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1895\u5e744\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u7532\u5348\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u6e05\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u9a6c\u5173\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u6e05\u5e1d\u56fd\u88ab\u8feb\u627f\u8ba4\u671d\u9c9c\u4e3a\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e4b\u56fd\uff0c\u671d\u8d21\u793c\u4eea\u5168\u90fd\u5e9f\u7edd\u3002(14)\u4f46\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e0d\u613f\u65e5\u672c\u56ca\u62ec\u4e1c\u5317\u4e9a\u6d77\u57df\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u62c9\u62e2\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u8054\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u65e5\u672c\u540c\u610f\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8d4e\u56de\u8fbd\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u81ea\u77e5\u529b\u91cf\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u6709\u529b\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u653e\u5f03\u8fbd\u4e1c\u534a\u5c9b\u3002(15)\u5f53\u65f6\u300a\u6c49\u57ce\u65b0\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u5c0f\u65e9\u5ddd\u79c0\u96c4(1870-1920)\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u97e9\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u4fc4\u56fd\u8fdc\u4e1c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6210\u529f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u97e9\u56fd\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4fc4\u65e5\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u53cc\u9f99\u620f\u73e0\u3002\u201d(16)\u95f5\u5983(1851-1895)\u8ba4\u6e05\u4e1c\u5317\u4e9a\u7684\u65b0\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u4e0d\u53ef\u6043\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u5fc5\u987b\u4f9d\u9760\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u63a3\u8098\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u79ef\u6781\u62c9\u62e2\u4fc4\u56fd\u3002(17)\u671d\u9c9c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4eb2\u4fc4\u884c\u52a8\u8ba9\u65e5\u672c\u5927\u4e3a\u7d27\u5f20\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u662f\u95f5\u5983\u5728\u5e55\u540e\u64cd\u7eb5\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u9664\u53bb\u95f5\u5983\uff0c\u4fc4\u97e9\u4e00\u65e6\u52fe\u7ed3\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u5a01\u80c1\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u7531\u5177\u6709\u519b\u4e8b\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4e09\u6d66\u68a7\u697c(1846-1926)\u62c5\u4efb\u65e5\u672c\u9a7b\u671d\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u51c6\u5907\u593a\u56de\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u97e9\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u6743\u3002(18)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1895\u5e7410\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u516c\u4f7f\u4e09\u6d66\u68a7\u697c\u6307\u4f7f\u65e5\u672c\u6d6a\u4eba\u95ef\u5165\u666f\u798f\u5bab\uff0c\u65a9\u6740\u95f5\u5983\u53ca\u591a\u540d\u5bab\u5973\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e59\u672a\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d(19)\u3002\u201c\u4e59\u672a\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\u5f15\u8d77\u671d\u9c9c\u541b\u81e3\u4e0e\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u56fd\u9645\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u6307\u8d23\uff0c\u53cd\u65e5\u60c5\u7eea\u65e5\u76ca\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u9a7b\u671d\u516c\u4f7f\u97e6\u8d1d(Waeber Carl)\u66f4\u8981\u6c42\u65e5\u672c\u5fc5\u987b\u8c03\u67e5\u771f\u76f8\u3001\u5ba1\u5224\u7f6a\u4eba\u3002\u4e09\u6d66\u516c\u4f7f\u62c5\u5fc3\u5404\u56fd\u6307\u8d23\uff0c\u5148\u5f3a\u8feb\u97e9\u738b\u4e0b\u8bcf\uff0c\u7f62\u9edc\u95f5\u5983\uff0c\u53c8\u7167\u4f1a\u5404\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u516c\u9986\uff0c\u904d\u544a\u5e9f\u540e\u8bcf\u4e66\uff0c\u66f4\u9020\u8c23\u95f5\u5983\u672a\u6b7b\uff0c\u51fa\u9003\u5916\u90e1\u3002(20)\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u5b89\u8fde(H.N.Allen)\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u516c\u4f7f\u97e6\u8d1d\u90fd\u8d28\u7591\u5e9f\u540e\u8bcf\u4e66\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u4e09\u6d66\u516c\u4f7f\u9003\u907f\u7f6a\u8d23\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u4ecd\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4e0e\u201c\u4e59\u672a\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\u6709\u5173\u3002(21)\u671d\u9c9c\u738b\u592a\u5b50\u674e\u5767(1874-1926)\u4e5f\u4e0a\u758f\u8f9e\u4f4d\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5b98\u5458\u5219\u5f03\u5b98\u5f52\u4e61\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u7b7e\u7f72\u8bcf\u4e66\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u91d1\u5f18\u96c6\u5185\u9601\u63a8\u884c\u201c\u65ad\u53d1\u4ee4\u201d\uff0c\u5f3a\u884c\u526a\u9664\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u675f\u53d1\uff0c(22)\u53c8\u4e0d\u987e\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4eba\u6c11\u6539\u7a7f\u65e5\u672c\u5f15\u8fdb\u7684\u72ed\u8896\u6d0b\u670d(23)\uff0c\u8ba9\u671d\u9c9c\u6c11\u4f17\u6124\u6012\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e59\u672a\u4e49\u5175\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e3a\u95f5\u5983\u62a5\u4ec7\uff0c\u653b\u51fb\u5b98\u519b\u4e0e\u65e5\u519b\uff0c\u5904\u51b3\u5730\u65b9\u4e0a\u7684\u4eb2\u65e5\u5b98\u5458\u3002(24)<\/p>\n

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\u4e09\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u9063\u4f7f\u671d\u9c9c\u4e4b\u4e89<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea<\/p>\n

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\u56db\u3001\u671d\u9c9c\u9063\u4f7f\u9a7b\u4eac\u4e4b\u4e89<\/p>\n

1898\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f3a\u5360\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u5149\u7eea\u7687\u5e1d\u4e9f\u6b32\u63a8\u52a8\u53d8\u6cd5\uff0c\u5927\u4e8b\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5374\u4f7f\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u5e1d\u515a\u3001\u540e\u515a(50)\uff0c\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e0e\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d3e\u4f7f\u8d74\u97e9\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u7687\u5e1d\u4e0e\u603b\u7f72\u5404\u884c\u5176\u662f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u671d\u9c9c\u79f0\u5e1d\u5efa\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e3e\u60f9\u6012\u4e86\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\uff0c\u5510\u4e0d\u613f\u7406\u776c\u97e9\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7f14\u7ea6\u9063\u4f7f\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u597d\u8f6c\u6258\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u5e2e\u5fd9\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5411\u603b\u7f72\u7167\u4f1a\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u7f72\u4f7f\u5df4\u5e03\u7f57\u798f(Aleksandr Ivanovich Pavlov)\u51fa\u9762\u65a1\u65cb\u3001\u4ee3\u4e3a\u8bf4\u60c5\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e2d\u97e9\u4e24\u56fd\u5efa\u4ea4\u3001\u4e92\u6d3e\u516c\u4f7f\u3002(51)\u65e5\u672c\u516c\u4f7f\u77e2\u91ce\u6587\u96c4(1851-1931)\u4e5f\u51fa\u9762\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u97e9\u534e\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u4f17\u591a\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e2d\u56fd\u80fd\u4e0e\u97e9\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u7ea6\u3002(52)\u7531\u4e8e\u97e9\u56fd\u672c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u90a6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u788d\u4e8e\u540d\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fbf\u63a5\u5f85\u97e9\u4f7f\uff0c\u6545\u603b\u7f72\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u201c\u5546\u7ea6\u53ef\u8ba2\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u547d\u4ee4\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\u6697\u4e2d\u6253\u63a2\u97e9\u56fd\u7684\u6d3e\u4f7f\u8ba1\u5212\u4e0e\u5efa\u4ea4\u76ee\u7684\u3002(53)\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\u63a2\u6089\u60c5\u51b5\u540e\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u97e9\u4f7f\u8eab\u5206\u662f\u4e8c\u7b49\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u82e5\u8d74\u4eac\u9012\u4e66\u3001\u8bf7\u6c42\u7f14\u7ea6\uff0c\u603b\u7f72\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u89c1(54)\uff0c\u5c4a\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ee5\u5e73\u884c\u4e4b\u793c\u63a5\u5f85\u97e9\u4f7f\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5efa\u8bae\u603b\u7f72\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u5148\u884c\u6d3e\u4f7f\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u793a\u6614\u5e74\u4e3b\u4ec6\u4e4b\u522b\u201d(55)\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\u5f97\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u4fc4\u56fd\u9a7b\u97e9\u516c\u4f7f\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u9063\u4f7f\u8d74\u4eac\u3001\u7b7e\u8ba2\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u4e0e\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\u7b7e\u8ba2\u901a\u5546\u7ae0\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\u4e5f\u5efa\u8bae\u603b\u7f72\u5c3d\u65e9\u4e0e\u97e9\u56fd\u7f14\u7ea6\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u534e\u5546\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u53e6\u751f\u679d\u8282\u3002(56)\u603b\u7f72\u53ea\u597d\u540c\u610f\u97e9\u56fd\u6d3e\u4f7f\u8d74\u4eac\uff0c\u5546\u8c08\u8ba2\u7ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u9650\u5236\u97e9\u56fd\u53ea\u53ef\u6d3e\u56db\u7b49\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u7531\u603b\u7f72\u4ee3\u9012\u56fd\u4e66\uff0c\u65e0\u5eb8\u89d0\u89c1\u7687\u5e1d\u3002(57)<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u836b\u6853<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u6d3e\u6c88\u76f8\u718f\u62c5\u4efb\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u97e9\u56fd\u603b\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u67cf\u5353\u5b89(John M.Brown)\u62df\u5199\u97e9\u56fd\u56fd\u4e66\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0d\u8ba9\u97e9\u56fd\u5148\u6d3e\u4f7f\u6765\u534e\uff0c\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u8bf7\u526f\u603b\u7a0e\u52a1\u53f8\u88f4\u5f0f\u6977(R.E.Bredon)\u53d1\u7535\u67cf\u5353\u5b89\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u6d3e\u4f7f\u81e3\u8d74\u97e9\uff0c\u5e94\u7b49\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f7f\u81e3\u5230\u8fbe\u6c49\u57ce\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u5546\u529e\u4ea4\u6d89\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002(67)\u9a7b\u97e9\u603b\u9886\u4e8b\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\u4e5f\u5411\u67cf\u5353\u5b89\u91cd\u7533\u603b\u7f72\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u53ea\u51c6\u97e9\u56fd\u6d3e\u56db\u7b49\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u4e0d\u51c6\u89d0\u89c1\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u4eb2\u9012\u56fd\u4e66\u3002\u67cf\u5353\u5b89\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e2d\u56fd\u7a81\u7136\u6d3e\u4f7f\uff0c\u6253\u4e71\u97e9\u56fd\u7684\u9063\u4f7f\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e76\u70b9\u7834\u4e2d\u56fd\u5148\u9063\u4f7f\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u60dc\u5a01\u80c1\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\u5c06\u4e0d\u63a5\u5f85\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4ed6\u56fd\u8bef\u4f1a\u97e9\u56fd\u4ecd\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c5e\u90a6\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u97e9\u65e0\u7ea6\uff0c\u534e\u4f7f\u7109\u53ef\u79f0\u9a7b\u624e\uff0c\u663e\u89c1\u534e\u4f7f\u97e9\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e3a\u5c5e\u56fd\uff0c\u9a7b\u897f\u85cf\u3001\u8499\u53e4\u5927\u81e3\u5747\u6709\u6b64\u7b49\u5b57\u6837\u3002\u534e\u4e0d\u6b32\u97e9\u4f7f\u8d74\u4eac\uff0c\u97e9\u672a\u5fc5\u63a5\u5f85\u534e\u4f7f\u2026\u2026\u534e\u4e0d\u6b32\u97e9\u4f7f\u8d74\u4eac\u8005\uff0c\u6050\u5176\u5448\u9012\u56fd\u4e66\u53ca\u89d0\u89c1\u5404\u8282\u8033\u2026\u2026\u534e\u5148\u9063\u4f7f\u6765\u97e9\uff0c\u663e\u89c1\u534e\u89c6\u97e9\u4ee5\u5927\u5b57\u5c0f\u4e4b\u610f\u3002\u201d(68)<\/p>\n

\u9664\u4e86\u97e9\u56fd\u5f3a\u70c8\u6297\u8bae\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u9a7b\u97e9\u516c\u4f7f\u90fd\u8be2\u95ee\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e0d\u6d3e\u5168\u6743\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8a00\u660e\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u4e3a\u4f55\u7b49\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u7528\u201c\u9a7b\u624e\u671d\u9c9c\u201d\u56db\u5b57\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u804c\u8854\uff0c\u5b9e\u4e0d\u5408\u4e4e\u516c\u6cd5\u60ef\u4f8b\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u9a7b\u97e9\u516c\u4f7f\u845b\u6797\u5fb7(Victor Emile Marie Joseph Collin de Plancy)\u66f4\u6279\u8bc4\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u5931\u5206\u5bf8\uff0c\u201c\u60df\u95fb\u5f90\u4f7f\u9a7b\u624e\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u6b64\u56db\u5b57\u4e0d\u751a\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u6050\u97e9\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e50\u95fb\u201d(69)\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u9a7b\u97e9\u516c\u4f7f\u9a6c\u4e22\u5b81(N.Matunine)\u4e5f\u9891\u9891\u53d1\u95ee\uff0c\u62c5\u5fc3\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u82e5\u62c5\u4efb\u4e8c\u7b49\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u5fc5\u80fd\u593a\u4e0b\u516c\u4f7f\u56e2\u9996\u4f7f\u7684\u4f4d\u5b50\uff0c\u5c06\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u91cd\u65b0\u8fdb\u5165\u671d\u9c9c\u534a\u5c9b\uff0c\u4e0d\u5229\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u201c\u4fc4\u4f7f\u9a6c\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u6b64\u6b21\u6d3e\u6765\u5f90\u4f7f\u7cfb\u5168\u6743\u5927\u81e3\u5426?\u2019\u4eea\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u5f90\u4f7f\u65e0\u5168\u6743\u5b57\u6837\uff0c\u60f3\u662f\u4e8c\u7b49\u516c\u4f7f\u3002\u2019\u9a6c\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u7136\u5219\u5b9a\u7ea6\u540e\uff0c\u5f90\u4f7f\u9a7b\u624e\u97e9\u56fd\u5426?\u2019\u4eea\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u5f90\u4f7f\u7cfb\u5949\u547d\u9a7b\u624e\u671d\u9c9c\u94a6\u5dee\u5927\u81e3\u3002\u2019\u9a6c\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u5f90\u4f7f\u5f53\u5c45\u5404\u56fd\u4f7f\u5458\u4e4b\u9996\u3002\u2019\u4eea\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u82e5\u662f\u4e8c\u7b49\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u5f90\u4f7f\u81ea\u5e94\u5c45\u9996\u3002\u2019\u9a6c\u66f0\uff1a\u2018\u5404\u56fd\u4f7f\u5458\u5747\u662f\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u7b49\u516c\u4f7f\u3002\u82e5\u9996\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5ea7\uff0c\u4e45\u4e3a\u4e00\u56fd\u4f7f\u81e3\u6240\u5c45\uff0c\u4e0d\u65e0\u59a8\u788d\u516c\u52a1\u3002\u2019\u201d(70)\u4ece\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\u4e0e\u5404\u56fd\u9a7b\u97e9\u516c\u4f7f\u7684\u4f1a\u8c08\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u516c\u4f7f\u56e2\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u804c\u8854\u7684\u201c\u9a7b\u624e\u671d\u9c9c\u201d\u56db\u5b57\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u671d\u9c9c\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u5927\u97e9\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u9a7b\u624e\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u5b97\u85e9\u60ef\u4f8b\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u804c\u8854\u7531\u201c\u5546\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u201d\u6362\u6210\u201c\u94a6\u5dee\u5927\u81e3\u201d\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u5404\u56fd\u9a7b\u97e9\u516c\u4f7f\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5510\u7ecd\u4eea\u53ea\u80fd\u63a8\u642a\uff0c\u6577\u884d\u4ee5\u5bf9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u97e9\u901a\u5546\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u7b7e\u8ba2<\/p>\n

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1899\u5e742\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u9ad8\u5b97\u7687\u5e1d\u4ee5\u897f\u793c\u63a5\u89c1\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u3002\u9ad8\u5b97\u7687\u5e1d\u897f\u88c5\u620e\u670d\uff0c\u63e1\u624b\u4e3a\u793c\uff0c\u7acb\u53d7\u56fd\u4e66\u3002\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u5c55\u8bfb\u9882\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e0e\u97e9\u7687\u95ee\u7b54\uff0c\u8ba1\u8fde\u8fdb\u6bbf\u95e8\u3001\u8fd1\u5fa1\u5ea7\u3001\u9000\u51fa\u6bbf\u95e8\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u5171\u4e09\u97a0\u8eac\u3002(73)\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u97e9\u4e24\u56fd\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u8bb2\u6c42\u7b49\u5dee\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5b97\u85e9\u4f53\u5236\u4e5f\u5c31\u6b64\u74e6\u89e3\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u672a\u629b\u5f03\u201c\u540d\u5206\u79e9\u5e8f\u89c2\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ece\u541b\u81e3\u540d\u5206\u7684\u5b97\u85e9\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5144\u5f1f\u60c5\u8c0a\u7684\u53cb\u90a6\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u97e9\u56fd\u65e7\u4e3a\u5c5e\u85e9\uff0c\u4e9f\u9700\u4e2d\u56fd\u591a\u7ed9\u4f18\u60e0\uff0c\u66f2\u52a0\u4f53\u6064\u3002\u8fd9\u70b9\u53ef\u7531\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u5bf9\u300a\u4e2d\u97e9\u901a\u5546\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6784\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u8d74\u97e9\u4e4b\u524d\u66fe\u8349\u62df\u4e0e\u97e9\u7f14\u7ea6\u5341\u56db\u6b3e\u5e95\u7a3f\uff0c\u5f90\u5bff\u670b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u56e0\u65e0\u901a\u6653\u5916\u4e8b\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0e\u897f\u6d0b\u5404\u56fd\u7acb\u7ea6\u591a\u6709\u5403\u4e8f\uff0c\u6cbb\u5916\u6cd5\u6743\u5168\u5931\uff0c\u901a\u5546\u7a0e\u989d\u4e5f\u592a\u8f7b\uff0c\u4e27\u5931\u4e0d\u5c11\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5e94\u529b\u56fe\u8865\u6551\u3002\u73b0\u4eca\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\u6b32\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u65b0\u7684\u901a\u5546\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u97e9\u56fd\u65e7\u4e3a\u5c5e\u85e9\uff0c\u56fd\u5c0f\u800c\u8d2b\uff0c\u5f3a\u90bb\u73af\u4f3a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5fcd\u5360\u5f7c\u4fbf\u5b9c\uff0c\u5e94\u591a\u52a0\u4f53\u6064\uff0c\u4f18\u5f85\u97e9\u56fd\u5546\u6c11\uff0c\u5e76\u53c2\u914c\u82f1\u3001\u7f8e\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8bf8\u56fd\u4e0e\u671d\u9c9c\u7684\u5546\u7ea6\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u63d0\u51fa\u7279\u6b8a\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4e0e\u897f\u6d0b\u5404\u56fd\u6709\u6240\u533a\u522b\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u6709\u6b67\u89c6\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5fc3\u6709\u82a5\u8482\u3001\u7279\u522b\u5201\u96be\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002(74)<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89<\/p>\n

1905\u5e74\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5927\u80dc\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u6734\u6b21\u8305\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b(Treaty of Portsmouth)\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u627f\u8ba4\u65e5\u672c\u62e5\u6709\u97e9\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u59a8\u788d\u65e5\u672c\u6307\u5bfc\u3001\u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u76d1\u7406\u97e9\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e0\u529b\u5236\u6b62\u65e5\u3001\u4fc4\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8b\u5916\uff0c\u52a1\u6c42\u5c06\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u7684\u635f\u5931\u51cf\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\u3002(82)1905\u5e7411\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u5185\u7530\u5eb7\u54c9(1865-1936)\u7167\u4f1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u65e5\u672c\u5c06\u8bbe\u7f6e\u97e9\u56fd\u7edf\u76d1\u5e9c\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u7763\u97e9\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u6743\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u97e9\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5404\u56fd\u64a4\u9000\u9a7b\u97e9\u516c\u4f7f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u518d\u63d2\u624b\u97e9\u56fd\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002(83)\u5f53\u65e5\u672c\u8981\u6c42\u5404\u56fd\u64a4\u8d70\u516c\u4f7f\u65f6\uff0c\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\u672c\u6253\u7b97\u89c2\u671b\uff0c\u4f46\u89c1\u82f1\u56fd\u529b\u633a\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u6b27\u7f8e\u5404\u56fd\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8fd8\u64a4\u9000\u6240\u6709\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\u53ea\u597d\u4ee4\u9a7b\u97e9\u516c\u4f7f\u66fe\u5e7f\u94e8(1871-1930)\u64a4\u56de\uff0c(84)\u5e76\u7531\u9a7b\u65e5\u672c\u4e8c\u7b49\u53c2\u8d5e\u9a6c\u5ef7\u4eae\u51fa\u4efb\u9a7b\u97e9\u603b\u9886\u4e8b\u3002\u82e5\u65e5\u540e\u9047\u6709\u4e2d\u97e9\u4ea4\u6d89\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u7531\u9a7b\u97e9\u603b\u9886\u4e8b\u5411\u65e5\u672c\u7edf\u76d1\u5e9c\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u5c06\u4ea4\u6d89\u60c5\u51b5\u968f\u65f6\u56de\u62a5\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\u53ca\u9a7b\u65e5\u516c\u4f7f\u3002(85)1910\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\u97e9\u56fd\u5ba3\u5e03\u65e5\u97e9\u5e76\u5408\u540e(86)\uff0c\u5916\u52a1\u90e8\u5f88\u5feb\u4e0b\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e9f\u6b621899\u5e74\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u97e9\u901a\u5546\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u64a4\u9664\u9a7b\u97e9\u603b\u9886\u4e8b\u4e00\u804c\uff0c\u97e9\u5883\u76f8\u5173\u4e8b\u52a1\u6539\u7531\u9a7b\u65e5\u516c\u4f7f\u7ba1\u8f96(87)\uff0c\u5e76\u542c\u4ece\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u603b\u7763\u9521\u826f(1853-1917)\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u8457\u624b\u89e3\u51b3\u4e2d\u97e9\u754c\u52a1\u7eb7\u4e89\u4e0e\u8fb9\u6c11\u6df7\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898(88)\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u9a71\u9010\u5728\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u97e9\u6c11\uff0c\u4e0d\u51c6\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d8a\u5883\u56e4\u57a6\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u65e5\u672c\u85c9\u8fb9\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u8981\u6c42\u4fdd\u62a4\u4fa8\u6c11\uff0c\u884c\u4f7f\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\uff0c\u6216\u7531\u65e5\u4eba\u62c5\u4efb\u5de1\u8b66\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u4fb5\u593a\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u7684\u5229\u6743\u3002(89)\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c1911\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7206\u53d1\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u52bf\u5df2\u53bb\uff0c\u65e0\u6687\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u97e9\u8fb9\u6c11\u7684\u56fd\u7c4d\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u4e2d\u97e9\u8fb9\u5883\u5212\u5b9a\u4e8b\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7559\u7ed9\u5317\u6d0b\u653f\u5e9c\u5584\u540e\u4e86\u3002(90)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u516d\u3001\u7ed3\u8bed<\/p>\n

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