5728\u8c08\u5230\u6b4c\u66f2\u300a\u963f\u8fbe\u7eb3\u300b\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c&#8221;\u4e00\u573a\u65e0\u5c3d\u82e6\u96be\u7684\u707e\u96be\u5f88\u5c11\u80fd\u521b\u4f5c\u51fa\u5982\u6b64\u58ee\u4e3d\u7684\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1&#8221;\u3002\u4ed6\u5e94\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u4e8e 2005 \u5e74 4 \u6708 24 \u65e5\u5728\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u57c3\u91cc\u6e29\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd 90 \u5468\u5e74\u7279\u522b\u97f3\u4e50\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6f14\u5531\u4e86\u300a\u963f\u8fbe\u7eb3\u300b\u3002\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u300a\u963f\u8fbe\u7eb3\u300b\u5df2\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210 17 \u79cd\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7684\u6b4c\u624b\u5f55\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7535\u5f71\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u963f\u6258\u59c6-\u57c3\u6208\u626c\uff08Atom Egoyan\uff09\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u963f\u62c9\u62c9\u7279\u300b\uff082002 \u5e74\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3b\u9898\u3002Elia Kazan \u7684\u300aAmerica, America\u300b\u6216 Henri Verneuil \u7684\u300aMayrig\u300b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u3002\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8457\u540d\u5bfc\u6f14 Vittorio \u548c Paolo Taviani \u6b63\u8ba1\u5212\u6839\u636e Antonia Arslan \u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u4e91\u96c0\u519c\u573a\u300b\uff08La Masseria Delle Allodole\uff09\u62cd\u6444\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u9898\u6750\u7535\u5f71\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u662f\u300a\u88ab\u8e42\u8e8f\u7684\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u300b\uff081919 \u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u4eca\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b 15 \u5206\u949f\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u6700\u8457\u540d\u4f5c\u54c1\u662f\u5f17\u6717\u8328-\u97e6\u8d39\u5c14\uff08Franz Werfel\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7a46\u8428\u8fbe\u8d6b\u7684\u56db\u5341\u5929\u300b\uff0840 days of Musa Dagh\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e 1933 \u5e74\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u5fb7\u56fd\uff08\u7eb3\u7cb9\uff09\u5f53\u5c40\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a &#8220;\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce&#8221;\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u6210\u4e3a\u7545\u9500\u4e66\uff0c\u597d\u83b1\u575e\u7c73\u9ad8\u6885\u7535\u5f71\u516c\u53f8\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u300a\u7a46\u8428\u8fbe\u8d6b\u7684\u56db\u5341\u5929\u300b\u62cd\u6444\u6210\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u4f46\u571f\u8033\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u4e24\u6b21\u6210\u529f\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u7535\u5f71\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e 1982 \u5e74\u72ec\u7acb\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u827a\u672f\u4ef7\u503c\u503c\u5f97\u6000\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>\u5e93\u5c14\u7279-\u51af\u5185\u53e4\u7279\uff08Kurt Vonnegut\uff09\u4e8e 1988 \u5e74\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u865a\u6784\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u84dd\u80e1\u5b50\u300b\uff08Bluebeard\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"dpu8C _2kCxD \">\n<p>Louis de Berni\u00e9res \u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u6ca1\u6709\u7fc5\u8180\u7684\u9e1f\u300b\u4e2d\u4ee5\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u5730\u70b9\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u76f8\u5f53\u4eb2\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u672c\u4ee5\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u4e66\u662f\u57c3\u5fb7\u52a0-\u5e0c\u5c14\u68ee\u62c9\u7279\uff08Edgar Hilsenrath\uff091989 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