{"id":55456,"date":"2025-10-21T13:36:59","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T05:36:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=55456"},"modified":"2025-10-21T13:36:59","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T05:36:59","slug":"%e5%bc%a0%e6%9d%be%e5%bb%ba-%e9%bb%91%e5%a9%b4%e7%9a%84%e5%b7%a6%e7%bf%bc%e4%b9%8b%e5%bf%83%ef%bc%9a%e5%8d%b0%e5%b0%bc%e3%80%81%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e4%b8%8e%e6%96%87%e5%8c%96%e5%86%b7%e6%88%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=55456","title":{"rendered":"\u5f20\u677e\u5efa | \u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff1a\u5370\u5c3c\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u51b7\u6218"},"content":{"rendered":"<section>\u4f5c\u8005: \u5f20\u677e\u5efa<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u5370\u5c3c\u5f52\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u8fdb\u884c\u8de8\u6587\u7c7b\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ece\u5370\u5c3c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7814\u8ba8\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u957f\u53f2\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6587\u672c\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u8de8\u56fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u5c55\u5f00\u6279\u8bc4\u63a2\u7d22\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u540e\u89c1\u4e4b\u660e\u548c\u6587\u672c\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u70b9\u51fa\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3001\u540a\u8be1\u548c\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\uff1b\u5c06\u5176\u7f6e\u4e8e1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u6d8c\u73b0\u7684\u5f52\u4fa8\u6587\u5b66\u5199\u4f5c\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u51f8\u663e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5386\u4e30\u5bcc\u800c\u53c8\u72ec\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\uff0c\u5bf9\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u5b66\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u8d77\u5230\u8865\u5145\u548c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/4f2eee5788647c93\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9752\u5e74\u9ed1\u5a74<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f15\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section>\u672c\u6587\u662f\u5bf9\u5370\u5c3c\u5f52\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u4e13\u9898\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8f6c\u5165\u6b63\u9898\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u63d0\u4f9b\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u4ece1500\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3001\u8377\u5170\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7b49\u6b96\u6c11\u5e1d\u56fd\u8f6e\u756a\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e16\u754c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e1d\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8fdc\u6d0b\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u6d77\u76d7\u5f0f\u63a0\u593a\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u5f81\u670d\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u57a6\u62d3\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u628a\u5357\u6d0b\uff08\u5373\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\uff09\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d8\u4e3a\u85e9\u5c5e\u56fd\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002[1]\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u534e\u5357\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u51fa\u4e8e\u201c\u63a8-\u62c9\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\u800c\u5927\u4e3e\u5357\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u5546\u8d38\u3001\u82e6\u529b\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u62a5\u9986\u7b49\u884c\u4e1a\uff0c\u9042\u4f7f\u5357\u6d0b\u6210\u4e3a\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4fa8\u4e4b\u6700\u5927\u805a\u5c45\u5730\u3002\u4ece1596\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u6b96\u6c11\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u76f4\u52301949\u5e74\u624d\u4ea4\u8fd8\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6f2b\u957f\u82e6\u96be\u7684\u8377\u5370\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u534e\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u81ea\u6bd4\u4e3a\u201c\u6d77\u5916\u5b64\u513f\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u6587\u5b66\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u89c1\u8bc1\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u63a7\u8bc9\u4e0d\u4e49\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u53bb\u56fd\u6000\u4e61\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\u3002\u5357\u6d0b\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4ece\u665a\u6e05\u5230\u5f53\u4ee3\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u5357\u6765\u6587\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u201c\u5f52\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6216\u5de6\u6216\u53f3\uff0c\u4eba\u5404\u6709\u5fd7\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u5357\u6d0b\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u8de8\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u8f93\u30021949\u5e7410\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u5927\u6279\u534e\u4fa8\u56de\u5f52\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u6295\u8eab\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002[2]\u9ed1\u5a74\uff081915-1992\uff09\u5373\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\uff0c\u539f\u540d\u5f20\u70b3\u6587\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u5f20\u53c8\u541b\uff0c\u7956\u7c4d\u5e7f\u4e1c\u6885\u53bf\uff0c1915\u5e74\u751f\u4e8e\u5370\u5c3c\u68c9\u5170\u5e02\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u534e\u4fa8\u5546\u5e97\u7684\u804c\u5458\u3002\u4e03\u5c81\u88ab\u7236\u6bcd\u9001\u56de\u6545\u4e61\u6885\u53bf\u5ff5\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c13\u5c81\u8fd4\u56de\u68c9\u5170\uff0c\u5c31\u8bfb\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u6d2a\u4e1d\u4e1d\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u4e2d\u534e\u62a5\u300b\u6253\u5de5\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u534a\u5de5\u534a\u8bfb\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u30021932\u5e747\u6708\uff0c17\u5c81\u7684\u9ed1\u5a74\u8003\u5165\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u66a8\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u5916\u6587\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u5c45\u7559\u4e0a\u6d775\u5e74\uff0c\u8bfe\u4f59\u4ece\u4e8b\u6587\u5b66\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u8305\u76fe\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u6587\u5b66\u300b\u521b\u520a\u53f7\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u77ed\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u4e94\u6708\u7684\u652f\u90a3\u300b\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u7533\u62a5\u6708\u520a\u300b\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u77ed\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u513f\u300b\u3002\u51c6\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u65b0\u8fdb\u4f5c\u5bb6\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u6587\u575b\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u9ed1\u5a74\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c[3]\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u91cd\u590d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e2\u6709\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u641c\u6c42\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u65e9\u671f\uff081932-1937\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u671f\uff081937-1951\uff09\u548c\u665a\u671f\uff081951-1982\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5408\u800c\u89c2\u4e4b\uff0c\u5bf9\u7167\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u4ed6\u5728\u8de8\u56fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u957f\u53f2\uff0c\u7814\u8ba8\u4ece1946\u5e74\u52301983\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u8ffd\u9010\u5de6\u7ffc\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u56de\u5e94\u4e9a\u6d32\u51b7\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u53d9\u4e8b\uff1a\u5c0a\u4e25\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8ffd\u5bfb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5370\u5c3c\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u662f\u8377\u5170\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4eba\uff08\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4fa8\u751f\u201d\uff09\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021900\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u6570\u91cf\u5927\u589e\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e0e\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u76f8\u4e92\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u3002\u53d7\u5230\u665a\u6e05\u7684\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u6cd5\u548c\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4eba\u51fa\u73b0\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u521b\u529e\u4e2d\u534e\u4f1a\u9986\u3001\u534e\u4fa8\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u7ae0\u30021920\u30011930\u5e74\u4ee3\u662f\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u6587\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u840c\u82bd\u548c\u8d77\u6b65\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u4ece\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u52301957\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u534e\u6587\u5b66\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u574e\u5777\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4fa8\u53d7\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e94\u56db\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53d8\u9769\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6295\u8eab\u6297\u65e5\u6551\u4ea1\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u6c11\u53cd\u5bf9\u8377\u5170\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u6218\u4e89\u3002[4]<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u66fe\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8377\u5170\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u4e0b\u30021500\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ade\u76f8\u8fdb\u884c\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u7ed9\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u6c11\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6df1\u91cd\u7684\u82e6\u96be\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u5982\u8428\u4e49\u5fb7\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6bd5\u7adf\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5730\u7406\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u5757\u7a7a\u95f4\u90fd\u88ab\u52d8\u5bdf\u3001\u5212\u5b9a\u3001\u6700\u540e\u88ab\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u201d[5]\u50cf\u591a\u6570\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u89c1\u8bc1\u8377\u5170\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7ba1\u63a7\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u8089\u8eab\u53d7\u96be\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u78e8\u706d\u7684\u521b\u4f24\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u5982\u4f55\u518d\u73b0\u8377\u5170\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u66b4\u529b\uff1f\u4ed6\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u53d9\u4e8b\u5982\u4f55\u8868\u8fbe\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\uff1f\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u5206\u522b\u4ece\u6b96\u6c11\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5bf9\u9ed1\u5a74\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6545\u4e8b\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u8fdb\u884c\u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u8377\u5370\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u534e\u4eba\uff1a\u4ece\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u671f\u7684\u5370\u5c3c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8377\u5c5e\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u79cd\u65cf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5212\u5206\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u7b49\u7ea7\uff1a\u6700\u4e0a\u8005\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\uff08\u4ee5\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u5916\u56fd\u4e1c\u65b9\u4eba\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u534e\u4eba\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u4e0b\u8005\u662f\u571f\u8457\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6b67\u89c6\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u88ab\u5c40\u9650\u5728\u534e\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u79bb\u5f00\u534e\u4eba\u533a\u7ecf\u5546\u6216\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981\u7533\u8bf7\u901a\u884c\u8bc1\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u88c1\u3002[6]\u7531\u534e\u4eba\u4e0e\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u901a\u5a5a\u800c\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u6df7\u8840\u5b50\u5973\u662f\u201c\u571f\u751f\u534e\u4eba\u201d(Peranakan)\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u7956\u8f88\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u5b9a\u5c45\u672c\u5730\uff0c\u804c\u4e1a\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u548c\u5546\u884c\u7ecf\u7406\uff0c\u7cbe\u901a\u9a6c\u6765\u6587\u548c\u8377\u5170\u6587\uff0c\u6781\u5c11\u4eba\u61c2\u5f97\u534e\u8bed\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u652f\u6301\u8377\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u8f83\u4e3a\u758f\u8fdc\u3002\u201c\u65b0\u5ba2\u534e\u4eba\u201d\u6f02\u6cca\u5357\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5c3c\u4ece\u4e8b\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u62a5\u9986\u3001\u7ecf\u5546\u548c\u82e6\u529b\u7b49\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u201c\u4fa8\u751f\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5728\u672c\u5730\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\u5347\u5b66\u3002\u65b0\u5ba2\u548c\u4fa8\u751f\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\u8f83\u4e3a\u663e\u8457\u3002\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6df1\u523b\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u571f\u8457\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u529b\u91cf\u9519\u7efc\u5730\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5728\u5916\u6765\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u663e\u660e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u4e0e\u5176\u4eba\u6570\u6781\u4e0d\u76f8\u79f0\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u529b\u3002[7]\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8377\u5370\u65f6\u4ee3\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u591a\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u571f\u8457\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u9762\u4e34\u5171\u540c\u7684\u654c\u4eba\uff1a\u8d77\u521d\u662f\u8377\u5170\u4eba\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6f2b\u957f\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6ee8\u4e0b\u6b66\u5fd7\u53d1\u660e\u201c\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e9a\u6d32\u201d(Maritime Asia)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u5176\u5b83\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u3001\u6280\u672f\u3001\u4eba\u529b\u3001\u5546\u8d38\u7b49\u5c42\u9762\u5f62\u6210\u8de8\u56fd\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u6d77\u6d0b\u7684\u5e7f\u9614\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u591a\u8fb9\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5f88\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002[8]\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u743c\u65af\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u201c\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e0e\u6563\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4f5c\u54c1\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6765\u5f80\u82cf\u95e8\u7b54\u814a\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u8f6e\u8239\u4e0a\u3002\u201c[9]\u8fd9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u8de8\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u4e2d\u76ee\u7779\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u9634\u5f71\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e9a\u6d32\u4e2d\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u65cf\u88d4\u6027\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u6d1e\u5bdf\u6027\u522b\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u91cd\u91cd\u7ea0\u845b\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u5927\u591a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u96c5\u52a0\u8fbe\u3001\u69df\u57ce\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b49\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u5bf9\u70ed\u5e26\u6d77\u6d0b\u548c\u5357\u6d0b\u4e61\u6101\u6709\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u63cf\u7ed8\uff0c\u523b\u753b\u79bb\u6563\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8de8\u56fd\u6d41\u52a8\u4e0e\u611f\u77e5\u5730\u56fe\u3002\u6563\u6587\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u6d0b\u4e0a\u300b\u5199\u9ed1\u5a74\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u4e58\u8239\u4ece\u5370\u5c3c\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u89c1\u95fb\u3002\u201c\u6211\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u5357\u6d0b\u4fa8\u751f\uff0c\u5728\u8f6e\u8239\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6c34\u624b\u804a\u5929\uff0c\u6b64\u4eba\u5d07\u62dc\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u5934\u5b50\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c\uff0c\u8d5e\u8a89\u5176\u662f\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f1f\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u5174\u594b\u5730\u8be2\u95ee\u201c\u6211\u201d\u662f\u5426\u8bfb\u8fc7\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c\u81ea\u4f20\u3002\u201c\u6211\u201d\u5c34\u5c2c\u5730\u6447\u5934\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5306\u5fd9\u79bb\u53bb\u3002\u4e8b\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u201d\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6bb5\u603b\u7ed3\u548c\u81ea\u5632\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u751f\u957f\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u4fa8\u751f\u4f1a\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5417\uff1f\u90a3\u4e9b\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u771f\u806a\u660e\u5462\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u6cd5\u5b50\u4f7f\u4f60\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c2\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u505a\u4e86\u597d\u51e0\u5e74\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u5584\u826f\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5ff5\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u6211\u4e3b\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u6211\u5374\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6d77\u5e95\u51fa\u592a\u9633\u7684\u5947\u8ff9\u4f3c\u7684\u8d70\u5f00\u4e86\u3002[10]<\/p>\n<p>\u4fa8\u751f\u7531\u4e8e\u88ab\u8377\u5170\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u65bd\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u5974\u5316\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u65cf\u88d4\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u79bb\u6563\u534e\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u8eab\u4f53\u4e3b\u4f53\u5728\u6d77\u6d0b\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u8de8\u754c\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u9082\u9005\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u4e0e\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/t13.baidu.com\/it\/u=2696067636,866195791&amp;fm=224&amp;app=112&amp;f=JPEG?w=340&amp;h=500\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u300a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u513f\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e66\u5e97\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1988\u5e74<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u5bf9\u8377\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u9996\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u300b\u4e2d\u3002\u6df7\u8840\u534e\u4eba\u77f3\u4ea6\u575a\u5728\u201c\u5173\u90fd\u201d\uff08\u8377\u5370\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u4e66\u8bb0\u5df2\u6709\u5341\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u670b\u53cb\u65b0\u5f00\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u4e2d\u5b66\u521a\u4ece\u6d77\u5357\u62db\u8058\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u201c\u80e1\u4eae\u201d\u7684\u6559\u5458\u3002\u77f3\u4ea6\u575a\u51fa\u4e8e\u540c\u4e61\u60c5\u8c0a\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u623f\u95f4\u51fa\u79df\u7ed9\u80e1\u4eae\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u719f\u8bc6\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u80e1\u4eae\u53d1\u73b0\u77f3\u4ea6\u575a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8001\u5b9e\u3001\u53ef\u601c\u3001\u5e73\u5eb8\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u653f\u6cbb\u89c9\u609f\uff0c\u6df7\u6df7\u5669\u5669\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u6cd5\u5b50\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u770b\u5f97\u6e05\u695a\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u663e\u8457\u7684\u5974\u6027\u4e0d\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u201d[11]\u51fa\u4e8e\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u80e1\u4eae\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u85cf\u4e66\u63a8\u8350\u7ed9\u623f\u4e1c\u501f\u9605\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7279\u610f\u63d0\u5230\u8377\u5370\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5730\u6253\u538b\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4fa8\u3002\u8377\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u4e13\u95e8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53eb\u201c\u534e\u6c11\u6c49\u52a1\u53f8\u201d\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5ba1\u67e5\u534e\u6821\u548c\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u3002\u6c49\u52a1\u53f8\u67e5\u7981\u4e86\u4e00\u95f4\u534e\u4fa8\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\uff0c\u4efb\u8bfe\u6559\u5e08\u6b63\u662f\u80e1\u4eae\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u8b66\u5bdf\u5e26\u8d70\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u6c49\u52a1\u53f8\u7684\u76d8\u95ee\u3002\u6c49\u52a1\u53f8\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u526f\u624b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u53eb\u201c\u5b59\u56fd\u5510\u201d\u7684\u53ef\u9119\u7684\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u77f3\u4ea6\u575a\u7684\u8001\u540c\u5b66\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6beb\u65e0\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e25\u5389\u8b66\u544a\u80e1\u4eae\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5728\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u91cc\u4f20\u64ad\u5371\u9669\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0b\u4e0d\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5bf9\u8377\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u6253\u538b\u534e\u6587\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u7b26\u5408\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u5728\u8377\u5c5e\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u7aed\u529b\u9650\u5236\u534e\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e5f\u7981\u6b62\u9769\u547d\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u53cd\u8377\u5170\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002[12]\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u571f\u751f\u534e\u4eba\u4e0e\u65b0\u5ba2\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u900f\u9732\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u4ee3\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u8377\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7ba1\u63a7\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\uff0c\u623f\u4e1c\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u89e3\u96c7\uff0c\u4ed6\u6000\u7740\u4e00\u7ebf\u5e0c\u671b\u53bb\u627e\u4e0a\u53f8\u6c42\u60c5\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u767d\u8d39\u53e3\u820c\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u5fcd\u53d7\u4e0d\u4e86\u7a77\u56f0\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6298\u78e8\u548c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u5728\u5b59\u56fd\u5510\u7684\u6559\u5506\u4e0b\u5411\u5f53\u5c40\u8bec\u544a\u80e1\u4eae\u662f\u5371\u9669\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u80e1\u4eae\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u665a\u5e74\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u6f02\u6d41\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300b\u7ee7\u7eed\u8c34\u8d23\u8377\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u3002\u4e24\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u201c\u8881\u4e3d\u840d\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5ed6\u6d01\u201d\u57281930\u5e74\u521d\u79bb\u5f00\u6545\u4e61\u6c55\u5934\uff0c\u98d8\u6d0b\u8fc7\u6d77\u6765\u5230\u5370\u5c3c\u7684\u82cf\u95e8\u7b54\u814a\u5c9b\uff0c\u4efb\u6559\u4e8e\u68c9\u5170\u7684\u4e24\u95f4\u534e\u4fa8\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u8377\u5170\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9e\u884c\u6587\u5316\u94b3\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff08\u5373\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u96c5\u52a0\u8fbe\uff09\u8bbe\u7f6e\u201c\u6c49\u52a1\u53f8\u201d\uff0c\u68c9\u5170\u8b66\u5bdf\u5385\u91cc\u4e5f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u6c49\u52a1\u53f8\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u79d1\u5ba4\uff0c\u9664\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7684\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u96c7\u4f63\u4e24\u540d\u8bd1\u5458\uff0c\u4e13\u4e8b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u68c0\u67e5\u5de5\u4f5c\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u548c\u672c\u5730\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u5370\u5237\u54c1\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u7684\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e2d\u5b66\uff0c\u4ece\u5c0f\u5b66\u4e00\u5e74\u7ea7\u8d77\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u672c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u90fd\u8981\u5148\u9001\u7ed9\u6c49\u52a1\u53f8\u5ba1\u6838\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u610f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7279\u522b\u5bb3\u6015\u8bb2\u5230\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8bb2\u5230\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u906d\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u5265\u524a\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u8fde\u5404\u8272\u4eba\u79cd\u751f\u6765\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8bdd\u4e5f\u8bb2\u4e0d\u5f97\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u6069\u683c\u65af\u3001\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7b80\u76f4\u6210\u4e86\u6d2a\u6c34\u731b\u517d\u3002[13]<\/p>\n<p>\u9632\u8303\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u6c49\u52a1\u53f8\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u6587\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u662f\u627f\u8f7d\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u3001\u534e\u6587\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u534e\u6587\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u9986\u6ca6\u4e3a\u8377\u5370\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u6000\u7591\u548c\u6253\u538b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5f53\u5c40\u542f\u52a8\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5668\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\u6d17\u8111\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u62b9\u9664\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u5de9\u56fa\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4eba\u516c\u662f\u5ed6\u6d01\u3002\u5979\u6765\u5230\u68c9\u5170\u4ee5\u540e\u88ab\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5230\u5148\u8fbe\u4e2d\u534e\u5b66\u6821\u6559\u4e66\u3002\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u6697\u63a2\u76ef\u7d27\u8fd9\u95f4\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5bf9\u6587\u5b66\u793e\u56e2\u201c\u9752\u8349\u793e\u201d\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u5468\u520a\u975e\u5e38\u8b66\u60d5\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u8b66\u5bdf\u53bb\u6559\u5458\u5bbf\u820d\u641c\u53bb\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e66\u520a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u9c81\u8fc5\u3001\u90ed\u6cab\u82e5\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u548c\u5de6\u8054\u6587\u827a\u671f\u520a\u300a\u840c\u82bd\u300b\u548c\u300a\u62d3\u8352\u8005\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6536\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u4f5c\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u4e0a\u9762\u6709\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u538b\u8feb\u201d\u3001\u201c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u201d\u7b49\u5b57\u773c\u3002\u8b66\u5bdf\u6293\u8d70\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u4fa8\u751f\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u6559\u5458\uff0c\u6c61\u8511\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u717d\u52a8\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5171\u515a\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u6d41\u653e\u5230\u5229\u8f9c\u5c9b\u53bb\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f70\u663e\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u65cf\u7fa4-\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8868\u8fbe\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u4ece\u4e8b\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u8868\u8fbe\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5218\u5b8f\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u4ece1949\u5e74\u52301965\u5e74\u5370\u5c3c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5370\u5c3c\u5de6\u7ffc\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u666e\u62c9\u7a46\u8fea\u4e9a\u5bf9\u9c81\u8fc5\u548c\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u656c\u4ef0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8de8\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u8f93\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5370\u5c3c\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\u8d21\u732e\u4e86\u7ec6\u81f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002[14]\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u52a0\u5165\u521b\u9020\u6027\u60f3\u8c61\u3002\u300a\u6f02\u6d41\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300b\u540e\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u900f\u8fc7\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u7684\u773c\u775b\u89c2\u5bdf\u6218\u540e\u5370\u5c3c\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u300a\u6668\u5149\u62a5\u300b\u652f\u6301\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u4fa8\u751f\u5218\u514b\u975e\u5e26\u7740\u4e24\u4f4d\u5370\u5c3c\u670b\u53cb\u627e\u5230\u300a\u6668\u5149\u62a5\u300b\u7f16\u8f91\u90e8\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5e2e\u5fd9\u5370\u5237\u5370\u5c3c\u6587\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u54c1\u300a\u706f\u5854\u300b\u5468\u520a\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u603b\u7f16\u8f91\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u548c\u8463\u4e8b\u957f\u738b\u6e90\u660c\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6d77\u7259\u653f\u5e9c\u6025\u4e8e\u6062\u590d\u5bf9\u5370\u5c3c\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f80\u722a\u54c7\u5c9b\u6d3e\u5175\uff0c\u5728\u6cd7\u6c34\u53d1\u52a8\u767b\u9646\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u6c11\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u4e61\u6751\u62ff\u8d77\u6b66\u5668\u8fdb\u884c\u6e38\u51fb\u6218\u3002\u4fa8\u751f\u6731\u6770\u7cbe\u901a\u5370\u5c3c\u8bed\uff0c\u81ea\u544a\u594b\u52c7\uff0c\u62a5\u540d\u62c5\u4efb\u300a\u6668\u5149\u62a5\u300b\u5916\u52e4\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u6218\u5730\u91c7\u8bbf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52c7\u6562\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5f97\u5230\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u7684\u8d5e\u626c\u3002\u6cd7\u6c34\u534e\u4fa8\u9752\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u6218\u5730\u670d\u52a1\u56e2\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u6350\u732e\u7684\u836f\u54c1\u3001\u98df\u7269\u548c\u8863\u670d\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u9001\u7ed9\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u3002\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u8377\u5370\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6355\u5165\u72f1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u6240\u754f\u60e7\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4e0d\u6015\u8377\u5370\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u8981\u5931\u8d25\uff1b\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e89\u53d6\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5230\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\u524d\u591c\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u6eda\u6eda\u5411\u524d\uff0c\u8c01\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u963b\u6321\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\uff0c\u5230\u5904\u98d8\u626c\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u513f\u5973\uff0c\u6ee1\u6000\u6fc0\u60c5\u5730\u7b49\u5f85\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u90a3\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4e3a\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u5e86\u795d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u6b22\u547c\uff01\u6211\u7b49\u5f85\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u7956\u56fd\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u6709\u7956\u56fd\u505a\u9760\u5c71\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u513f\u5973\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u611f\u5230\u5b64\u72ec\u4e86\u3002[15]<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u663e\u793a\u4e24\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u548c\u4ea4\u7ec7\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u652f\u6301\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u89c1\u548c\u8fdc\u7a0b\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u65e0\u6028\u65e0\u6094\uff0c\u4ed6\u575a\u4fe1\u201c\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u4f1a\u50cf\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5f20\u5f00\u53cc\u81c2\uff0c\u62e5\u62b1\u6d77\u5916\u5f52\u6765\u7684\u513f\u5973\u3002\u201d[16]<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/553fa4a42288d358\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u300a\u7ea2\u767d\u65d7\u4e0b\u300b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u8d64\u9053\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1950\u5e74<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4e2d\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u7ea2\u767d\u65d7\u4e0b\u300b\u5199\u8377\u5370\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u74e6\u89e3\u3001\u5370\u5c3c\u72ec\u7acb\u5efa\u56fd\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u8fdb\u6b65\u534e\u4fa8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5370\u5c3c\u5efa\u7acb\u90a6\u4ea4\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u6c6a\u6656\u5728\u5206\u6790\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u6df1\u523b\u6307\u51fa\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u62b5\u6297\u5916\u6765\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u7edf\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u6709\u8bc6\u4e4b\u58eb\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7b80\u5355\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f31\u5c0f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u662f\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u5f31\u5c0f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u4fbf\u5177\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002[17]<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5370\u5c3c\u571f\u8457\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u6c6a\u6656\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff1a\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u6709\u601d\u8003\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u6279\u5224\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6392\u5916\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u8d70\u5411\u524d\u666f\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7ed3\u5c3e\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u526f\u58ee\u9614\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u6e38\u884c\u573a\u9762\uff0c\u53d9\u4e8b\u8005\u89e6\u666f\u751f\u60c5\uff0c\u6177\u6168\u5ba3\u8a93\u3002[18]\u5370\u5c3c\u8054\u90a6\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u5728\u5e37\u5e55\u62c9\u5f00\u7684\u5168\u7403\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u9762\u4e34\u6765\u81ea\u897f\u65b9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6311\u6218\u548c\u6253\u538b\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u7ed3\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540a\u8be1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u5370\u5c3c\u7684\u5904\u5883\u975e\u5e38\u5c34\u5c2c\u3002\u8377\u5370\u5f53\u5c40\u5b9e\u884c\u5206\u5316\u74e6\u89e3\u3001\u4ee5\u534e\u5236\u534e\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7532\u5fc5\u4e39\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u901a\u884c\u8bc1\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u7b49\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u534e\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u6392\u6324\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c61\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u3002[19]\u4ece1945\u5e748\u6708\u52301949\u5e7412\u6708\u7684\u201c\u516b\u6708\u9769\u547d\u201d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6392\u534e\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u9f13\u5439\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9ed1\u5a74\u60c5\u4f55\u4ee5\u582a\uff1f1950\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u603b\u7edf\u82cf\u52a0\u8bfa\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fc7\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6392\u534e\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79cd\u65cf\u8feb\u5bb3\u5728\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u611f\u52a8\u300b\u548c\u300a\u7ea2\u767d\u65d7\u4e0b\u300b\u5f53\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u7f3a\u5e2d\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u8c10\u3001\u5f62\u52bf\u5927\u597d\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5acc\u7591\u30021965\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u6392\u534e\u8fd0\u52a8\u201c\u4e5d\u4e09\u96f6\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\uff0c\u82cf\u54c8\u6258\u4e0a\u53f0\u540e\u65ad\u7edd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8086\u610f\u6253\u538b\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u6311\u8845\u6027\u5730\u6062\u590d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u7684\u201c\u652f\u90a3\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6765\u79f0\u547c\u4e2d\u56fd\u30021998\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u53c8\u7206\u53d1\u9488\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u8feb\u5bb3\u201c\u9ed1\u8272\u4e94\u6708\u66b4\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u516d\u5e74\u524d\u5df2\u7ecf\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5982\u679c\u4e5d\u6cc9\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6709\u77e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u75db\u5fc3\u75be\u9996\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.<\/strong><strong>\u592a\u9633\u65d7\u4e0b\uff1a\u6297\u65e5\u6551\u4ea1\u5728\u4e2d\u3001\u5370<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u7559\u5b66\u4e2d\u56fd\u671f\u95f4\uff081932-1937\uff09\u9002\u9022\u201c\u4e00\u4e8c\u516b\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5362\u6c9f\u6865\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u30021937\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u5230\u68c9\u5170\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u62a5\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8b\u6297\u65e5\u6551\u4ea1\u5ba3\u4f20\u30021941\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u201c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u4e89\u201d\u7206\u53d1\u30021942\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u6ca6\u9677\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u88ab\u65e5\u5bc7\u6293\u6355\uff0c\u5173\u8fdb\u4e86\u534e\u4fa8\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u8fbe\u4e09\u5e74\u591a\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u6218\u8d25\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e73\u5b89\u5f52\u6765\uff0c\u91cd\u83b7\u81ea\u7531\u3002[20]\u603b\u7684\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ece1932\u5e74\u52301947\u5e74\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5de6\u7ffc\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u666e\u4e16\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6d89\u53ca\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u8f6f\u5f31\u3001\u82e6\u95f7\u5230\u575a\u5b9a\u3001\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u300a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u300b\u300a\u9752\u6625\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u300b\u300a\u9752\u6625\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u300b[21]\u7684\u683c\u8c03\u6bd4\u8f83\u9893\u5e9f\u3002\u6563\u6587\u300a\u5fd8\u4e0d\u4e86\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6350\u6b3e\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u601d\u60f3\u5c31\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u4e86\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e2a\u9752\u5e74\u7231\u56fd\u8005\u201c\u654f\u201d\u5728\u201c\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\u4e09\u5468\u5e74\u4e4b\u9645\u5192\u9669\u8fd8\u4e61\uff0c\u4e49\u65e0\u53cd\u987e\u5730\u4ece\u4e8b\u6297\u65e5\u6551\u4ea1\uff1b[22]\u540e\u8005\u8bb2\u8ff0\u201c\u6211\u201d\u5728\u7231\u56fd\u60c5\u64cd\u7684\u9a71\u4f7f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u4e3a\u7ee5\u8fdc\u6297\u654c\u7684\u5c06\u58eb\u4eec\u6177\u6168\u6350\u6b3e\uff0c\u8fd8\u727a\u7272\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fae\u8584\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8d39\u3002[23]\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u5f52\u5c5e\u611f\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u628a\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4fa8\u9ed1\u5a74\u4e0e\u7956\u7c4d\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u7d27\u5bc6\u56e2\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u79bb\u6563\u534e\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u88ab\u6709\u610f\u6de1\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u56fd\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\u8fc5\u901f\u8d8b\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u989c\u6e05\u6e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u5173\u5207\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u536b\u548c\u53cd\u5e94\u5f0f\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed9\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u571f\u8457\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u73af\u3002[24]\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u610f\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.gdwsw.gov.cn\/img\/0\/5\/5796\/26550.jpg\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u611f\u52a8\u300b\uff0c\u96c5\u52a0\u8fbe\uff1a\u9c9b\u4eba\u4e66\u5c4b\uff0c1947\u5e74<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u6218\u540e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u77ed\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u96c6\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u611f\u52a8\u300b\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u672c\u571f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u8fd1\u8ddd\u79bb\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u56db\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u2014\u2014\u2014\u300a\u5ac2\u5ac2\u300b\u300a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u5934\u300b\u300a\u6de1\u6de1\u7684\u8840\u75d5\u300b\u300a\u996d\u7530\u5927\u5c09\u300b[25]\u2014\u2014\u8868\u8fbe\u6297\u65e5\u6551\u4ea1\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff04\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u7bc7\u76db\u8d5e\u534e\u4fa8\u5973\u6027\u7684\u732e\u8eab\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u4fa8\u6c11\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7740\u58a8\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u6218\u4fd8\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u662f\u6587\u7b14\u8d28\u6734\u76f4\u7387\uff0c\u60c5\u8282\u7d27\u51d1\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u6218\u4e89\u53d9\u4e8b\u548c\u521b\u4f24\u8bb0\u5fc6\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7740\u65f6\u4ee3\u611f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u201c\u6587\u9769\u201d\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u590d\u51fa\u6587\u575b\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5f52\u961f\uff0c\u5199\u51fa\u957f\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u6f02\u6d41\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4fa8\u4ece\u4e8b\u6297\u65e5\u6551\u4ea1\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53bb\u56fd\u6000\u4e61\uff0c\u906d\u9022\u4e27\u4e71\uff0c\u51b7\u98ce\u70ed\u8840\uff0c\u6d17\u6da4\u4e7e\u5764\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u60c5\u8282\u662f\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u6ca6\u9677\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u641c\u6355\u6297\u65e5\u5fd7\u58eb\uff0c\u62a5\u9986\u4e3b\u7f16\u5e84\u4e00\u9e25\u548c\u7f16\u8f91\u5ed6\u6d01\u7b49\u4e94\u540d\u534e\u4fa8\u60e8\u906d\u6740\u5bb3\u3002\u8881\u4e3d\u840d\u6765\u5230\u68c9\u5170\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5927\u8349\u576a\u4e0a\uff0c\u89c1\u5230\u8fd9\u4e94\u540d\u70c8\u58eb\u7684\u5934\u9885\u88ab\u60ac\u6302\u5728\u7af9\u7aff\u4e0a\uff0c\u5468\u56f4\u6709\u5927\u7fa4\u56f4\u89c2\u7684\u767e\u59d3\u3002\u8881\u4e3d\u840d\u6df1\u611f\u60b2\u75db\uff0c\u5979\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u4f2b\u7acb\u89c2\u671b\uff0c\u5fc3\u7eea\u7ffb\u6eda\uff0c\u767e\u611f\u4ea4\u96c6\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u8d64\u9053\u7684\u96e8\u6c34\u6dcb\u6e7f\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5934\u53d1\uff0c\u6dcb\u6e7f\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8138\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u51b7\u5417\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u5bf9\u5927\u8349\u576a\u4e0a\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u591a\u4e48\u70ed\u7231\u8fd9\u5757\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u53c8\u591a\u4e48\u618e\u6068\u8e42\u8e8f\u8fd9\u5757\u571f\u5730\u7684\u5f3a\u76d7\uff01\u4ed6\u4eec\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6297\u6218\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e84\u4e25\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u5954\u8d70\u3001\u547c\u53f7\u2026\u2026\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5934\u9885\uff0c\u60ac\u6302\u5728\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u8349\u576a\u4e0a\u2026\u2026[26]<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u66b4\u529b\u573a\u666f\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5e26\u51fa\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f20\u8fbe\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6c89\u75db\u63a7\u8bc9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u544a\u8bc9\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u53cd\u6297\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u5974\u5f79\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u6c89\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u6869\u5d07\u9ad8\u795e\u5723\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u6d2a\u6d41\u4e2d\u5171\u4eab\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u613f\u610f\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4ed8\u51fa\u60e8\u91cd\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u542f\u53d1\u8881\u4e3d\u840d\u7b49\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u53bb\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff0c\u91cd\u5efa\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u5c4b\u9876\u201d(political roof)\uff0c\u5728\u66f4\u6df1\u4e00\u5c42\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f15\u9886\u4ed6\u4eec\u601d\u7d22\u4eba\u7c7b\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u5c0a\u4e25\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5473\u6325\u6d12\u6d45\u8584\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e2a\u522b\u4f5c\u54c1\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6df1\u5ea6\u601d\u8003\u3002\u77ed\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u513f\u300b\u5728\u8de8\u56fd\u79bb\u6563\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u601d\u8003\u6027\u522b\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u671d\u5411\u201c\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u201d\u3002\u4e94\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5973\u5b50\u52c9\u5b50\u7531\u4e8e\u6df1\u53d7\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6bd2\u5bb3\uff0c\u81ea\u8ba4\u662f\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u513f\u201d\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5979\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u4eba\u5206\u624b\u3002\u5979\u6d41\u843d\u9a6c\u6765\u4e9a\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5e94\u62db\u5973\u90ce\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u843d\u62d3\uff0c\u5fc3\u60c5\u6291\u90c1\u3002\u67d0\u5929\uff0c\u52c9\u5b50\u5230\u5496\u5561\u9986\u52fe\u5f15\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u201c\u652f\u90a3\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u9080\u8bf7\u4ed6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u559d\u9152\u804a\u5929\uff0c\u5927\u732e\u6bb7\u52e4\u3002\u5f53\u652f\u90a3\u4eba\u8bf4\u4e24\u4eba\u662f\u201c\u4ec7\u654c\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u52c9\u5b50\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u540d\u652f\u90a3\u4eba\u671d\u5979\u5927\u58f0\u5486\u54ee\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u662f\u5417\uff1f\u96be\u9053\u4f60\u4eec\u4e1c\u6d0b\u4eba\u662f\u6211\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u5417\uff1f\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\uff0c\u60f3\u60f3\u4e0a\u6d77\uff01\u4f60\u4eec\u63a8\uff08\u539f\u6587\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4e3a\u201c\u6467\u201d\u5b57\u4e4b\u8bef\uff09\u6b8b\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u6740\u6b7b\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u540c\u80de\uff01[27]<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u6b63\u8981\u8d77\u8eab\u8d70\u5f00\uff0c\u4f46\u88ab\u52c9\u5b50\u523b\u610f\u633d\u7559\u3002\u7fcc\u65e5\u65e9\u6668\uff0c\u8fd9\u540d\u652f\u90a3\u4eba\u8fd8\u5728\u9163\u7761\u4e2d\uff0c\u52c9\u5b50\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5815\u843d\u800c\u611f\u5230\u96be\u8fc7\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7231\u6155\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7eaf\u771f\u7684\u652f\u90a3\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u60f3\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u654c\u5bf9\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5979\u9884\u611f\u8fd9\u6bb5\u611f\u60c5\u6beb\u65e0\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u652f\u90a3\u4eba\u7684\u6577\u884d\u6001\u5ea6\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u52c9\u5b50\uff0c\u5979\u59d4\u5c48\u5730\u8c34\u8d23\u5bf9\u65b9\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u65b9\u6c89\u9ed8\u4e0d\u8bed\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u6211\u77e5\u9053\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u8ba4\u5230\u6211\u662f\u4ec7\u654c\uff0c\u4f60\u4e0d\u7231\u6211\uff0c\u4f60\u521a\u624d\u5c3d\u529b\u5730\u8e42\u8e8f\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u5ff5\u5934\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u4f60\u9519\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u600e\u4e48\uff0c\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8bf4\uff1f\u6211\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u50ac\uff08\u539f\u6587\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u4e3a\u201c\u6467\u201d\u5b57\u4e4b\u8bef\uff09\u6b8b\u8fc7\u652f\u90a3\uff1b\u6211\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6740\u8fc7\u4f60\u7684\u540c\u80de\u3002\u670b\u53cb\uff01\u6211\u8fd9\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u513f\u662f\u53ef\u601c\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u6765\u534a\u5c9b\u8fc7\u7cdc\u70c2\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u7231\u6211\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u601c\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u7684\u5b64\u5355\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u6211\u53d7\u7740\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u6bd4\u4f60\u4eec\u66f4\u5389\u5bb3\uff0c\u8c01\u6709\u94b1\u7686\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6211\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\u627e\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u4f60\u5e94\u5f53\u660e\u767d\u3002\u2026\u2026[28]<\/p>\n<p>\u52c9\u5b50\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5993\u5973\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u6027\u522b\u538b\u8feb\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u56fd\u65cf\u82e6\u96be\u6765\u7684\u8f7b\u677e\uff0c\u5f52\u6839\u7ed3\u5e95\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u5206\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u7531\u91d1\u94b1\u52bf\u529b\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u6027\u522b\u538b\u8feb\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u906d\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u5728\u5484\u5484\u903c\u4eba\u7684\u8d28\u95ee\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u540d\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u652f\u90a3\u7537\u5b50\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5f00\u53e3\u4e86\uff1a\u201c\u2014\u2014\u6211\u660e\u767d\u4e86\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u513f\uff01\u201d\u4ed6\u73b0\u5728\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u513f\u4e0d\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u5b50\u800c\u662f\u548c\u4ed6\u4e00\u6837\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u88ab\u4fae\u8fb1\u4e0e\u88ab\u635f\u5bb3\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4ed6\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5979\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u8eab\u4f53\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u6ca6\u4e3a\u6b22\u573a\u5356\u7b11\u7684\u5993\u5973\uff0c\u540c\u662f\u5929\u6daf\u6ca6\u843d\u4eba\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u60c5\u3001\u8c05\u89e3\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u52a8\u60c5\u5730\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u652f\u90a3\u7537\u5b50\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u5993\u5973\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6c11\u80de\u7269\u4e0e\u3001\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\u7684\u60c5\u6000\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u62b1\u5979\u62b1\u5f97\u66f4\u7d27\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u51c6\u6b64\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u5bf9\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u6709\u4ea7\u8005\u5bf9\u5993\u5973\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u91cd\u5f20\u529b\u88ab\u7f6e\u6362\u6210\u666e\u4e16\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u56fd\u65cf\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7586\u754c\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u8ffd\u5bfb\u3002\u8fd9\u662f18\u5c81\u7684\u9ed1\u5a74\u5bf9\u201c\u6027\u522b\u5316\u56fd\u65cf\u201d(engendered nation)\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u60f3\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c\u3001\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u518d\u51fa\u53d1\uff1a\u4ece\u5eb6\u6c11\u7fa4\u50cf\u5230\u8fdb\u6b65\u534e\u4fa8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u9690\u73b0\u5230\u660e\u786e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u8ff9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8f6c\u53d8\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u5916\u5728\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u5370\u5c3c\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u2014\u2014\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u56de\u5e94\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u601d\u8003\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5deb\u5c0f\u9ece\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u65f6\u671f\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u6709\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5b66\u4e3b\u6f6e\u201c\u5de6\u7ffc\u6587\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u300a\u8d64\u9053\u7ebf\u300b\u300a\u9752\u6625\u300b\u300a\u79c1\u8d27\u8239\u300b\u300a\u5c0f\u4f19\u4f34\u300b\u3002[29]\u6768\u6167\u5728\u7814\u7a761932\u5e74\u52301937\u5e74\u9ed1\u5a74\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u51c6\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u7efc\u89c2\u9ed1\u5a741930\u5e74\u4ee3\u6587\u5b66\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u504f\u5411\u5de6\u7ffc\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002\u201d[30]\u6839\u636e\u84dd\u7d20\u660e\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u4e43\u7236\u9ed1\u5a74\u65e9\u5e74\u5728\u5370\u5c3c\u62a5\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u51fa\u8eab\u3001\u7ecf\u5386\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u90fd\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4ed6\u8d8b\u5411\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\uff1a\u201c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4ed6\u6295\u5954\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u2018\u7231\u56fd\u2019\u3001\u2018\u8fdb\u6b65\u2019\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5feb\u6210\u4e3a\u4f5c\u5bb6\u9ed1\u5a74\u660e\u786e\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u201d[31]\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u84dd\u7d20\u660e\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u81ea\u8ff0\u4ed6\u5728\u5357\u6d0b\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u5370\u5c3c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff0c\u56de\u56fd\u8bfb\u4e66\u65f6\u5192\u7740\u751f\u547d\u5371\u9669\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f20\u9001\u8fc7\u673a\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u59da\u7bf7\u5b50\u7684\u88ab\u6355\u548c\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u672a\u80fd\u53ca\u65f6\u5165\u515a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u3002[32]\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u90fd\u5e02\u7f57\u66fc\u53f8\u9898\u6750\u53d7\u5230\u7a46\u65f6\u82f1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5f97\u5230\u9ed1\u5a74\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u8bc1\u5b9e\uff0c[33]\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u8fc7\u53f6\u7d2b\u7684\u9f13\u52b1\u548c\u542f\u53d1\u3002[34]\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bc1\u8bcd\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u9ed1\u5a74\u4e0e\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u5c55\u5f00\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5982\u4f55\u523b\u753b\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5357\u6d0b\u4e4b\u5e95\u5c42\u5eb6\u6c11\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e00\u4f4d\u534e\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u59ff\u6001\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6218\u540e\u548c\u665a\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5982\u4f55\u8bb0\u8ff0\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4fa8\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u5206\u5316\uff0c\u51f8\u663e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u5171\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u6279\u5224\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u5e95\u5c42\u7684\u54c0\u6b4c\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6545\u4e8b\u4e0e\u5357\u6d0b\u7ecf\u9a8c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u6d77\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u9ed1\u5a74\u5e74\u9f84\u4ecb\u4e8e17\u5c81\u523022\u5c81\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6587\u5b66\u65b0\u4eba\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u5de6\u7ffc\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u9898\u6750\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u4e61\u6751\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u89c1\u8bc1\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u6cbb\u7406\u5931\u8d25\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u5357\u6d0b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f31\u88d4\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u4e3a\u6027\u522b\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u56fe\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5c0f\u8bd7\u300a\u6625\u4e4b\u8857\u300b\u6279\u5224\u4e0a\u6d77\u8fd9\u4e2a\u534a\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6027\u522b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002[35]\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u5c0f\u4f19\u4f34\u300b\u5199\u9ec4\u6d66\u6c5f\u7554\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6d41\u6d6a\u6c49\u5c0f\u987a\u5b50\u548c\u5f97\u798f\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u56f0\u82e6\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u5de1\u6355\u7684\u9a9a\u6270\uff0c\u6d41\u79bb\u5931\u6240\uff0c\u4e0d\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u9636\u7ea7\u610f\u8bc6\u3002[36]\u300a\u6ce5\u6f6d\u91cc\u300b\u5199\u4e00\u7fa4\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u7684\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u8ba1\u5212\u4e3e\u884c\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u8c08\u5224\u3002[37]\u300a\u66ae\u666f\u300b\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e61\u4e0b\u4eba\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u60e8\u906d\u5175\u75de\u8e42\u8e8f\u800c\u6b7b\uff0c\u5c0f\u5bb6\u5ead\u7834\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u597d\u6d41\u6d6a\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u6ca6\u4e3a\u4e5e\u4e10\u3002[38]\u300a\u7834\u706d\u300b\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u53d9\u4e8b\u89d2\u5ea6\u5199\u4e0a\u6d77\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7740\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u300a\u5f52\u6765\u300b\u5199\u4e00\u7fa4\u756a\u5ba2\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u4e0b\u4ece\u5b89\u5357\u3001\u66b9\u7f57\u3001\u6021\u4fdd\u3001\u5409\u9686\u5761\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u4e94\u5e74\u6216\u662f\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u751f\u6d3b\u6362\u6765\u7684\u662f\u8001\u4e86\u7684\u8eab\u5b50\u548c\u7834\u70c2\u7684\u884c\u674e\u3002\u201d[39]\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u53d9\u4e8b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5357\u6d0b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f31\u88d4\u7fa4\u50cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6216\u662f\u906d\u9047\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u89c1\u8bc1\u9636\u7ea7\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5931\u8db3\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u6ce3\u8840\u6323\u624e\u3002\u300a\u6025\u6027\u864e\u5217\u62c9\u300b\u51991930\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u5982\u540c\u6025\u6027\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u9a6c\u516d\u7532\u3001\u69df\u57ce\u3001\u82cf\u95e8\u7b54\u814a\uff0c\u5931\u4e1a\u5de5\u4eba\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u9063\u8fd4\u3002[40]\u300a\u7238\u7238\u4e0a\u56ed\u53e3\u53bb\u300b\u4ece\u5341\u4e09\u5c81\u5c11\u5973\u4e9a\u73cd\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u770b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u63cf\u5199\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4fa8\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u4f24\u5fc3\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u300a\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u4e4b\u591c\u300b\u5199\u6d77\u5357\u4eba\u6768\u4e2d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u8258\u8d27\u8f6e\u4e0a\u5f53\u6c34\u624b\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5355\u8c03\u5b64\u72ec\uff0c\u5230\u5904\u6f02\u6cca\u6d41\u79bb\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u8001\u677f\u548c\u6c34\u624b\u5934\u7684\u6b3a\u538b\u3002\u5728\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u4e0a\u5cb8\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u9082\u9005\u4e00\u540d\u6d77\u5357\u7c4d\u7684\u571f\u5a3c\uff0c\u5f97\u77e5\u5176\u51c4\u60e8\u7ecf\u5386\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u52a8\u4e86\u607b\u9690\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u7ed9\u5979\u4e00\u4e9b\u91d1\u94b1\u8d44\u52a9\u3002[41]\u300a\u6ca1\u6709\u7238\u7238\u300b\u5199\u5370\u5c3c\u5c11\u5973\u7ef4\u5a1c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u6c34\u624b\u67e5\u7406\u521d\u6b21\u89c1\u9762\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u591c\u60c5\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u6000\u5b55\u751f\u5b50\uff0c\u8fc7\u7740\u6f02\u6cca\u6d41\u79bb\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5fcd\u53d7\u4e16\u4eba\u7684\u767d\u773c\u548c\u82db\u5f85\u3002[42]\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6587\u672c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u5927\u7ea6\u5360\u636e\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u6bd4\u91cd\uff0c\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u63cf\u7ed8\u90fd\u5e02\u7f57\u66fc\u53f8\u548c\u5357\u6d0b\u98ce\u60c5\u753b\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8868\u73b0\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u957f\u671f\u53d7\u5230\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u6bcb\u5eb8\u8bb3\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u6587\u7b14\u7a1a\u5ae9\u9752\u6da9\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u529f\u5e95\u8584\u5f31\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5355\u8c03\u3001\u91cd\u590d\u548c\u6025\u5c31\u7ae0\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u9636\u7ea7\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u63cf\u8ff0\u5e95\u5c42\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u9636\u7ea7\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u66b4\u9732\u7531\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u522b\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u60b2\u5267\u3002\u8054\u7cfb\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u5de6\u7ffc\u4f5c\u5bb6\u548c\u7231\u56fd\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u65e0\u672c\u4e4b\u6728\uff0c\u65e0\u6e90\u4e4b\u6c34\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9690\u4f0f\u7740\u4e00\u6761\u82e5\u9690\u82e5\u73b0\u3001\u4e0d\u65ad\u8d70\u5411\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u5de6\u53f3\u4e4b\u4e89\uff1a\u534e\u4fa8\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5206\u5316\u4e0e\u91cd\u7ec4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u5230\u5357\u6d0b\u6ca6\u9677\u524d\uff0c\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u610f\u8bc6\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u70c8\uff0c\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6869\u4e8b\u7269\u90fd\u8d62\u5f97\u5357\u6d0b\u7684\u56de\u54cd\u3002\u6beb\u4e0d\u60ca\u5947\u7684\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u6469\u64e6\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u6d0b\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u53cd\u6620\u3002\u201d[43]\u4ece\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u5230\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u6709\u529b\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6001\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5f53\u5730\u534e\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002[44]\u9ed1\u5a74\u8fd4\u56de\u68c9\u5170\u540e\uff0c\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9677\u5165\u56fd\u5171\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u660e\u786e\u575a\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u540c\u60c5\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u5171\u6297\u4e89\uff0c\u8c34\u8d23\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u4e13\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u6218\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u62a5\u7ae0\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u77ed\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u96c6\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u611f\u52a8\u300b\u3001\u4e2d\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u7ea2\u767d\u65d7\u4e0b\u300b\u5f53\u4e2d\u3002\u8fdb\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c1946\u5e74\u52301950\u5e74\u6b63\u662f\u5168\u7403\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u671f\u95f4\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u58f0\u97f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u201c\u6587\u5316\u51b7\u6218\u201d\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u4ecb\u5165\u3002\u56de\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\/\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u8bc4\u8bba\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4ed6\u4ecb\u5165\u51b7\u6218\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u611f\u52a8\u300b\u5199\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8001\u534e\u4fa8\u6301\u7eed\u6350\u6b3e\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5371\u96be\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8d5e\u52a9\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u3001\u6551\u6d4e\u96be\u6c11\u3001\u8d5e\u52a9\u5317\u4f10\u3001\u652f\u63f4\u6297\u6218\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u6301\u4e45\u6218\u300b\u300a\u8bba\u65b0\u9636\u6bb5\u300b\uff0c\u5fc3\u60a6\u8bda\u670d\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5411\u6bcf\u4e2a\u670b\u53cb\u70ed\u70c8\u63a8\u8350\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62a5\u4eba\u7684\u9ed1\u5a74\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u65f6\u4e8b\u8fc5\u901f\u690d\u5165\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u60c5\u8282\u4e2d\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u77ed\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u96c6\u518d\u73b0\u534e\u4fa8\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u548c\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\u3002\u6167\u5982\u3001\u9526\u5982\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ef4\u4e9a\u5510\u4eba\u8857\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u95f4\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u5370\u5237\u5382\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u8868\u54e5\u7ecf\u5e38\u6765\u8bbf\uff0c\u548c\u7236\u4eb2\u8c08\u8bba\u65f6\u4e8b\uff0c\u501f\u4e66\u7ed9\u4e24\u59d0\u59b9\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u5979\u4eec\u8d70\u51fa\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u63a5\u89e6\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u589e\u957f\u89c1\u8bc6\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u59d0\u59b9\u4fe9\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u5531\u56e2\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u6b4c\u5531\u7231\u56fd\u6b4c\u66f2\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u59b9\u59b9\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5e72\u4e8b\u5c0f\u9648\u6210\u4e3a\u604b\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u7537\u53cb\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u59b9\u59b9\u7ecf\u5e38\u7f3a\u5e2d\u5408\u5531\u56e2\uff0c\u8fd8\u5077\u5077\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u7537\u53cb\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u5c0f\u9648\u5077\u5077\u5411\u4e24\u59d0\u59b9\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u6253\u542c\u5370\u5237\u4e66\u7c4d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5c0f\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u6c14\u6c1b\u88ab\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u51fa\u5dee\u5230\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u7684\u8868\u54e5\u90ae\u5bc4\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e66\u520a\u7ed9\u4e24\u59d0\u59b9\uff0c\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u59b9\u59b9\u4ee5\u201c\u5ba3\u4f20\u8d64\u5316\u201d\u4e3a\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u79c1\u81ea\u711a\u6bc1\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e66\u520a\uff0c\u8fd9\u8ba9\u59d0\u59d0\u5927\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002[45]\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c2\uff0c\u4ed6\u6279\u5224\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5357\u6d0b\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u5728\u534e\u4fa8\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u5b89\u63d2\u7279\u52a1\uff0c\u76d1\u63a7\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u52a8\u5411\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5f53\u5c40\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u8c62\u517b\u4e86\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u4e07\u7684\u7279\u52a1\uff0c\u6b8b\u5bb3\u5168\u56fd\u767e\u59d3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e5f\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4fa8\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u51e0\u80a1\u52bf\u529b\uff1a\u6709\u4eba\u652f\u6301\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u540c\u60c5\u4e2d\u5171\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u534e\u4fa8\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7eb7\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1945\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u5ba3\u5e03\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u7ea2\u767d\u65d7\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5370\u5c3c\u56fd\u65d7\u3002\u4e2d\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u7ea2\u767d\u65d7\u4e0b\u300b\u8bb0\u8ff01949\u5e7412\u670827\u65e5\u5370\u5c3c\u4ece\u8377\u5170\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u624b\u91cc\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e3b\u6743\u52301950\u5e745\u67081\u65e5\u4e2d\u5370\u4e24\u56fd\u5efa\u4ea4\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e66\u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u8ff0\u534e\u4fa8\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u529b\u91cf\u4e0e\u5012\u9000\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u5934\u8111\u5b88\u65e7\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u652f\u6301\u504f\u5b89\u53f0\u6e7e\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u6743\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4eba\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e2d\u5370\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u63a8\u624b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u79ef\u6781\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u51b7\u6218\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002[46]\u300a\u7ea2\u767d\u65d7\u4e0b\u300b\u751f\u52a8\u8be0\u91ca\u4e86\u5370\u5c3c\u7684\u8fd9\u6869\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.gdwsw.gov.cn\/img\/0\/5\/5793\/26550.jpg\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u300a\u6f02\u6d41\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300b\uff0c\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\uff1a\u9ed1\u9f99\u6c5f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1983\u5e74<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u665a\u5e74\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u6f02\u6d41\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300b\u7ee7\u7eed\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u63cf\u8ff0\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u300a\u534e\u4fa8\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053\u56fd\u5171\u5185\u6218\u6d88\u606f\u65f6\u6beb\u4e0d\u542b\u7cca\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u5de6\u7ffc\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u66b4\u9732\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u9ed1\u5e55\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u5728\u7f16\u8f91\u5ba4\u5904\u7406\u6765\u4fe1\u6765\u7a3f\uff0c\u7ffb\u9605\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u69df\u57ce\u3001\u68c9\u5170\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b23\u6170\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u62a5\u7eb8\u591a\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u4fa8\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u751f\u6d3b\u62a5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u2026\u2026\u90fd\u7ecf\u5e38\u520a\u767b\u7956\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u8fdb\u884c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u53cd\u5bf9\u72ec\u88c1\u3001\u9634\u8c0b\u53d1\u52a8\u5185\u6218\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u3002\u6606\u660e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7279\u52a1\u6740\u5bb3\u95fb\u4e00\u591a\u3001\u674e\u516c\u6734\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u8fdb\u6b65\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e0a\u8be6\u7ec6\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u5b97\u8fde\u7eed\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60e8\u6848\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u4fa8\u793e\u4f1a\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u5f88\u5927\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u62e8\u4eae\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u773c\u775b\uff0c\u770b\u6e05\u4e86\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u7f6a\u6076\u3002[47]<\/p>\n<p>\u5199\u4e8e1982\u7684\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u548c\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u5370\u5c3c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u52a8\u5411\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u5728\u5168\u7403\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u91cc\uff081947-1991\uff09\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u6e05\u6670\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u89c1\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u9762\u89e6\u53ca\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u5ed6\u6d01\u3001\u5e84\u4e00\u9e25\u3001\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u3001\u738b\u6e90\u660c\u2014\u2014\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u786e\u51ff\u65e0\u7591\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u53f6\u843d\u5f52\u6839\uff1a\u9ed1\u5a74\u4e0e\u5f52\u4fa8\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u5c40\u9650<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u534e\u4fa8\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u534e\u4fa8\u4e0e\u5386\u5c4a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8bfe\u9898\u3002[48]\u9ed1\u5a74\u5bf9\u7956\u56fd\u539f\u4e61\u6000\u6709\u6df1\u6c89\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7a81\u51fa\u8840\u7f18\u795e\u8bdd\u3001\u5b8f\u5927\u53d9\u8ff0\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u300a\u6f02\u6d41\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300b\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u8881\u4e3d\u840d\u51b3\u5fc3\u79bb\u5f00\u5357\u6d0b\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u668c\u8fdd\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u7956\u56fd\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u8fd9\u6837\u63cf\u5199\u5979\u5728\u5f52\u56fd\u524d\u591c\u7684\u6fc0\u52a8\u5fc3\u60c5\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4e00\u591c\u6ca1\u6709\u5408\u773c\u3002\u591c\u5f88\u9759\uff0c\u604d\u60da\u542c\u5f97\u89c1\u6d77\u98ce\u8f7b\u8f7b\u7ec6\u8bed\uff0c\u53c8\u604d\u60da\u542c\u5230\u7956\u56fd\u5728\u53ec\u5524\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u9ece\u660e\u5c31\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u7a97\u5916\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u7956\u56fd\u554a\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u8fd8\u5728\u82e6\u96be\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u6f02\u6d41\uff1b\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4f60\u7ad9\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u65b0\u751f\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u6295\u5954\u4f60\u7684\u6000\u62b1\u3002\u7956\u56fd\u554a\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\uff0c\u6211\u7ec8\u4e8e\u56de\u6765\u4e86\u3002[49]<\/p>\n<p>\u79bb\u6563\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e8e\u7109\u8fbe\u5230\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u60c5\u8282\u621b\u7136\u800c\u6b62\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7591\u95ee\uff1a\u57281940\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5357\u6d0b\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u539f\u4e61\u8ffd\u9010\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u5b97\u610f\u8bc6\u5417\uff1f\u653e\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u89c6\u91ce\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u201c\u56de\u5f52\u6545\u56fd\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u6d41\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8865\u5145\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u7167\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u4e3b\u6d41\u610f\u8bc6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u89c1\u51fa\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u5904\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5fc3\u6001\u548c\u591a\u5143\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u53f6\u843d\u5f52\u6839\u7684\u4fa8\u5c45\u6a21\u5f0f\u800c\u662f\u843d\u5730\u751f\u6839\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u9996\u8981\u8003\u8651\u3002\u738b\u6177\u9f0e\u4ee5\u300a\u5357\u6d0b\u5546\u62a5\u300b\u300a\u661f\u6d32\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u300a\u5357\u4fa8\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u300a\u4e2d\u5174\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u8fd9\u56db\u5927\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u793e\u8bba\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf1945\u5e749\u67085\u65e5\u52301959\u5e746\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4fa8\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8d77\u4f0f\u6d88\u957f\u3002[50]\u5d14\u8d35\u5f3a\u7814\u7a76\u8fc71945\u5e74\u52301959\u5e74\u65b0\u9a6c\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u8f6c\u5411\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u90fd\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u843d\u5730\u751f\u6839\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u613f\u610f\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u53d6\u5f97\u5c45\u4f4f\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u9009\u62e9\u56de\u5f52\u7956\u56fd\u8005\u662f\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u3002[51]\u738b\u8d53\u6b66\u548c\u539f\u4e0d\u4e8c\u592b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u53d1\u73b0\u3002[52]\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f52\u4fa8\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u91cd\u7684\u662f\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u8fd9\u6279\u5f52\u56fd\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u548c\u5d07\u9ad8\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5b66\u518d\u73b0\u6df1\u5207\u52a8\u4eba\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u534e\u6587\u6587\u5b66\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316\u8ffd\u9010\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u4e0d\u7edd\u5982\u7f15\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002[53]\u6d3b\u8dc3\u57281940\u5e74\u4ee3\u52301960\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u79bb\u6563\u534e\u6587\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5468\u5bb9\u3001\u674e\u6c5d\u7433\u3001\u59da\u7d2b\u3001\u529b\u5321\u3001\u767d\u579a\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee5\u672c\u571f\u5316\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u665a\u8fd1\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u8005\u9f13\u5439\u672c\u571f\u5316\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u79fb\u6c11\u5728\u5c45\u4f4f\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u6a2a\u5411\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u56de\u5f52\u6545\u56fd\u5bb6\u56ed\uff0c\u5df2\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Stuart Hall\uff0cJames Clifford\u3002\u5bf9\u7167\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f53\u4ee4\u897f\u5b66\uff0c\u53cd\u89c2\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u6267\u610f\u56de\u5f52\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u601d\u60f3\u843d\u4f0d\u4e4b\u5acc\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u56ff\u4e8e\u540e\u8d77\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u5c0a\u91cd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5316\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u4e00\u5e45\u4f17\u58f0\u55a7\u54d7\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u5eb6\u51e0\u4e0d\u8f9c\u8d1f\u5f52\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u7b5a\u8def\u84dd\u7f15\u3001\u82e6\u82e6\u8015\u8018\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u5929\u7a7a\u4e0b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u897f\u65b9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u4e9a\u975e\u62c9\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u84ec\u52c3\u3002\u51b7\u6218\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u4e2d\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u3002\u51b7\u6218\u7814\u7a76\u6700\u521d\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u5267\u573a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6c11\u65cf-\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u5355\u5143\u548c\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4e9a\u6d32\u5267\u573a\u3001\u672c\u571f\u89d2\u8272\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u542f\u7528\u8de8\u56fd\u7684\u3001\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u89c6\u91ce\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u9610\u91ca\u529b\u5ea6\u3002[54]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d32\u51b7\u6218\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6587\u5316\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u53f2\u548c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fdb\u8def\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u51b7\u6218\u4e0e\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u8fd0\u52a8\u91cd\u53e0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u3001\u5efa\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u3002\u5728\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6587\u5316\u51b7\u6218\u4e0e\u5370\u5c3c\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u62fc\u51d1\u51fa\u4e00\u5e45\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u753b\u5377\uff0c\u800c\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u753b\u5377\u4e2d\u7684\u8981\u89d2\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.<\/strong><strong>\u5f52\u56fd\u524d\u591c\uff081946-1951\uff09\uff1a\u89c1\u8bc1\u51b7\u6218\u5f00\u5e55<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u53c2\u4e0e\u521b\u529e\u96c5\u52a0\u8fbe\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u7ae0\u300a\u751f\u6d3b\u62a5\u300b\u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\u4e94\u5e74\u5185\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u672c\u62a5\u53d1\u8868\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6536\u516560\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u9ed1\u5a74\u6587\u9009\u300b\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4f7f\u7528\u7b14\u540d\u5728\u65b0\u3001\u9a6c\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u7ae0\u53d1\u8868\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002[55]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u9ed1\u5a74\u6587\u9009\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7c7b\u6587\u7ae0\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u6279\u5224\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u9738\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u76db\u8d5e\u540e\u8005\u7684\u84ec\u52c3\u6d3b\u529b\u548c\u8fdc\u5927\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u81f3\u5c11\u67095\u7bc7\u3002\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e24\u6761\u8def\u7ebf\u300b\u5199\u4e8e1946\u5e749\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u9ed1\u5a74\u6700\u65e9\u56de\u5e94\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e00\u8dc3\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\uff0c\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u5f53\u9009\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u540e\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4e3b\u4e49\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6446\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9762\u524d\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u8def\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4e3b\u4e49\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u5411\u5916\u5192\u9669\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u5411\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\uff0c\u4ee5\u7f8e\u5143\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u4e3a\u540e\u76fe\uff0c\u90e8\u7f72\u5168\u7403\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5374\u8fa9\u79f0\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u963b\u6b62\u82cf\u8054\u5bf9\u6b27\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u673a\u6784\u5185\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u6b27\u6d32\u548c\u5e73\u4f1a\u8bae\u5e2d\u4e0a\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u65af\u9886\u5bfc\u4e86\u53cd\u82cf\u7684\u9635\u8425\uff0c\u5507\u67aa\u820c\u5251\uff0c\u5411\u83ab\u6d1b\u6258\u592b\u548c\u514b\u7f57\u7c73\u79d1\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u731b\u70c8\u7684\u6218\u6597\u3002\u6bd4\u57fa\u5c3c\u5c9b\u4e0a\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u8bd5\u9a8c\u7684\u706b\u7130\uff0c\u8ff7\u7cca\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u773c\u775b\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u7740\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u4e4b\u6d41\u64c2\u51fa\u7684\u6218\u9f13\uff0c\u5c71\u96e8\u6b32\u6765\u98ce\u6ee1\u697c\uff0c\u5927\u6709\u5df2\u4e34\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u524d\u5915\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002[56]<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u6b63\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u519b\u4e8b\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u5531\u51fa\u201c\u91cd\u6574\u897f\u6b27\u96c6\u56e2\u201d\u7684\u8001\u8c03\uff1b\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u65af\uff08James Francis Byrnes\uff0c1882-1972\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u82cf\u8def\u7ebf\u8d70\u8fd1\u4e86\u5371\u9669\u7684\u5730\u5e26\uff1b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u52a1\u90e8\u957f\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\uff08Henry Agard Wallace\uff0c1888-1965\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u7684\u51b7\u6218\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u8fdb\u884c\u534f\u8c03\u3002\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u5bc4\u5e0c\u671b\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u5e73\u3002\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5230\u4f55\u5904\u53bb\u300b\u6279\u8bc4\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5168\u7403\u51b7\u6218\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u53cd\u5171\u9635\u8425\u3001\u5bf9\u6297\u82cf\u8054\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u6279\u8bc4\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u8fdd\u53cd\u4e86\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee5\u4e24\u624b\u653f\u7b56\u5bf9\u4ed8\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6253\u9020\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u7d27\u5f20\u3002[57]\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u5e74\u95f4\u300b\u8d5e\u626c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u653b\u52bf\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u88c1\u519b\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u591a\u6570\u515a\u6d3e\u3002[58]\u300a\u6ca1\u6709\u6b4c\u5531\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u300b\u4ee5\u9636\u7ea7\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6279\u5224\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u538b\u5236\u5de6\u7ffc\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6587\u5316\u3002[59]\u300a\u65b0\u4e66\u4ecb\u7ecd&lt;\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u97f3&gt;\u300b\u628a\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u5b66\u8bf4\u8fd0\u7528\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u51b7\u6218\u4e0b\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5f62\u52bf\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u628a\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u4f5c\u5934\u53f7\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u5ba3\u79f0\u8981\u628a\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u4ece\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u4e2d\u62ef\u6551\u51fa\u6765\u3002[60]\u603b\u7684\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u6709\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\/\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u6790\u7f8e\u82cf\u653f\u6cbb\u8bfe\u9898\u65f6\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u672c\u8d28\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5acc\u7591\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u4ece\u6ca1\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u8fb9\u5012\u5730\u5c55\u5f00\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5236\u9020\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u5173\u4e8e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6536\u5165\u300a\u9ed1\u5a74\u6587\u9009\u300b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u6587\u7ae0\u662f\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5c40\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u540c\u60c5\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6587\u5316\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5c1a\u672a\u5728\u201c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\/\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002\u300a\u9999\u6e2f\u884c\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u300b\u63d0\u5230\u4e24\u4f4d\u719f\u8bc6\u7684\u5357\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u56de\u5f52\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u91cd\u9022\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u60ca\u5f02\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c34\u51c6\u4e4b\u9ad8\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u5357\u6d0b\u7684\u4e2d\u5b66\u751f\u6240\u80fd\u6709\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u61c2\u5f97\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u80fd\u591f\u6709\u6761\u6709\u7406\u5730\u7ed9\u6211\u5206\u6790\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u201d[61]\u300a\u8bba\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u65b0\u8fd1\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u7eaa\u5f55\u7247\u300a\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u300b\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u8d5e\u540c\u9a6c\u5217\u6587\u8bba\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u201c\u827a\u672f\u662f\u6709\u9636\u7ea7\u6027\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f15\u7528\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u201c\u827a\u672f\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u5168\u7403\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u597d\u83b1\u575e\u7684\u7247\u5b50\uff0c\u662f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u662f\u4e3a\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u827a\u672f\u3002\u201d[62]\u9ed1\u5a74\u8fd8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5176\u5b83\u51e0\u90e8\u7535\u5f71\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u513f\u5973\u300b\uff0c\u51cc\u5b50\u98ce\u5bfc\u6f14\u7684\u53d6\u6750\u4e8e\u4e1c\u5317\u6297\u65e5\u8054\u519b\u4e4b\u516b\u5973\u6295\u6c5f\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4ece\u9a6c\u70fd\u3001\u897f\u620e\u540c\u540d\u5c0f\u8bf4\u6539\u7f16\u800c\u6210\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u5415\u6881\u82f1\u96c4\u300b\uff1b\u4ed6\u76db\u8d5e\u4e2d\u5171\u5728\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6295\u964d\u8def\u7ebf\uff1b\u5728\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7bc7\u672b\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u5f15\u7528\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u300a\u8bba\u6301\u4e45\u6218\u300b\u7684\u4ee5\u201c\u91ce\u725b\u201d\u6bd4\u55bb\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u51b7\u6218\u5e74\u4ee3\u5de6\u7ffc\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u58f0\u97f3\uff1a\u201c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7f8e\u5e1d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6562\u4e8e\u4fb5\u72af\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u8ba9\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u706b\u9635\uff0c\u70e7\u6b7b\u8fd9\u5934\u201c\u91ce\u725b\u201d\u5427\uff01\u201d[63]<\/p>\n<p><strong>2.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u9065\u671b\u5370\u5c3c\u53db\u4e71\uff1a\u5728\u98ce\u66b4\u4e2d\u5199\u4f5c\uff081958\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f52\u56fd\u534e\u4fa8\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u738b\u7eaf\u5f3a\u4ece\u5730\u65b9\u53f2\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u8de8\u56fd\u534e\u5546\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u89c6\u91ce\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u5230\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u524d\uff081843-1938\uff09\u7684\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u5f52\u4fa8\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u53a6\u95e8\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u73af\u5883\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u53d1\u5c55\u3002[64]\u4ece1949\u5e74\u52301965\u5e74\uff0c\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u534e\u4fa8\u8fd4\u5f52\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u201c\u5f52\u4fa8\u201d\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5948\u4ed3\u4eac\u5b50\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5f52\u4fa8\u57281950\u300160\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u51fa\u73b0\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6392\u534e\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u6392\u534e\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u534e\u4eba\u4e0e\u571f\u8457\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5dee\u8ddd\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u79cd\u65cf\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u800c\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u6392\u534e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u548c\u798f\u5efa\u7701\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u6570\u5341\u4e2a\u534e\u4fa8\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u5b89\u7f6e\u6765\u81ea\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f52\u4fa8\u3001\u4fa8\u7737\u548c\u96be\u4fa8\u3002[65]\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5f52\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u56de\u56fd\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8f83\u65e9\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u5370\u5c3c\u5c1a\u4e14\u4fdd\u6301\u826f\u597d\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u76f4\u52301950\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\u548c1965\u5e74\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6392\u534e\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u7684\u5f52\u4fa8\u548c\u96be\u4fa8\u624d\u4e8e\u7109\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1951\u5e74\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u5355\u8eab\u8fd4\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u5317\u4eac\u300a\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u526f\u520a\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u7531\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u53d8\u4e3a\u5f52\u56fd\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5f52\u5316\u5165\u7c4d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8f6c\u53d8\u30021952\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u59bb\u84dd\u51e4\u5a07\u643a\u5e26\u4e09\u4e2a\u5973\u513f\u6765\u5230\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u4eba\u56e2\u805a\uff0c\u843d\u5730\u751f\u6839\u3002\u56de\u56fd\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u9ed1\u5a74\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba1\u5212\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u6210\u957f\u300b\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u534e\u4fa8\u9752\u5e74\u56de\u5f52\u7956\u56fd\u540e\u7684\u6210\u957f\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u3002[66]\u6839\u636e\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5f52\u4fa8\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u7231\u56fd\u8005\u3001\u96be\u6c11\u3001\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u53d7\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4f18\u5f85\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\u548c\u4fa8\u6c47\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff1b\u5f52\u4fa8\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u5316\u5927\u9769\u547d\u5f53\u4e2d\u53c8\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u6d77\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002[67]\u738b\u8d53\u6b66\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f52\u4fa8\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u662f\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e8e1949\u5e74\u540e\u4ece\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u8fd4\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u975e\u5176\u6240\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u88ab\u8feb\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5168\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u4eab\u6709\u4f18\u60e0\u5f85\u9047\u3002[68]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6599\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/65c986ca94ed809a\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5f20\u53c8\u541b\u300a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u5e72\u6d89\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1958\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1958\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u4ee5\u771f\u5b9e\u59d3\u540d\u201c\u5f20\u53c8\u541b\u201d\u51fa\u7248\u4e00\u672c\u5ba3\u4f20\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u300a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u5e72\u6d89\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u300b\u3002[69]\u53d1\u751f\u57281956\u52301958\u5e74\u7684\u5370\u5c3c\u5916\u5c9b\u53db\u4e71\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5728\u5168\u7403\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u3002[70]\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u300a\u524d\u8a00\u300b\u6279\u5224\u5370\u5c3c\u53db\u4e71\u52bf\u529b\u52fe\u7ed3\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u8377\u5170\u4ee5\u51fa\u5356\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8d5e\u626c\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u6c11\u8ffd\u6c42\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u79f0\u8d5e\u4ee5\u82cf\u8054\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\/\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u88ab\u538b\u8feb\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u89e3\u653e\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u58f0\u63f4\u4e2d\u5e26\u51fa\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5177\u6709\u663e\u8457\u7684\u51b7\u6218\u8272\u5f69\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u4eba\u6c11\u56e2\u7ed3\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\u953b\u70bc\u5f97\u65e5\u76ca\u575a\u5f3a\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u4e0d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u3001\u4e9a\u975e\u5404\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7231\u597d\u548c\u5e73\u548c\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u652f\u63f4\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u5f62\u52bf\u662f\u4e1c\u98ce\u7ee7\u7eed\u538b\u5012\u897f\u98ce\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u53cd\u5bf9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fb5\u7565\u96c6\u56e2\u3002\u5c31\u4ee5\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u53cd\u5bf9\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e72\u6d89\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u6b21\u63a5\u7740\u4e00\u6b21\u906d\u5230\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u4eba\u6c11\u5531\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u66f2\u53c8\u4e00\u66f2\u7684\u51ef\u6b4c\uff1b\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u66f4\u52a0\u5de9\u56fa\u4e86\u3002\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u7eb8\u8001\u864e\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u6015\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u56e2\u7ed3\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u5c48\u4e0d\u6320\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6218\u80dc\u5782\u6b7b\u6323\u624e\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u52bf\u529b\u3002[71]<\/p>\n<p>\u9976\u6709\u610f\u5473\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u201c\u7eb8\u8001\u864e\u201d\u8bba\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u201c\u4e1c\u98ce\u538b\u5012\u897f\u98ce\u201d\u8bba\u3002\u540e\u8005\u6e90\u4e8e1957\u5e7411\u6708\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5927\u5b66\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u538b\u5012\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e1946\u5e748\u6708\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u65af\u7279\u6717\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u53cd\u52a8\u6d3e\u90fd\u662f\u7eb8\u8001\u864e\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u30021958\u5e7412\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u5728\u4e2d\u5171\u516b\u5c4a\u516d\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u671f\u95f4\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4e00\u5207\u53cd\u52a8\u6d3e\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u8001\u864e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u4ece\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u57281958\u5e7411\u6708\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u51c6\u786e\u9886\u609f\u4e861946\u5e74\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0a\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u7279\u610f\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5370\u5c3c\u5728\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u662f\u53cd\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f29\u5f71\uff1b\u4ed6\u591a\u6b21\u8d5e\u626c\u5370\u5c3c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4eba\u5728\u4e89\u53d6\u56fd\u5bb6\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u6d88\u706d\u53db\u4e71\u52bf\u529b\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>\u665a\u671f\u5c81\u6708\uff081983-1992\uff09\uff1a\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u56de\u5f52<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u5a74\u5728\u665a\u5e74\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u957f\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a\u6f02\u6d41\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300b\u63cf\u7ed8\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5199\u4e8e1981\u52301982\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u63a8\u884c\u201c\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u201d\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u5e37\u5e55\u5373\u5c06\u843d\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u6f02\u6d41\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u5973\u6027\u300b\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u624b\u6cd5\u79f0\u4e0d\u4e0a\u590d\u6742\u9ad8\u6df1\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4eba\u516c\u4e5f\u6709\u5355\u8584\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u7684\u5acc\u7591\uff0c\u5927\u6bb5\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8a00\u8bba\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u4eba\u7269\u5f62\u8c61\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u4f20\u58f0\u7b52\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u53d9\u8ff0\u5f88\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6c47\u62e2\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0b\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5bf9\u8377\u5170\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8c34\u8d23\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u6279\u5224\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c\u4e09\u662f\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u6279\u5224\u548c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5171\u4e24\u515a\u5728\u6297\u65e5\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u53d9\u4e8b\u8005\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6d88\u6781\u6297\u6218\uff0c\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e0d\u65ad\u5236\u9020\u6469\u64e6\u3002\u201d[72]\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4fa8\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u5c40\u9762\u6b63\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u5206\u5316\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u68c9\u5170\u4e24\u5927\u534e\u6587\u62a5\u300a\u534e\u4fa8\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6c11\u610f\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u8fde\u534e\u4fa8\u5b66\u6821\u4e5f\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u6d3e\uff0c\u82cf\u5c9b\u4e2d\u5b66\u6210\u4e86\u5e2e\u6d3e\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u7696\u5357\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u8fd9\u6837\u9648\u8ff0\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u53cd\u5171\u9ad8\u6f6e\u3002\u201d[73]\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u51fa\u9762\u8981\u6c42\u8b66\u5bdf\u5385\u7981\u6b62\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u4f20\u8baf\u5e84\u4e00\u9e25\uff0c\u5e84\u6beb\u4e0d\u754f\u60e7\uff0c\u636e\u7406\u529b\u4e89\u3002[74]\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ba3\u4f20\u610f\u5473\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5c0f\u63d2\u66f2\u3002\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u5bf9\u65b0\u52a0\u5165\u7f16\u8f91\u90e8\u7684\u738b\u5e86\u6625\u6bd4\u8f83\u8d4f\u8bc6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\u5de5\u4f5c\u79f0\u804c\uff0c\u671d\u6c14\u84ec\u52c3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e\u662f\u63a8\u8350\u65af\u8bfa\u7684\u300a\u897f\u884c\u6f2b\u8bb0\u300b\u3001\u90b9\u97ec\u594b\u7684\u4e66\u3001\u552f\u7269\u8fa9\u8bc1\u6cd5\u7b49\u7ed9\u738b\u5e86\u6625\u9605\u8bfb\u3002[75]<\/p>\n<p>\u9648\u4e3d\u6c76\u6839\u636e\u201c\u6210\u957f\u5c0f\u8bf4\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7c7b\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u90e8\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5979\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u300a\u98d8\u300b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u6709\u5173\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u9752\u6625\u5386\u7ec3\u57f9\u517b\u5176\u2018\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u2019\u7684\u8eab\u5206\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6210\u957f\u5c0f\u8bf4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f52\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5728\u540e\u6587\u9769\u65f6\u671f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e3a\u5176\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u2018\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u2019\u8eab\u5206\u6b63\u540d\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u201d[76]\u540a\u8be1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u90e8\u201c\u4e09\u89c2\u7aef\u6b63\u201d\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5728\u51fa\u7248\u540e\u7adf\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u53cd\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u96be\u514d\u8ba9\u9ed1\u5a74\u5fc3\u60c5\u5931\u843d\u3002\u9648\u4e3d\u6c76\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff1a1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u6b63\u5fd9\u4e8e\u5199\u4f5c\u4f24\u75d5\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u5bfb\u6839\u6587\u5b66\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u672a\u80fd\u8fce\u5408\u6587\u575b\u4e3b\u65cb\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u654f\u611f\u8eab\u4efd\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u573a\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fd9\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u6b64\u524d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u662f\u5f52\u56fd\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u52ab\u540e\u4f59\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4fbf\u4e0e\u4f24\u75d5\u6587\u5b66\u5171\u8944\u76db\u4e3e\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u501f\u52a9\u8bb2\u8ff0\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u56fd\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u98ce\u96e8\u8def\u548c\u5fc3\u7075\u53f2\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u6d17\u96ea\u7b3c\u7f69\u5728\u5f52\u4fa8\u5934\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u95f4\u8c0d\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5978\u7ec6\u201d\u7b49\u7f6a\u540d\uff0c\u81ea\u8bc1\u6e05\u767d\uff0c\u662d\u544a\u5929\u4e0b\u3002\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u548c\u51b7\u6218\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8ba9\u9ed1\u5a74\u611f\u5230\u75db\u82e6\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u7ed9\u4e09\u5973\u84dd\u7d20\u660e\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u98d8\u626c\u4e8670\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u56fd\u65d7\u5728\u591c\u5e55\u4e0b\u7684\u5bd2\u98ce\u4e2d\u5f90\u5f90\u964d\u4e0b\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u4e3a\u4e4b\u594b\u6597\u7ec8\u751f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e4b\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5f52\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u75db\u82e6\u800c\u65e0\u5948\u7684\u53f9\u606f\u3002[77]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7ed3\u8bed\uff1a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5de6\u7ffc\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u8bde\u751f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ece1940\u5e74\u52301966\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u6765\u81ea\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u3001\u5370\u5c3c\u3001\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u5317\u5f52\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u8ffd\u9010\u539f\u4e61\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u675c\u8fd0\u71ee\u3001\u80e1\u6108\u4e4b\u3001\u6d2a\u4e1d\u4e1d\u3001\u79e6\u7267\u3001\u5218\u5c11\u537f\u3001\u738b\u5578\u5e73\u3001\u767d\u5203\u3001\u9648\u6b8b\u4e91\u3001\u675c\u57c3\u3001\u9ed1\u5a74\u3001\u9ec4\u6d6a\u534e\u3001\u8427\u6751\u7b49\u4eba\u3002[78]\u6587\u9769\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u52ab\u540e\u4f59\u751f\uff0c\u91cd\u64cd\u65e7\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e66\u5199\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6587\u575b\u4e00\u5927\u4eae\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u7684\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u9ed1\u5a74\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u201c\u65b0\u611f\u89c9\u6d3e\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u90fd\u5e02\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5357\u6d0b\u8272\u5f69\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6210\u957f\u5c0f\u8bf4\u201d\u7b49\u9762\u5411\u5c55\u5f00\u5206\u6790\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u5357\u6d0b\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u7814\u8ba8\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u957f\u53f2\u3002\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u751f\u52a8\u523b\u753b\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5370\u5c3c\u534e\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4eb2\u758f\u8fdc\u8fd1\u3002\u5ed6\u6d01\u3001\u5e84\u4e00\u9e25\u65e2\u53cd\u5bf9\u8377\u5170\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6587\u5316\u94b3\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7115\u53d1\u51fa\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u6740\u8eab\u6210\u4ec1\uff0c\u89c6\u6b7b\u5982\u5f52\u3002\u82f1\u5b50\u5065\u3001\u738b\u6e90\u660c\u652f\u6301\u5370\u5c3c\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e2d\u5370\u4e24\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u90a6\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u671d\u5411\u524d\u666f\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u80e1\u4eae\u3001\u8881\u4e3d\u840d\u7b49\u201c\u65b0\u5ba2\u534e\u4eba\u201d\u5bf9\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\u62b1\u6709\u5f02\u4e4e\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d70\u5411\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u4ed8\u51fa\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u77f3\u4ea6\u575a\u7b49\u201c\u571f\u751f\u534e\u4eba\u201d\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u65cf\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8bc6\u6de1\u8584\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u8377\u5370\u6b96\u6c11\u5f53\u5c40\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u6253\u538b\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u5ba2\u534e\u4eba\u201d\u3002\u5728\u5370\u5c3c\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u201c\u4fa8\u751f\u201d\u6731\u6770\u3001\u5218\u514b\u975e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u62b1\u6709\u6df1\u6c89\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u534e\u4fa8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f80\u8fd4\u4e2d\u5370\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6c34\u5ba2\u5ed6\u4f1f\u5802\u548c\u8881\u4e3d\u840d\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u59dc\u5fd7\u5f3a\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u8f7b\u4fe1\u8c23\u8a00\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bb9\u4f20\u8bb9\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u6295\u9760\u65e5\u5bc7\uff0c\u6ca6\u4e3a\u6c49\u5978\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5206\u5316\u8fbe\u5230\u8868\u9762\u5316\u3001\u767d\u70ed\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u534e\u4eba\u652f\u6301\u4e2d\u5171\u4ee5\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u534e\u4eba\u529b\u633a\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6ca6\u4e3a\u201c\u5b64\u81e3\u5b7d\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u534e\u4fa8\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u5357\u6d0b\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u591a\u5143\u3001\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.gdwsw.gov.cn\/img\/0\/5\/5792\/26550.jpg\" alt=\"\u56fe\u7247\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u665a\u5e74\u9ed1\u5a74<\/p>\n<p>\u6982\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e4b\u5927\u5b97\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5b54\u98de\u529b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bf9\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u662f\u7531\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u7b56\u7565\u5171\u540c\u6784\u7b51\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u5171\u540c\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u662f\u90fd\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7956\u7c4d\u5730\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6839\u6df1\u690d\u4e8e\u6240\u5728\u56fd\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u5f02\u56fd\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bc9\u6c42\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u591a\u91cd\u9700\u6c42\uff1a\u8425\u9020\u534e\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5f62\u8c61\uff1b\u589e\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u56e2\u7ed3\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\uff1b\u5728\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u821e\u53f0\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u4e89\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u52a8\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\u3002[79]\u9ed1\u5a74\u4ece\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u89c6\u91ce\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u63cf\u7ed8\u5357\u6d0b\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u5904\u5883\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u61a7\u61ac\uff0c\u5728\u8fdb\u6b65\u534e\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5357\u4e9a\u4e4b\u201c\u9ed1\u6697\u738b\u56fd\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u7ebf\u5149\u660e\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9ed1\u5a74\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u9053\u4eae\u4e3d\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u7ebf\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece1946\u5e74\u52301958\u5e74\u518d\u52301983\u5e74\uff0c\u9ed1\u5a74\u8d8b\u5411\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u540c\u60c5\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4ecb\u5165\u6587\u5316\u51b7\u6218\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u56fd\u9645\u5171\u8fd0\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5de6\u7ffc\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u601d\u8003\u548c\u51db\u7136\u98ce\u9aa8\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u663e\u9732\u51fa\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u6d6a\u6f2b\u60c5\u6000\u3002\u6982\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u7ed3\u5408\u6587\u672c\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bfe\u9898\u52a0\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u5206\u6790\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5bf9\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u8bed\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d77\u5230\u4e30\u5bcc\u3001\u6df1\u5316\u4e0e\u63a8\u52a8\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u4f5c\u8005: \u5f20\u677e\u5efa \u6458\u8981\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u5370\u5c3c\u5f52\u4fa8\u4f5c\u5bb6\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u8fdb\u884c\u8de8\u6587\u7c7b\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ece\u5370\u5c3c\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7814\u8ba8\u9ed1\u5a74\u7684\u5de6 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5],"tags":[563,16971,16826],"views":163,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55456"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=55456"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55456\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59656,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55456\/revisions\/59656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=55456"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=55456"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=55456"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}