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\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u4f20\u8bb0\u4f5c\u5bb6\u90fd\u56f0\u60d1\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5217\u5b81\u4e0e\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u81ea\u7ae5\u5e74\u53ca\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u5730\u7406\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73af\u5883\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u73af\u5883\u548c\u6240\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u5747\u6781\u5176\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4f55\u5b55\u80b2\u4e86\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6027\u683c\u548c\u547d\u8fd0\u5462\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u679c\u65ad\u521a\u6bc5\u4e14\u5ba1\u65f6\u5ea6\u52bf\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f18\u67d4\u5be1\u65ad\u4e14\u865a\u8363\u5584\u53d8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6027\u683c\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6700\u7ec8\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n

\u540c\u60c5\u5de5\u4eba\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u201c\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u5b50\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

1904\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4ee5\u4f18\u5f02\u6210\u7ee9\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u88ab\u8058\u4e3a\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u8457\u540d\u5f8b\u5e08\u5965\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u52a9\u7406\u5f8b\u5e08\u30021905\u5e741\u67089\u65e5\uff08\u516c\u53861\u670822\u65e5\uff09\u6297\u8bae\u6c99\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u6cbb\u8feb\u5bb3\u3001\u547c\u5401\u7ed3\u675f\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u201c\u6d41\u8840\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u3002\u5145\u6ee1\u5de5\u4f5c\u70ed\u60c5\u548c\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u5f8b\u5e08\u56e2\uff0c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u63a5\u624b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6848\u5b50\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u516c\u544a\u300a\u6d77\u71d5\u300b\uff0c\u79f0\u8d5e\u201c\u6d41\u8840\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u201d\u727a\u7272\u7684\u5de5\u519c\u7fa4\u4f17\u662f\u201c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6d77\u71d5\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e4b\u53d1\u5e03\u5728\u300a\u6b66\u88c5\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300b\u4f20\u5355\u4e0a\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c14\u57fa\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u5f97\u77e5\u201c\u6d41\u8840\u661f\u671f\u65e5\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u771f\u76f8\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u5199\u4e0b\u4e86\u540c\u540d\u957f\u8bd7\u300a\u6d77\u71d5\u4e4b\u6b4c\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u5217\u5b81\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6d77\u71d5\u201d\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5f20\u7acb\u5373\u5f15\u6765\u6c99\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u540c\u5e7412\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u5728\u4ed6\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u7684\u5bd3\u6240\u91cc\u641c\u67e5\u51fa\u5de6\u8f6e\u624b\u67aa\u548c\u300a\u6b66\u88c5\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300b\u4f20\u5355\u30021906\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u56e0\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0d\u8db3\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5168\u5bb6\u88ab\u6d41\u653e\u5230\u5854\u4ec0\u5e72\uff0c\u540c\u5e748\u6708\u9a71\u9010\u4ee4\u89e3\u9664\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fd4\u56de\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u3002<\/p>\n

\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u7ef4\u62a4\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u6743\u76ca\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u30021909\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u664b\u5347\u4e3a\u5927\u5f8b\u5e08\u30021910\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u571f\u5c14\u514b\u65af\u5766\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u4e3b\u8fa9\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u5145\u8db3\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u96c4\u8fa9\u4e4b\u624d\u5f3a\u8c03\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u53cd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f7f\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u514d\u4e8e\u6b7b\u5211\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u519c\u6c11\u7b49\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u7b49\u6fc0\u8fdb\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u8363\u83b7\u201c\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u5b50\u201d\u5927\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\uff081912\u5e74\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\uff09<\/p>\n

1912\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e3a\u201c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u9769\u547d\u8054\u76df\u201d\u6697\u6740\u56e2\u6210\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u65e0\u7f6a\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u8fd8\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8fde\u90a3\u91d1\u77ff\u201c\u8fde\u90a3\u60e8\u6848\u201d\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5f8b\u5e08\u56e2\uff0c\u6297\u8bae\u6c99\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u519b\u8b66\u5c04\u6740\u7f62\u5de5\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9769\u547d\u59d3\u6c0f\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u201c\u8fde\u90a3\u60e8\u6848\u201d\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u88ab\u57fa\u8f85\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u4ee5\u85d0\u89c6\u6cd5\u5ead\u7f6a\u540d\u5224\u5904\u6709\u671f\u5f92\u5211\u516b\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u76d1\u7981\u30021913\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4ee5\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u5a01\u671b\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u7b2c\u56db\u5c4a\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u8005\u5168\u4fc4\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u30021914\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u88ab\u8428\u62c9\u6258\u592b\u7701\u6c83\u91cc\u65af\u5361\u5e02\u63a8\u4e3e\u4e3a\u7b2c\u56db\u5c4a\u56fd\u5bb6\u675c\u9a6c\u8bae\u5458\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u6b63\u5f0f\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1902\u5e74\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u8d44\u683c\u8fd8\u8981\u8001\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0e\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u548c\u58eb\u5175\u4e2d\u95f4\u6781\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ece\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u4e09\u6b21\u9769\u547d\uff081905\u5e74\u30011917\u5e742\u6708\u548c1917\u5e7410\u6708\uff09\u76f4\u81f31920\u5e74\u90fd\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u52a0\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6700\u4e0b\u5c42\u5de5\u519c\u767e\u59d3\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u547c\u58f0\uff0c\u4ece1915\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u675c\u9a6c\u4e2d\u5de6\u7ffc\u201c\u52b3\u52a8\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u515a\u56e2\u9886\u8896\u3002<\/p>\n

\u52301916\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u675c\u9a6c\u4e2d\u5de6\u7ffc\u515a\u56e2\u5f53\u4ec1\u4e0d\u8ba9\u7684\u9886\u8896\u548c\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u5c61\u5c61\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u675c\u9a6c\u8bb2\u575b\u4e0a\u6fc0\u70c8\u6279\u8bc4\u6df1\u9677\u6218\u4e89\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6c99\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u519b\u961f\u548c\u5b98\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u8d2a\u6c61\u8150\u5316\u548c\u5bab\u5ef7\u9ed1\u5e55\u3002\u57281916\u5e7412\u6708\u7684\u8bb2\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f4\u63a5\u547c\u5401\u63a8\u7ffb\u6c99\u7687\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7687\u540e\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5fb7\u62c9\u66fe\u7528\u6cd5\u8bed\u6124\u6124\u4e0d\u5e73\u5730\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u662f\u6700\u8ba8\u538c\u7684\u548c\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u3002\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\u9ed1\u68ee\u7684\u516c\u4e3b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u9762\u5bb9\u9753\u4e3d\u7aef\u5e84\uff0c\u5374\u5c61\u5c61\u631f\u592b\u5e72\u653f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u6765\u81ea\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u795e\u4eba\u62c9\u65af\u666e\u4eac\u5173\u7cfb\u66a7\u6627\uff0c\u88ab\u4e16\u4eba\u5acc\u6076\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u9ed1\u68ee\u7684\u82cd\u8747\u201d\uff01<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u7ad9\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u524d\u53f0\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u663e\u793a\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e1a\u52a1\u5a34\u719f\u548c\u9887\u5177\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u7684\u5927\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u6fc0\u8fdb\u548c\u4e3a\u6c11\u8bf7\u547d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7cbe\u82f1\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u968f\u7740\u5e74\u9f84\u589e\u957f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u5217\u5b81\u8fd9\u5bf9\u7ae5\u5e74\u4f19\u4f34\u51e0\u4e4e\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u77a9\u671b\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\uff1b\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u5206\u5c5e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u515a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u63a8\u7ffb\u6c99\u7687\u4f53\u5236\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u7740\u5171\u540c\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u5408\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u773c\u775b\u50cf\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u201d\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406<\/strong><\/p>\n

1917\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u9707\u64bc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7a81\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u5c31\u5230\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e09\u767e\u96f6\u56db\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u7684\u7f57\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b\u738b\u671d\u548c\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u968f\u5373\u7070\u98de\u70df\u706d\u3002\u800c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u9053\u8def\u548c\u4eba\u751f\u547d\u8fd0\u4e5f\u968f\u7740\u8fd9\u573a\u9769\u547d\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u53d8\uff1a\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ece\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\uff1b\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u66fe\u7ecf\u7684\u540c\u9053\u6218\u53cb\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6b7b\u654c\uff1b\u4eba\u751f\u9645\u9047\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4fc4\u56fd\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u6267\u638c\u8005\uff0c\u6ca6\u4e3a\u547d\u8fd0\u88ab\u4ed6\u4eba\u6240\u638c\u63e1\u3002<\/p>\n

1917\u5e742\u670827\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u53862\u670814\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u524d\u591c\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u675c\u9a6c\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u201c\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6b64\u523b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u7acb\u5373\u4e0d\u60dc\u4e00\u5207\u4ee3\u4ef7\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u5584\u4e8e\u7528\u6d45\u663e\u6613\u61c2\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u58eb\u5175\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u4e2d\u8131\u9896\u800c\u51fa\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u9886\u5bfc\u8d77\u4e49\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u201d\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u6307\u6325\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u62c5\u8d1f\u8d77\u4e86\u9886\u5bfc\u8d77\u4e49\u58eb\u5175\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u540c\u65e7\u653f\u6743\u519b\u8b66\u4f5c\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7d2f\u79ef\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u57283\u670815\u65e5\u665a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u5de5\u4eba\u58eb\u5175\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u5728\u5854\u592b\u5229\u8fbe\u5bab\u5f00\u5e55\uff0c\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4ee3\u8868\u9f50\u8d6b\u6cfd\u88ab\u9009\u4e3a\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4ee3\u8868\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u6218\u6597\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u6218\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u5217\u5b81\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u653f\u6743\u5e76\u5b58\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5217\u5b81\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u9762\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u3001\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u3001\u638c\u63e1\u5168\u90e8\u653f\u6743\u673a\u5173\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5373\u674e\u6c83\u592b\u4e4b\u6d41\u7684\u2018\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u2019\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u2018\u76d1\u7763\u6027\u7684\u2019\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5373\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u5de5\u5175\u4ee3\u8868\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u638c\u63e1\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u673a\u5173\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u4f9d\u9760\u663e\u7136\u662f\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u4f9d\u9760\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u58eb\u5175\u3002\u201d\u800c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u4e0e\u6c9f\u901a\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

1917\u5e744\u670817\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u53864\u67084\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u4ece\u82ac\u5170\u5f52\u6765\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u300b\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u5ba3\u5e03\u5c06\u9769\u547d\u8fdb\u884c\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u5373\u63a8\u7ffb\u8d44\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u201c\u5168\u90e8\u653f\u6743\u5f52\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u201d\u3002\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\u5217\u5b81\u4e3a\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u95f4\u8c0d\u201d\uff0c\u8eab\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5c31\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u201c\u7ae5\u5e74\u631a\u53cb\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u6355\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5217\u5b81\u88ab\u8feb\u79d8\u5bc6\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u9760\u8fd1\u82ac\u5170\u7684\u62c9\u5179\u91cc\u592b\u6e56\u7554\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u4e00\u95f4\u7528\u6811\u679d\u67b6\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u8349\u68da\u91cc\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u5e7d\u9ed8\u5730\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8349\u68da\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u7684\u7eff\u8272\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u201d\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u6210\u4e86\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\u300b\uff0c\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e13\u653f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u6b66\u88c5\u6597\u4e89\u624d\u80fd\u6253\u788e\u65e7\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\uff08\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u9646\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\uff0c1917\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n

1917\u5e745\u670818\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u53865\u67085\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u53d1\u751f\u4fe1\u4efb\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u51fa\u4efb\u6539\u7ec4\u540e\u7684\u9646\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7ecf\u5e38\u8eab\u7740\u519b\u670d\uff0c\u5934\u7406\u6807\u5fd7\u5f0f\u7684\u76c8\u5bf8\u77ed\u53d1\uff08\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u6d77\u72f8\u201d\u5f0f\u53d1\u578b\u662f\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u59bb\u5b50\u5965\u4e3d\u5609\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u5c06\u6b64\u53d1\u578b\u4fdd\u6301\u5230\u6b7b\uff09\uff0c\u9762\u5bb9\u4e25\u8083\u5730\u51fa\u5165\u516c\u5f00\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u519b\u961f\u670d\u5f79\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u519b\u804c\u519b\u8854\u3002\u5f53\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u884c\u9a76\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u6d85\u74e6\u5927\u8857\u4e0a\uff0c\u8702\u62e5\u4e0a\u6765\u7684\u5987\u5973\u628a\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u767e\u5408\u82b1\u548c\u73ab\u7470\u82b1\u6492\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u529b\u56fe\u5c06\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5851\u9020\u6210\u201c\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u79f0\u4ed6\u4e3a\u201c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u9a91\u58eb\u201d\u3001\u201c\u72ee\u5b50\u96c4\u5fc3\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u521d\u604b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5929\u624d\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u592a\u9633\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u9886\u8896\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7956\u56fd\u62ef\u6551\u8005\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5148\u77e5\u548c\u82f1\u96c4\u201d\u3001 \u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb\u201c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u53cb\u57fa\u91d1\u201d\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u5ba3\u5e03\u9000\u4f4d\u800c\u547d\u8fd0\u672a\u535c\u7684\u672b\u4ee3\u6c99\u7687\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u4e8c\u4e16\u57281917\u5e747\u6708\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u65f6\u523b\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5e72\u7684\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6743\u4e2d\u6700\u7cbe\u660e\u80fd\u5e72\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u5171\u6d4e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u9547\u538b\u9769\u547d\u5931\u8d25\u800c\u540e\u51fa\u9003<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u5171\u6d4e\u4f1a\u548c\u5171\u6d4e\u4f1a\u5185\u7684\u201c\u5144\u5f1f\u4e4b\u60c5\u201d\u65e0\u6cd5\u62ef\u6551\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u4e2d\u548c\u665a\u5e74\u63a5\u53d7\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\u591a\u6b21\u8c08\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\u671f\u95f4\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4efb\u547d\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u5c06\u519b\u4e3a\u4fc4\u519b\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u5e05\u30021917\u5e749\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u4ee5\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u53d8\u548c\u7387\u9886\u7cbe\u9510\u54e5\u8428\u514b\u9a91\u5175\u5e08\u8fdb\u519b\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u6765\u56de\u62a5\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u9047\u4e4b\u6069\u201d\u3002\u60ca\u614c\u5931\u63aa\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u88ab\u8feb\u5411\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u6c42\u63f4\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7ed3\u6210\u53cd\u5bf9\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u7684\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u4e94\u5929\u540e\u624d\u5e73\u606f\u4e86\u8fd9\u573a\u53db\u4e71\u3002<\/p>\n

\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\u627f\u8ba4\uff1a\u201c\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u66fe\u7ecf\u53cd\u590d\u601d\u8003\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u6b21\u3002\u6211\u53d1\u89c9\u5728\u5904\u7406\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u53db\u53d8\u6848\u4e2d\u94f8\u4e0b\u4e86\u5927\u9519\u3002\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u6211\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u4f24\u3002\u2026\u2026\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5bf9\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u7684\u9886\u8896\u4eec\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u66f4\u4e3a\u524a\u5f31\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6b21\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5145\u5206\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ece\u4fa7\u9762\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\u4e0e\u8f6f\u5f31\u3002\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5371\u673a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6df1\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4e8e9\u670812\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u53868\u670830\u65e5\uff09\u5ba3\u5e03\u81ea\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\uff0c\u53c8\u4e8e9\u670814\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u53869\u67081\u65e5\uff09\u5ba3\u5e03\u6210\u7acb\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u4e94\u4eba\u6267\u653f\u5185\u9601\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u5ba3\u5e03\u6539\u5236\u4e3a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n

10\u670820\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u67087\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u7531\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4ea4\u901a\u5458\u62c9\u6d77\u4e9a\u62a4\u9001\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5316\u88c5\uff0c\u6234\u7740\u5047\u53d1\uff0c\u4e58\u7740\u4e00\u8f86\u7164\u6c34\u8f66\uff0c\u79d8\u5bc6\u56de\u5230\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u300210\u670823\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670810\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u53ec\u5f00\u7d27\u6025\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4ee5\u7edd\u5bf9\u591a\u6570\u7968\uff08\u5341\u7968\u8d5e\u6210\uff0c\u5b63\u8bfa\u7ef4\u4e5f\u592b\u548c\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b\u4e24\u7968\u53cd\u5bf9\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5217\u5b81\u8d77\u8349\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u9769\u547d\u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u300210\u670829\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670816\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u53ec\u5f00\u6269\u5927\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u6b66\u88c5\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6b63\u624b\u5fd9\u811a\u4e71\u5730\u7b79\u5212\u7740\u9547\u538b\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u30021917\u5e7411\u67086\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670824\u65e5\uff09\u9ece\u660e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u4e24\u5343\u540d\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u8d64\u536b\u961f\u5411\u9769\u547d\u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u6240\u5728\u5730\u65af\u83ab\u5c14\u5c3c\u5bab\u96c6\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\uff08\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\uff0c1917\u5e748\u6708\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4eb2\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u91cc\u5fb7\uff08John Reed\uff09\u5728\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u9707\u64bc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5341\u5929\u300b\uff08Ten Days That Shook the World\uff09\u4e2d\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u65af\u83ab\u5c14\u5c3c\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u95e8\u53e3\u548c\u91cc\u95e8\u4e0a\u90fd\u7ad9\u7740\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u5c97\u54e8\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u51fa\u793a\u901a\u884c\u8bc1\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u91cc\u6574\u65e5\u6574\u591c\u90fd\u53d1\u51fa\u55e1\u55e1\u8425\u8425\u7684\u5608\u6742\u58f0\uff0c\u6210\u767e\u4e0a\u5343\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u7a7a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u8eba\u5728\u5730\u677f\u4e0a\u7761\u89c9\u3002\u697c\u4e0a\u90a3\u95f4\u5b8f\u4f1f\u7684\u5927\u5385\u91cc\u6324\u6ee1\u4e0a\u5343\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u53c2\u52a0\u90a3\u4e2a\u55a7\u58f0\u9707\u5929\u7684\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7684\u5927\u4f1a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

11\u67086\u65e5\u665a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u65f6\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u6765\u5230\u65af\u83ab\u5c14\u5c3c\u5b98\uff0c\u4eb2\u81ea\u6307\u6325\u8d77\u4e49\u3002\u65af\u83ab\u5c14\u5c3c\u5bab\u5f7b\u591c\u4e0d\u7720\uff0c\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u901a\u5bb5\u6218\u6597\u3002\u81ea11\u67086\u65e5\u6df1\u591c\u523011\u67087\u65e5\u65e9\u516b\u70b9\uff0c\u5854\u592b\u5229\u8fbe\u5bab\u3001\u90ae\u7535\u603b\u5c40\u3001\u7535\u8bdd\u603b\u5c40\u3001\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u592b\u8f66\u7ad9\u3001\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u8f66\u7ad9\u3001\u534e\u6c99\u8f66\u7ad9\u3001\u53d1\u7535\u7ad9\u3001\u7c73\u6d77\u6d1b\u592b\u7ec3\u9a6c\u573a\u3001\u5361\u62c9\u74e6\u519b\u4e8b\u6280\u672f\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u963f\u65af\u6258\u91cc\u4e9a\u519b\u4eba\u65c5\u9986\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6218\u7565\u636e\u70b9\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5173\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u4f01\u4e1a\uff0c\u5747\u88ab\u8d77\u4e49\u961f\u4f0d\u5360\u9886\u3002\u523011\u67087\u65e5\u65e9\u6668\uff0c\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u5df2\u7ecf\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u8d77\u4e49\u961f\u4f0d\u624b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

11\u67087\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670825\u65e5\uff09\u4e0a\u5348\u5341\u65f6\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u5927\u52bf\u5df2\u53bb\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5306\u5fd9\u767b\u4e0a\u201c\u96f7\u8bfa\u724c\u201d\u6c7d\u8f66\uff0c\u8ddf\u968f\u63d2\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u65d7\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u6c7d\u8f66\u8eb2\u8fdb\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u9003\u51fa\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u3002\u7535\u5f71\u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u5341\u6708\u300b\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f53\u65f6\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u89c1\u52bf\u4e0d\u5999\uff0c\u5411\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u957f\u4eec\u6492\u8c0e\u8bf4\u201c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4eb2\u81ea\u53bb\u8fce\u63a5\u5f00\u6765\u7684\u589e\u63f4\u90e8\u961f\u201d\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u6e9c\u4e4b\u5927\u5409\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u6253\u626e\u6210\u5973\u62a4\u58eb\uff08\u4e00\u8bf4\u5973\u4f63\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u6837\u5b50\uff0c\u8eab\u7740\u5973\u88d9\uff0c\u5934\u6234\u5047\u53d1\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u72fc\u72c8\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u665a\u5e74\u6570\u6b21\u63a5\u53d7\u6b27\u7f8e\u8bb0\u8005\u91c7\u8bbf\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u90fd\u575a\u51b3\u5426\u8ba4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ed6\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u5730\u7a7f\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8863\u670d\u79bb\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6c7d\u8f66\u6cbf\u9014\u8fd8\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d77\u4e49\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u58eb\u5175\u8ba4\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u4ed6\u656c\u793c\u653e\u884c\uff0c\u5728\u300a1917\u5e74\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5982\u6b64\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u6216\u8bb8\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u79bb\u5f00\u7684\u4e00\u79d2\u949f\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u653e\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u2018\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u2019\u3001\u2018\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u2019\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u7ed9\u4e86\u4ed6\u5938\u8000\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u3002\u201d\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7537\u626e\u5973\u88c5\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8d25\u574f\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u58f0\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7ec8\u751f\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u7684\u88d9\u5b50\u6000\u6709\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u538c\u6076\u4e4b\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n

11\u67087\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670825\u65e5\uff09\u665a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u65f6\u56db\u5341\u5206\uff0c\u4e0e\u51ac\u5bab\u9694\u6d85\u74e6\u6cb3\u76f8\u671b\u7684\u5f7c\u5f97-\u4fdd\u7f57\u8981\u585e\u7684\u5927\u70ae\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u51ac\u5bab\u5f00\u70ae\uff0c\u201c\u963f\u8299\u4e50\u5c14\u201d\u53f7\u5de1\u6d0b\u8230\u4e5f\u54cd\u8d77\u4e86\u5927\u70ae\u7684\u8f70\u9e23\u3002\u4ece\u8981\u585e\u6253\u6765\u7684\u70ae\u5f39\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u9897\u51fb\u4e2d\u4e86\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u5458\u4eec\u7684\u9694\u58c1\u623f\u95f4\uff0c\u5413\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u9b42\u4e0d\u9644\u4f53\u3002\u8d64\u536b\u961f\u5458\u548c\u9769\u547d\u58eb\u5175\u82f1\u52c7\u5730\u53d1\u8d77\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u6df1\u591c\u4e00\u65f6\uff0c\u8d77\u4e49\u961f\u4f0d\u653b\u7834\u51ac\u5b98\u5927\u95e8\uff0c\u9ad8\u547c\u201c\u4e4c\u62c9\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u6392\u5c71\u5012\u6d77\u822c\u5730\u51b2\u5165\u51ac\u5bab\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u8d64\u536b\u961f\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u5b89\u4e1c\u8bfa\u592b-\u5965\u5f17\u7533\u67ef\u7ad9\u5728\u60ca\u614c\u5931\u63aa\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u90e8\u957f\u4eec\u9762\u524d\u5ba3\u5e03\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4ee5\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u519b\u4e8b\u9769\u547d\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u540d\u4e49\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

11\u67088\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670826\u65e5\uff09\u6e05\u6668\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u9192\u6765\uff0c\u60ca\u8bb6\u5730\u5728\u8857\u5934\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u5de5\u5175\u4ee3\u8868\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u519b\u4e8b\u9769\u547d\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5e03\u544a\uff1a\u201c\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u5df2\u7ecf\u8f6c\u5230\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u5de5\u5175\u4ee3\u8868\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5373\u9886\u5bfc\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u536b\u620d\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u9769\u547d\u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u7acb\u5373\u63d0\u51fa\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u548c\u7ea6\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u5730\u4e3b\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u5236\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u5de5\u4eba\u76d1\u7763\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e4b\u594b\u6597\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u90fd\u6709\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u58eb\u5175\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4e07\u5c81\uff01\u201d<\/p>\n

11\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u666e\u65af\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u6218\u7ebf\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u53d1\u5e03\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u8c03\u96c6\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u514b\u62c9\u65af\u8bfa\u592b\u5c06\u519b\u7684\u7ea6\u4e94\u5343\u9a91\u5175\u519b\uff0c\u5411\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u53d1\u52a8\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u5e76\u5938\u53e3\u8981\u572811\u670811\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670830\u65e5\uff09\u653b\u4e0b\u9996\u90fd\u300211\u670810\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670829\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u514b\u62c9\u65af\u8bfa\u592b\u5c06\u519b\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u5230\u8fbe\u8ddd\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u4ec5\u4e8c\u5341\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u7687\u6751\u3002\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u653f\u6743\u52a8\u5458\u9769\u547d\u58eb\u5175\u548c\u8d64\u536b\u961f\uff0c\u5168\u529b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53cd\u51fb\u300211\u670812\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538610\u670831\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5411\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\u63d0\u51fa\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5374\u906d\u5230\u201c\u8001\u670b\u53cb\u201d\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u4e25\u8bcd\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u773c\u770b\u5927\u52bf\u5df2\u53bb\uff0c\u572811\u670814\u65e5\uff08\u4fc4\u538611\u67081\u65e5\uff09\u4e0b\u5348\uff0c\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u5e05\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u4ece\u8ddd\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u897f\u5357\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u52a0\u7279\u5951\u7eb3\u5bab\u7ed9\u675c\u9e64\u5b81\u5c06\u519b\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5c01\u7535\u62a5\uff1a\u201c\u56e0\u672c\u4eba\u8d77\u7a0b\u8d74\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u53bb\uff0c\u7279\u8981\u9601\u4e0b\u4ee3\u884c\u6700\u9ad8\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u804c\u52a1\u3002\u201d\u5f53\u5929\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5316\u88c5\u6210\u6c34\u5175\uff0c\u642d\u4e0a\u5f00\u5f80\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\u7684\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u519b\u7528\u5217\u8f66\uff0c\u9003\u51fa\u4e86\u52a0\u7279\u5947\u7eb3\u3002\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u5f3a\u8c03\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u662f\u7537\u626e\u5973\u88c5\u94bb\u8fdb\u52a0\u7279\u5947\u7eb3\u5bab\u6bbf\u7684\u5bc6\u9053\u9003\u8d70\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u540e\u6765\u63a5\u53d7\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f9d\u7136\u575a\u51b3\u5730\u4e88\u4ee5\u5426\u8ba4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6f02\u6cca\u4ed6\u4e61\u7684\u5b64\u5bc2\u665a\u5e74<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4eba\u751f\u6ca7\u6851\uff0c\u547d\u8fd0\u62e8\u5f04\u3002\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u9769\u547d\u8ba9\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u892a\u53bb\u4fc4\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u4e3b\u5bb0\u8005\u7684\u8f89\u714c\uff0c\u77ac\u95f4\u53d8\u6210\u6f02\u6cca\u4ed6\u4e61\u7684\u4e24\u767e\u4e07\u4fc4\u56fd\u4fa8\u6c11\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u8131\u4e0b\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u7684\u8000\u773c\u65b0\u88c5\uff0c\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u672c\u6765\u9762\u8c8c\u3002<\/p>\n

1918\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u53c2\u52a0\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\u627f\u8bfa\u76841\u67085\u65e5\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u7acb\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5192\u9669\u56de\u5230\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u3002\u4f46\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8fde\u591c\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u82ac\u5170\u30021\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u518d\u6b21\u79d8\u5bc6\u8fd4\u56de\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\uff0c5\u6708\u521d\u53c8\u53bb\u4e86\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u8054\u7cfb\u53cd\u82cf\u7684\u201c\u4fc4\u56fd\u590d\u5174\u8054\u76df\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u6218\u4fd8\u519b\u56e2\u53d1\u751f\u53db\u4e71\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u4fc4\u56fd\u590d\u5174\u8054\u76df\u201d\u9080\u8bf7\u4ed6\u8fdb\u884c\u79d8\u5bc6\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5916\u56fd\u5e72\u6d89\u82cf\u4fc4\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

1918\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5047\u626e\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u519b\u5b98\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u745e\u5178\u548c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7279\u5de5\u897f\u5fb7\u5c3c\u00b7\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u745e\u5229\uff08\u82f1\u6587\u4e3aSidney George Reilly\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u7684\u7f16\u53f7\u662f S.T.-1.\uff09\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u7a7f\u8d8a\u4fc4\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u62b5\u8fbe\u6469\u5c14\u66fc\u65af\u514b\uff0c\u4ece\u90a3\u91cc\u4e58\u8239\u5230\u82cf\u683c\u5170\uff0c\u518d\u8f6c\u4f26\u6566\u3002\u6b63\u5fd9\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u9009\u7684\u9996\u76f8\u52b3\u5408\u00b7\u4e54\u6cbb\u62bd\u7a7a\u63a5\u89c1\u4e86\u4ed6\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u53d7\u9080\u5728\u5de5\u515a\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u52b3\u5408\u00b7\u4e54\u6cbb\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u548c\u5728\u91ce\u7684\u5de5\u515a\u6b63\u9ad8\u547c\u201c\u628a\u82f1\u56fd\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u6127\u4e8e\u6218\u573a\u5f52\u6765\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u8981\u6c42\u5e72\u6d89\u82cf\u4fc4\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u6beb\u65e0\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u53bb\u4e86\u5df4\u9ece\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u5f85\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e89\u53d6\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u6682\u65f6\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e4c\u6cd5\u7701\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6837\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\u30021918\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u5728\u5916\u56fd\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u4e8e\u9102\u6728\u65af\u514b\u53d1\u52a8\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u5ba3\u5e03\u6210\u7acb\u201c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u5c01\u201c\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6267\u653f\u8005\u201d\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u9646\u6d77\u519b\u6b66\u88c5\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u5e05\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u662f\u201c\u4e0d\u8981\u5217\u5b81\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u9ad8\u5c14\u5bdf\u514b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

1922\u5e74\u81f31932\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002\u4ed6\u7f16\u8f91\u51fa\u7248\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\uff0c\u51fa\u5e2d\u5404\u79cd\u53cd\u82cf\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u547c\u5401\u897f\u65b9\u53d1\u8d77\u53cd\u5bf9\u82cf\u4fc4\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u4e1c\u5f81\u201d\u30021935\u5e74\u82cf\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u8457\u540d\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4c\u6c99\u79d1\u592b\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u4fc4\u8bed\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u201c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u4e13\u6307\u5c0f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u653f\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u5077\u5077\u5730\u4e0e\u5927\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u52fe\u7ed3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u65af\u5927\u6797\u653f\u6743\u5de9\u56fa\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u6025\u9700\u7814\u7a76\u82cf\u8054\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4e0d\u4ec5\u66fe\u7ecf\u62c5\u4efb\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7cbe\u901a\u82f1\u8bed\u3001\u6cd5\u8bed\u7b49\u6b27\u6d32\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u591a\u6b21\u53d7\u9080\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u578b\u653f\u6cbb\u62a5\u520a\u5199\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5230\u5404\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u505a\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n

1939\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u539f\u914d\u59bb\u5b50\u5965\u4e3d\u5609\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4e0e\u4e3a\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f26\u6566\u62a5\u7eb8\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u8bb0\u8005\u4e3d\u8fea\u5a05\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u5728\u5979\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u65b0\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u30021940\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u7eb3\u7cb9\u519b\u961f\u5360\u9886\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u9003\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u57281941\u5e74\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fdb\u653b\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5e0c\u671b\u501f\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e4b\u624b\u6d88\u706d\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u4e861942\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u62ef\u6551\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u8f6c\u53d8\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5199\u6587\u7ae0\u652f\u6301\u7ea2\u519b\u6218\u80dc\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u4fdd\u536b\u82cf\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n

1945\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u524d\u5f80\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u73ed\uff0c\u770b\u671b\u75c5\u5165\u818f\u8093\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u4e3d\u8fea\u5a05\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31946\u5e742\u6708\u5979\u53bb\u4e16\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u4ed6\u56de\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5b9a\u5c45\u30021949\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u53cb\u4eba\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u6597\u4e89\u8054\u76df\u201d\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u8054\u5408\u53cd\u82cf\u529b\u91cf\u30021951\u5e74\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u56e0\u653f\u89c1\u5206\u6b67\u9000\u51fa\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u6700\u540e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8868\u6f14\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u821e\u53f0\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\uff08\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa1938\u5e74\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u56fd\u7acb\u65b0\u95fb\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff09<\/p>\n

\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u683c\u5217\u52c3\u548c\u5965\u5217\u683c\u4f4f\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0e\u4ed6\u57fa\u672c\u65ad\u7edd\u5f80\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u521d\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4f4f\u623f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u501f\u4f4f\u5728\u670b\u53cb\u897f\u666e\u900a\u592b\u4eba\u5bb6\u91cc\u3002\u6614\u65e5\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u660e\u661f\u73b0\u5728\u6210\u4e86\u88ab\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5fc3\u7f6e\u8179\u6216\u4e00\u5410\u653f\u6cbb\u8bc9\u6c42\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u5b89\u6170\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5973\u79d8\u4e66\u57c3\u4f26\u3002\u57c3\u4f26\u7684\u4fc4\u6587\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u5a03\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c49\u53e3\u7684\u4e2d\u4fc4\u6df7\u8840\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u957f\u5927\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u4fc4\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ece\u4e8b\u8336\u53f6\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u4fc4\u7c4d\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5979\u96be\u5f97\u5730\u901a\u6653\u4fc4\u6587\u3001\u82f1\u6587\u3001\u6cd5\u6587\u548c\u4e2d\u6587\u30021953\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u8058\u8bf7\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5230\u80e1\u4f5b\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace\uff09\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u610f\u62db\u8058\u57c3\u4f26\u4e3a\u5e74\u8fc8\u800c\u89c6\u529b\u4e25\u91cd\u51cf\u9000\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u505a\u52a9\u7406\u79d8\u4e66\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u57c3\u4f26\u4e00\u76f4\u4f34\u968f\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5230\u4ed6\u8f9e\u4e16\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4eb2\u5207\u5730\u79f0\u5979\u4e3a\u201c\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4fc4\u6587\u4e2d\u201c\u79d8\u4e66\u957f\u201d\uff08\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\uff09\u548c\u201c\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u201d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5199\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u7684\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e86\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e8b\u8bfe\u5802\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u6307\u5bfc\u5927\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u6574\u7406\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7ed3\u96c6\u4e3a\u4e09\u5377\u672c\u300a\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\uff08The Russian Provisional Government\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6863\u6848\u73b0\u5728\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u80e1\u4f5b\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u4f9b\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u8457\u4e66\u7acb\u8bf4\u53cd\u601d\u9769\u547d<\/strong><\/p>\n

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1970\u5e744\u6708\u7684\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\u8dcc\u4e86\u4e00\u8de4\uff0c\u6298\u65ad\u4e86\u80a1\u9aa8\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u4f4f\u8fdb\u533b\u9662\u3002\u5ff5\u53ca\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d70\u5230\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5b8c\u5168\u57ae\u4e86\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0d\u518d\u7ed9\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u53ea\u5e0c\u671b\u65e9\u4e9b\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u7edd\u98df\u3002\u7ebd\u7ea6\u8bca\u6240\u7684\u533b\u751f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u9759\u8109\u70b9\u6ef4\u7ed9\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5f3a\u884c\u6ce8\u5165\u8425\u517b\u6db2\uff0c\u4ed6\u5374\u603b\u662f\u62d4\u51fa\u9488\u5934\u3002\u53bb\u610f\u5df2\u51b3\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u533b\u751f\u548c\u62a4\u58eb\u6574\u6574\u6597\u4e89\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u534a\u6708\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u65e9\u65e5\u7ed3\u675f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u6073\u6c42\u57c3\u4f26\u53bb\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5f04\u6765\u6bd2\u836f\u30021970\u5e746\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u521a\u521a\u5ea6\u8fc7\u516b\u5341\u4e5d\u5c81\u751f\u65e5\uff085\u67084\u65e5\uff09\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u5bb6\u4e2d\u53bb\u4e16\u30022008\u5e743\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u56fdBBC\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u4fc4\u6587\u8bb0\u8005\u963f\u5c14\u5fb7\u00b7\u514b\u5217\u5207\u7279\u5c3c\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u5e7f\u64ad\u7a3f\u300a\u5fae\u7b11\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u82f1\u96c4\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u81ea\u6740\u3002<\/p>\n

\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u867d\u7136\u59cb\u7ec8\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u6559\u5f92\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u57281915\u5e7411\u6708\u51fa\u5e2d\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u5e94\u8be5\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e5f\u8bb2\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u535a\u7231\u201d\uff08\u7d22\u79d1\u6d1b\u592b\uff1a\u300a1917\u5e742\u6708\u81f31918\u5e741\u6708\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u4f1a\u300b\uff0c\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u58212014\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c434\u9875\uff09\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4ece\u6b64\u5c31\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u548c\u654c\u89c6\u3002\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u4f1a\u90fd\u62d2\u7edd\u5c06\u4ed6\u846c\u5165\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u5893\u5730\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8870\u843d\u7684\u7f6a\u9b41\u7978\u9996\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u88ab\u8f97\u8f6c\u8fd0\u5230\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5965\u5217\u683c\u4f4f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u846c\u4e8e\u4f26\u6566\u897f\u5357\u90ca\u5e15\u7279\u5c3c\u8c37\uff08Putney Vale\uff09\u7684\u516c\u5893\u91cc\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u5893\u7a74\u548c\u5893\u7891\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5b97\u6559\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u516c\u5893\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u63a5\u53d7\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6ba1\u846c\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u66fe\u6536\u7559\u666e\u6cd5\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u88ab\u8feb\u4ea1\u547d\u5929\u6daf\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u4e09\u4e16\u7684\u5b64\u9b42\u3002<\/p>\n

1917\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u5c81\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u62c5\u4efb\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u603b\u7406\u804c\u52a1\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4fc4\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u3002\u800c1970\u5e746\u6708\u53bb\u4e16\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eaa\u5f55\uff1a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4fc4\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5bff\u547d\u6700\u957f\u7684\u524d\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6062\u590d\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u8eab\u4efd\u540e\u7684\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u529b\u56fe\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u505a\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u65ad\u62a8\u51fb\u5217\u5b81\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e3a\u4e86\u523b\u610f\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8eab\u4efd\u53ca\u5176\u9769\u547d\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u89e3\u51b3\u5ba2\u5c45\u4ed6\u4e61\u548c\u98a0\u6c9b\u6d41\u79bb\u4e2d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u9700\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u4fc4\u6587\u548c\u82f1\u6587\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6574\u7406\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4e0e1917\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d\u548c\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f17\u591a\u8bb0\u8005\u548c\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\u3002<\/p>\n

1933\u5e74\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u6d41\u4ea1\u4f26\u6566\u65f6\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u88ab\u9489\u5728\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0a\u300b\uff08The Crucifixion of Liberty\uff09 \u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u4ed6\u91cd\u70b9\u63cf\u5199\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u594b\u6597\u7684\u5386\u7a0b\uff0c\u201c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u522b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6566\u4fc3\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u800c\u6218\u201d\u3002\u300a\u4fc4\u56fd1917\u5e74\u9769\u547d\u300b\u4e5f\u662f\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e861917\u5e74\u7684\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d\u548c\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5bf91917\u5e74\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f62\u52bf\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u548c\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u8fd8\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u7f57\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b\u738b\u671d\u672b\u671f\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e9b\u7687\u5ba4\u5185\u90e8\u65e5\u8bb0\u3001\u4e66\u4fe1\u548c\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u7f57\u66fc\u8bfa\u592b\u738b\u671d\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u4ece\u591a\u4e2a\u89c6\u89d2\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u7687\u5ba4\u8d35\u80c4\u7684\u706d\u4ea1\u548c\u6c99\u4fc4\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8986\u706d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u8f6c\u6298\u4e2d\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u300b\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u65f6\u671f\u5199\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u56de\u5fc6\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u5b66\u751f\u65f6\u4ee3\u3001\u9769\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u5171\u6d4e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u8fd8\u56de\u5fc6\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\u672b\u4ee3\u6c99\u7687\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u4e8c\u4e16\u4e00\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u79f0\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u4ee5\u4ed6\u81ea\u8ff0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5374\u5177\u6709\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

1917\u5e749\u6708\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u53db\u4e71\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u653f\u6cbb\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u6d41\u4ea1\u56fd\u5916\u540e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u53db\u4e71\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u8457\u4f5c\u2014\u2014\u300a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5e8f\u5e55\u300b\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u53db\u4e71\u7684\u4eb2\u5386\u8005\uff0c\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u8bfb1917\u5e7410\u67088\u65e5\u5ba1\u8baf\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\u7684\u901f\u8bb0\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5411\u8bfb\u8005\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u8fd9\u573a\u53db\u4e71\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u9762\u76ee\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5386\u7a0b\u7684\u6c89\u75db\u8f6c\u6298\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u5b57\u91cc\u884c\u95f4\u8bd5\u56fe\u5411\u8bfb\u8005\u4f20\u9012\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5373\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u53ef\u9760\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u652f\u6301\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\uff08\u665a\u5e74\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\uff09<\/p>\n

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