{"id":56008,"date":"2025-09-17T06:56:26","date_gmt":"2025-09-16T22:56:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=56008"},"modified":"2025-09-17T06:56:26","modified_gmt":"2025-09-16T22:56:26","slug":"1932%e5%b9%b4%e7%9a%84%e6%94%b6%e6%88%90%e4%b8%8e1933%e5%b9%b4%e7%9a%84%e9%a5%a5%e8%8d%92","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=56008","title":{"rendered":"1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u4e0e1933\u5e74\u7684\u9965\u8352"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4f5c\u8005: \u5f7c\u5cb8\u65e0\u82b1\u53ea\u6709\u5bd2<\/p>\n

\u6309\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u9a6c\u514b.\u9676\u683c\uff08Mark Tauger\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u8bc4\u8bba\uff08Slavic Review\uff09\u300b1991\uff0c50\u5377\uff0c1\u671f\u3002\u539f\u540d\u300aThe 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u897f\u65b9\u751a\u81f3\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u90fd\u628a\u82cf\u80541933\u5e74\u7684\u9965\u8352\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4eba\u9020\u7684\u201d\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u538b\u5236\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u514b\u670d\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5982\u5e93\u73ed\u54e5\u8428\u514b\u548c\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4eec\u7528\u5b98\u65b9\u82cf\u8054\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c1932\u5e74\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f02\u5e38\u4f4e\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u517b\u6d3b\u4eba\u53e3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279.\u5eb7\u594e\u65af\u7279\uff08Robert Conquist\uff09\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5173\u4e8e\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u663e\u793a1932\u5e74\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u6bd41936\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u975e\u9965\u8352\u5e74\u201d\u8981\u597d\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u8a79\u59c6\u65af.\u6885\u65af\uff08James Mace\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u9965\u8352\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u540e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u65f6\u671f\u201d\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u8fd9\u6b21\u6536\u6210\u6bd41931\u5e74\u62161934\u5e74\u90fd\u8981\u591a\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff01931\u5e74\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd41932\u5e74\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u5e74\u4efd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e72\u65f1\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u997f\u6b7b\u3002\u30101\u3011<\/p>\n

\u9965\u8352\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u8c03\u67e5\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bc1\u4eba\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u6bcf\u516c\u987737\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u82cf\u8054\u5e73\u5747\u7cae\u98df\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u4e24\u500d\u534a\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\u7684\u811a\u6ce8\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u6765\u81ea\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u66fe\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u8fc71932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u5730\u533a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u574f\u6536\u6210\u3002\u201d\u30102\u3011\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u5982\u300aThe Black Deeds of the Kremlin\u300b\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u65af\u5927\u6797\u57281933\u5e741\u6708\u4e5f\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c1932\u5e74\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u603b\u6536\u6210\u6bd41931\u5e74\u7684\u8981\u591a\u3002\u201d\u30103\u3011\u5eb7\u594e\u65af\u7279\uff08Conquest\uff09\u3001\u6885\u65af\uff08Mace\uff09\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9965\u8352\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u82cf\u8054\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u548c\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u519c\u6c11\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u5bf9\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u4f53\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6307\u5bfc\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u3002\u30104\u3011<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u9965\u8352\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5b98\u65b9\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u83b7\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u4e0e\u9965\u8352\u8bc1\u636e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6765\u6e90\u663e\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u6863\u6848\u8d44\u6599\u663e\u793a\uff0c1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u6bd4\u4ee5\u524d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u8981\u5c11\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u30021932\u5e74\u7684\u4f4e\u6536\u6210\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u81f3\u5c11\u81ea1931\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u82cf\u8054\u5df2\u7ecf\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7cae\u98df\u51fa\u53e3\u5927\u5e45\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f461933\u5e74\u7684\u9965\u8352\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u30105\u3011<\/p>\n

\u5b98\u65b91932\u5e74\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u5730\u652f\u6301\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff08\u89c1\u88681\uff09\u3002\u5411\u56fd\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u76841930-1932\u5e74\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u83b7\u6570\u636e\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u540e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u65f6\u671f\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u57281930\u5e74\u4ee3\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff1b\u65af\u5927\u6797\u751a\u81f3\u57281934\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u6b21\u515a\u4ee3\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u3002[6]\u5927\u591a\u6570\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u8981\u4e48\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u57fa\u672c\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5efa\u8bae\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u5c0f\u5e45\u524a\u51cf\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u5148\u4e8e1933\u5e74\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u786e\u5b9a\u6536\u83b7\u548c\u7cae\u98df\u5f81\u8d2d\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u5236\u5ea6\u3002[7]\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u5236\u5ea6\u5938\u5927\u4e86\u5b9e\u9645\u6536\u6210\u768420%\u6216\u66f4\u591a\u3002[8]\u7136\u800c\uff0c1930-1932\u5e74\u4ee5\u53ca1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u529b\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u3002[9]1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u6570\u636e\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n

1932\u5e74\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u6bd41930\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5e74\u4efd\u90fd\u8981\u5c11\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u57281932\u5e745\u67086\u65e5\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e2d\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5141\u8bb8\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u4ea4\u6613\u7cae\u98df\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u9f13\u52b1\u589e\u52a0\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6cd5\u4ee4\u5c06\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6237\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u4ece1931\u5e74\u76842240\u4e07\u5428\u964d\u4f4e\u52301810\u4e07\u5428\uff1b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u90e8\u5206\u8865\u507f\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\u7684\u914d\u989d\u4ece170\u4e07\u5428\u63d0\u9ad8\u5230250\u4e07\u5428\uff0c\u603b\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u4e3a2060\u4e07\u5428\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8d38\u6613\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u90e8\u57281931\u5e7412\u6708\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u8ba1\u5212\u5c06\u7cae\u98df\u5f81\u8d2d\u5b9a\u4e3a2950\u4e07\u5428\uff0c5\u67086\u65e5\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c06\u5f81\u8d2d\u8ba1\u5212\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8630%\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e5f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5176\u4ed6\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u3002[10]<\/p>\n

\u88681. \u82cf\u8054\u548c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7cae\u98df\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u91c7\u8d2d\u5b98\u65b9\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e1930-1934<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\uff08a\uff09\u767e\u4e07\u516c\u9877\u3002
\n\uff08b\uff09\u767e\u4e07\u516c\u5428\u3002
\n\uff08c\uff09\u516c\u62c5&\u516c\u9877\u3002
\n\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u300a\u0421\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420. \u0415\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a 1935 \u300b(\u83ab\u65af\u79d1,1936),215, 243-249,269; \u0418.\u0415.\u6cfd\u5217\u5b81\uff08\u0418.\u0415.\u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\uff09,\u300a\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432 1928-1935 \u0433\u0433.\u300b ,\u300a\u0415\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u044b 1965\u300b(\u83ab\u65af\u79d1,1970),473; \u0421.\u0412.\u5e93\u5c14\u5947\u8328\u57fa\uff08\u0421.\u0412.\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439\uff09, \u300a\u0414\u043e \u043e\u0446\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456 \u0423\u0420\u0421\u0420 \u0443 1931\u20131933 \u0440\u0440\u300b,\u300a\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443\u300b1988\u7b2c3\u671f, 24, 26; \u970d\u5229\u5c3c\u5947-\u5f17\u585e\u6c83\u6d1b\u5fb7\uff08Vsevolod Holybnychy\uff09, \u300aThe Causes of the Famine of 1932-1933\u300b, Mate 2(1979):22-25.<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u524d\u51e0\u5e74\u8bd5\u56fe\u6d88\u9664\u82cf\u8054\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e2d\u5e02\u573a\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\u30021932\u5e745\u6708\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9881\u5e03\u540e\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u6210\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u7cae\u98df\u4f9b\u5e94\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f81\u8d2d\u4e00\u6837\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6301\u4e50\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u5916\u754c\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u4ee4\u89c6\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\u3002[11]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u8bba\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u5374\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u4ee4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6700\u5c0f\u5316\u751a\u81f3\u6b6a\u66f2\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6885\u65af\uff08Mace\uff09\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u865a\u5047\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5b83\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u5eb7\u594e\u65af\u7279\uff08Conquest\uff09\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u8be5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\uff0c\u5e76\u65ad\u8a00\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u547c\u5401\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e861932\u5e747\u6708\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u5168\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u515a\u4ee3\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7cae\u98df\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u7684\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u786e\u8ba4\u4e865\u67086\u65e5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u914d\u989d\u3002[12]<\/p>\n

\u57281932\u5e74\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u90e8\u95e8\u5171\u8ba1\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e861850\u4e07\u5428\u7cae\u98df\uff0c\u6bd4\u8ba1\u5212\u4f4e\u7ea610%\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5206\u6563\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u9500\u552e\uff08\u4f30\u8ba1\u572892\u4e07\u5428\u5230146\u4e07\u5428\u4e4b\u95f4\uff09\u4e5f\u7b97\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u9500\u552e\u91cf\u4ecd\u7136\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5f81\u8d2d\u8ba1\u5212\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002[13]\u5f53\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u5730\u770b\u5230\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7f3a\u53e3\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u4ea7\u533a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u548c\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u914d\u989d\u53c8\u88ab\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u30021932\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u6d3e\u5f80\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7684\u4e00\u652f\u7279\u522b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c06\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u4ece1.36\u4ebf\u666e\u7279\u964d\u4f4e\u52309700\u4e07\u666e\u7279\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u6d3e\u5f80\u54c8\u5c14\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u652f\u7279\u522b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e5f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\uff1b\u636e\u4e00\u4f4d\u82cf\u8054\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5b66\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u603b\u5171\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86226\u4e07\u5428\uff08\u663e\u7136\u5305\u62ec\u4e865\u67086\u65e5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7279\u522b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u7684\u914d\u989d\u6bd45\u67086\u65e5\u6cd5\u4ee4\u8fd8\u8981\u591a\u3002[14]\u4ee5\u524d\u5f81\u8d2d\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u9500\u552e\u548c\u79cd\u5b50\u3001\u9972\u6599\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u8d37\u6b3e\u5f52\u8fd8\u7ed9\u6751\u5e84\u30021932\u5e74\uff0c\u6709576\u4e07\u5428\u5f81\u8d2d\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u5f52\u8fd8\u7ed9\u519c\u6751\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u6bd41930\u5e74\u62161931\u5e74\u90fd\u591a\u3002[15]<\/p>\n

1932\u5e74\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u7684\u964d\u4f4e\u548c\u5f81\u8d2d\u7cae\u98df\u7684\u5f52\u8fd8\u7ed9\u6751\u5e84\u4e0e\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u9965\u8352\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u4ece1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u4e2d\u5f81\u8d2d\u540e\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u7559\u7ed9\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u6bd41931\u5e74\u30011933\u5e74\u62161934\u5e74\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u540e\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u90fd\u8981\u591a\uff08\u89c1\u88682\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u8bba\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c1933\u5e74\u62161934\u5e74\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u9965\u8352\uff1b\u6885\u65af\uff08Mace\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u79f01933\u5e74\u662f\u4e30\u6536\u4e4b\u5e74\u3002\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5b98\u65b9\u5206\u6563\u7684\u6536\u6210\u6570\u636e\u4e5f\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u4ece1460\u4e07\u5428\u76841932\u5e74\u6536\u6210\u4e2d\u5f81\u8d2d\u4e86470\u4e07\u5428\u7cae\u98df\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd11000\u4e07\u5428\u7cae\u98df\u7559\u7ed9\u4e86\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u51e0\u4e4e\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece1931\u5e74\u6536\u6210\u4e2d\u5f81\u8d2d\u540e\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u4e00\u6837\u591a\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u57281931 – 1932\u5e74\u5927\u7ea6\u67092200\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u519c\u6751\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u5728\u5f81\u8d2d\u540e\u6bcf\u4eba\u5c06\u4fdd\u7559450\u516c\u65a4\u5230500\u516c\u65a4\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5206\u914d\u4e0d\u5747\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u8db3\u4ee5\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5730\u533a\u907f\u514d\u9965\u997f\u3002[16]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9965\u8352\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88682. \u7cae\u98df\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u519c\u6751\u5269\u4f59\u7cae\u98df\uff08\u767e\u4e07\u5428\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5e74\u4efd \u6536\u83b7\u91cf \u603b\u9500\u552e\u989d* \u8fd4\u8fd8\u519c\u4e1a \u51c0\u9500\u552e\u989d \u519c\u6751\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u5e74\u4efd<\/th>\n\u6536\u83b7\u91cf<\/th>\n\u603b\u9500\u552e\u989d*<\/th>\n\u8fd4\u8fd8\u519c\u4e1a<\/th>\n\u51c0\u9500\u552e\u989d<\/th>\n\u519c\u6751\u5269\u4f59\u90e8\u5206<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
1931<\/td>\n69.5<\/td>\n23.7<\/td>\n4.9<\/td>\n18.8<\/td>\n50.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1932<\/td>\n69.6<\/td>\n19.4<\/td>\n5.7<\/td>\n13.7<\/td>\n55.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1933<\/td>\n68.5<\/td>\n25.6<\/td>\n1.27<\/td>\n24.3<\/td>\n44.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1934<\/td>\n67.7<\/td>\n27.1<\/td>\n1.13<\/td>\n26.0<\/td>\n41.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

*\u603b\u9500\u552e\u989d\u5305\u62ec\u5206\u6563\u91c7\u8d2d\u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u9910\u5385\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u519c\u6c11\u5e02\u573a\u9500\u552e\u3002
\n\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90: \u5173\u4e8e1931-1932\u5e74\u8fd4\u8fd8\u7ed9\u519c\u4e1a\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5df4\u7d22\u592b\uff08Barsov\uff09, \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439(\u83ab\u65af\u79d1: Nauka, 1969), 103. \u6839\u636e\u7ea6\u7ff0T.\u60e0\u7279\u66fc\uff08John T. Whitman\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u603b\u5e02\u573a\u4f30\u8ba1, “The Kolkhoz Market”\uff0c Soviet Studies \u53777 (\u7b2c\u56db\u671f, 1956), 390 (\u88682). \u8fd4\u8fd8\u519c\u4e1a\u6765\u81ea\u83ab\u4ec0\u79d1\u592b\uff08Moshkov\uff091933, \u7cae\u98df\u95ee\u9898, 131, 1934\u5e7412\u670826\u65e5\u8d77\u76841934\u5e74\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u6258\u6cd5\u4ee4”On Seed Aid to Kolkhozy”, Spravochnik Partiinogo Rabotnika 9:212. \u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u540e\u8005\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u79cd\u5b50\u548c\u4f9b\u5e94\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u4f4e\u4f30\u7684\uff1b\u51c0\u9500\u552e\u989d\u5e94\u8be5\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u50a8\u5907\u5e94\u8be5\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd1\u4f3c\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u57281932\u5e74\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\uff1f\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u57281932\u5e74\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u57281931\u5e74\u30011933\u5e74\u62161934\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff1f\u9965\u8352\u786e\u5b9e\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u5b83\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86800\u4e07\u52301000\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6837\u9ad8\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u2014\u2014\u519c\u6751\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e0e1933-1934\u5e74\u5f81\u8d2d\u540e\u5269\u4f59\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\uff0c1933\u5e74\u548c1934\u5e74\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u7528\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u91cf\u5927\u7ea6\u548c1932\u5e74\u4e00\u6837\u591a\u3002[17]<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba1\u7b97\u8868\u660e\uff0c1932\u5e74\u6536\u6210\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e5f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u7eb3\u4e4c\u59c6.\u4e9a\u65af\u5c3c\uff08Naum Jasny\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c1931\u5e74\u548c1932\u5e74\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u4f5c\u7269\u6570\u636e\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e0e\u707e\u96be\u6027\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b26\u201d\u7684\u9002\u5ea6\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfc\u81f4\u7272\u755c\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u4ed6\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u5e94\u8be5\u964d\u4f4e5%\u523010%\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f30\u8ba1\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u4f5c\u7269\u635f\u5931\u4e86\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14.\u5e03\u52b3\u5c14\uff08Daniel Brower\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\uff0c1932\u5e74\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\u6bd41931\u5e74\u66f4\u591a\uff0c1932\u5e74\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u4e5f\u6bd41931\u5e74\u66f4\u5c11\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u90a3\u4e2a\u51ac\u5929\u519c\u6751\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u9762\u5305\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u90a3\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\uff1b\u9965\u8352\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u539f\u56e0\u5c1a\u5f85\u9610\u660e\u3002\u201d\u9a6c\u514b.\u6258\u5c14\u8328\uff08Mark Tol\u2019ts\uff09\u6839\u636e1932\u5e74\u5357\u82cf\u8054\u906d\u53d7\u4e25\u91cd\u6536\u6210\u5931\u8d25\u548c\u9965\u8352\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8d28\u7591\u4e861932\u5e74\u6536\u6210\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u4f30\u8ba1\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u9ad8\u4e8e1931\u5e74\u548c1934\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u53d6\u6d88\u57ce\u5e02\u9762\u5305\u914d\u7ed9\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8003\u8651\u4fc3\u4f7fS.G.\u60e0\u7279\u514b\u6d1b\u592b\u7279\uff08S.G.Wheatcroft\uff09\u3001R.W.\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\uff08R.W.Davies\uff09\u548cJ.M.\u5361\u5c14\uff08J.M.Cooper\uff09\u6682\u65f6\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c \u201c1931\u5e74\u548c1932\u5e74\u7cae\u98df\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u4ee5\u53ca1933\u5e74\u548c1934\u5e74\u7684\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u90fd\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4f30\u8ba1\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u8fd8\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u7684\uff09\u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684\u8981\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u201d \u4ed6\u4eec\u4f30\u8ba11932\u5e74\u7684\u4f5c\u7269\u57285570\u4e07\u5428\u52306110\u4e07\u5428\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002[18]<\/p>\n

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\u82cf\u8054\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5b66\u8005\u0418.\u0418.\u65af\u5217\u5c3c\u79d1\uff08\u0418.\u0418.\u0421\u043b\u044b\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u5173\u4e8e1931\u5e74\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7c97\u7cae\u6536\u6210\u7684\u6863\u6848\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e3a1400\u4e07\u5428\uff0c\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u76841830\u4e07\u5428\uff1b\u4ed6\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\uff0c\u590f\u5b63\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u6761\u4ef6\u4f7f\u5b9e\u9645\u6536\u6210\u53c8\u51cf\u5c11\u4e8630%\u523040%\u3002[23]\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u9965\u8352\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u6d41\u4ea1\u5b66\u8005\u7ef4\u8c22\u6c83\u6d1b\u5fb7.\u970d\u5362\u5e03\u5c3c\u5947\uff08Vsevolod Holubnychy\uff09\u8bf4\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u51701931\u5e74\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u6210\u4e2d\u6709\u8fd130%\uff0c1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u4e2d\u6709\u201c\u9ad8\u8fbe40%\u201d\u5728\u6536\u5272\u671f\u95f4\u635f\u5931\u4e86\u3002[24]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u970d\u5362\u5e03\u5c3c\u5947\uff08Holubnychy\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6a21\u68f1\u4e24\u53ef\u7684\u63aa\u8f9e\u201c\u9ad8\u8fbe\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u6765\u6e90\u6765\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e3a\u76f8\u4fe11932\u5e74\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u53cd\u6620\u73b0\u5b9e\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002[25]<\/p>\n

\u82cf\u8054\u5b66\u8005\u6700\u8fd1\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8868\u660e1930-1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u6570\u636e\u662f\u751f\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u0412.\u041f.\u4e39\u5c3c\u6d1b\u592b\uff08\u0412.\u041f.\u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a \u201c1932\u5e74\u7684\u603b\u6536\u6210\u662f6900\u4e07\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7559\u5728\u4e86\u6839\u4e0a\u3002\u201d \u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u683c\u91cc\u6208\u91cc.\u54c8\u5b81\uff08Grigorii Khanin\uff09\u548c\u74e6\u897f\u5c14.\u585e\u67f3\u5b81\uff08Vasil Seliunin\uff09\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u662f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u5e74\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u3002\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5b66\u8005\u0421.\u0412.\u5e93\u5c14\u5947\u8328\u57fa\uff08\u0421.\u0412.\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439\uff09\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c1932\u5e7411\u6708\u6d3e\u5f80\u54c8\u5c14\u79d1\u592b\u3001\u987f\u6cb3\u7554\u7f57\u65af\u6258\u592b\u548c\u8428\u62c9\u6258\u592b\u7684\u7279\u522b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u57281932\u5e74\u5f81\u8d2d\u5371\u673a\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u5cf0\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u8c37\u7269\u751f\u7269\uff08\u5728\u6839\u4e0a\uff09\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u201d[26]\u4ed6\u5bf91932\u5e74\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e3a7.2\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u5b57\u76848.1\u516c\u62c5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6536\u6210\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5f81\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\u4f4e\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u5b57\u592a\u9ad8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

1930\u5e743\u67081\u65e5\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u6a21\u8303\u7ae0\u7a0b\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7f16\u5236\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4e86\u30021930\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u7ea68\u4e07\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u4e2d\u670933%\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\uff0c1931\u5e74\u5927\u7ea623\u4e07\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u53ea\u670926.5%\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\uff0c1932\u5e74\u53ea\u670940%\u7684\u5927\u7ea6\u76f8\u540c\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u63d0\u4ea4\u4e86\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u30021932\u5e74\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u5206\u89e3\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u7531\u673a\u68b0\u62d6\u62c9\u673a\u7ad9\uff08MTS\uff09\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u9a8c\u8bc1\u548c\u603b\u7ed3\u5176\u4f5c\u4e1a\u533a\u57df\uff08\u533a\u571f\u5730\u90e8\u95e8\u5904\u7406MTS\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff09\u5185\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u4e2d\uff0cMTS\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ad9\u70b9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6df7\u4e71\u3001\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[28]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u548cMTS\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u8db3\u548c\u6280\u80fd\u6c34\u5e73\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u82cf\u8054\u4e13\u5bb6\u0412.\u0418.\u5179\u74e6\u7ef4\u5947\uff08\u0412.\u0418.\u0417\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0447 \uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u201c\u5728\u7f16\u5236\u62a5\u544a\u65f6\u72af\u4e86\u7c97\u7cd9\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u201d\u3002\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba1\u5212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e2d\u592e\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40\u526f\u5c40\u957f\u0410.\u0421.\u6ce2\u6ce2\u592b\uff08\u0410.\u0421.\u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432 \uff09\u57281935\u5e74\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5dee\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u8fd8\u4e3a\u65f6\u8fc7\u65e9\u5730\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u5206\u6790\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c40\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u201c\u52a8\u6001\u7814\u7a76\u201d\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf91932-1935\u5e74\u671f\u95f412,707\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6750\u6599\u7684\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\uff08\u89c1\u88684\uff09\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5179\u74e6\u7ef4\u5947\uff08\u0417\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0447\uff09\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u3002[29]<\/p>\n

\u88683. \u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u603b\u7ed3<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

*\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u3002
\n\u6765\u6e90: \u82cf\u8054\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6838\u7b97\u4e2d\u592e\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40(\u0426\u0413\u0410\u041d\u0425 CCCP)\u0444.7486 \u043e\u043f.3 \u0434.4456: \u6839\u636e\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7f16\u5236\u76841932\u5e74\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8868<\/p>\n

\u88684. \u52a8\u6001\u7814\u7a76\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84<\/p>\n

\u5730\u533a \u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u6570\u91cf \u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u9762\u79ef\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u5730\u533a<\/th>\n\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u6570\u91cf<\/th>\n\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u9762\u79ef\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af*<\/td>\n9,362<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e9a\u901f\u6d77-\u9ed1\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/td>\n808<\/td>\n23.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u65af\u5927\u6797\u683c\u52d2\u5dde<\/td>\n347<\/td>\n24.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e2d\u592e\u9ed1\u571f\u533a<\/td>\n1,518<\/td>\n9.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e4c\u514b\u5170<\/td>\n2,864<\/td>\n12.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/td>\n481<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* \u5341\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5dde\u7684\u603b\u548c
\n\u6765\u6e90: \u82cf\u8054\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6838\u7b97\u4e2d\u592e\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40(\u0426\u0413\u0410\u041d\u0425 CCCP)\u0444.1562 \u043e\u043f.77 \u0434.70: 1932\u5e74\u548c1933\u5e74\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u62bd\u6837\u8c03\u67e5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u518c\uff1a\u5730\u533a\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u4e0d\u5f97\u516c\u5f00\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba1\u5212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6838\u7b97\u5c40\u519c\u4e1a\u7edf\u8ba1\u90e8\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88685. \u7cae\u98df\u751f\u4ea7\u603b\u503c\u5206\u914d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

*\u6bcf\u516c\u9877\u7684\u516c\u62c5\u6570
\n+\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u751f\u4ea7\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4
\n\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u89c1\u88683. \u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u6765\u81ea\u82cf\u8054\u519c\u4e1a\uff081936\uff09\uff0c269\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88686. \u7cae\u98df\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u4e0e\u6536\u83b7\u9762\u79ef\u53ca\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

* \u5341\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5dde\u7684\u603b\u548c
\n\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u89c1\u88684.<\/p>\n

\u88687. 1932\u5e74\u81f31933\u5e74\u603b\u6536\u83b7\u3001\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u548c\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\u53d8\u5316<\/p>\n

\u5730\u533a \u603b\u8ba1 \u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u53d8\u5316 \u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u5730\u533a<\/th>\n\u603b\u8ba1<\/th>\n\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/th>\n\u4ea7\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af*<\/td>\n+26.3<\/td>\n+ 8.9<\/td>\n+17.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e9a\u901f\u6d77-\u9ed1\u6d77\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/td>\n+49.1<\/td>\n– 6.3<\/td>\n+55.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u65af\u5927\u6797\u683c\u52d2\u5dde<\/td>\n-0.7<\/td>\n+1.9<\/td>\n– 2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e2d\u592e\u9ed1\u571f\u533a<\/td>\n+24.0 9<\/td>\n+18.4<\/td>\n+ 5.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e2d\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0<\/td>\n+ 7.1<\/td>\n+10.9<\/td>\n-3.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u9791\u977c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u81ea\u6cbb\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/td>\n+37.6<\/td>\n+20.9<\/td>\n+16.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/td>\n+68.9<\/td>\n+18.3<\/td>\n+50.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e4c\u514b\u5170<\/td>\n+85.3<\/td>\n+14.4<\/td>\n+70.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kiev oblast<\/td>\n+106.1<\/td>\n+17.3<\/td>\n+88.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u57fa\u8f85\u5dde<\/td>\n+83.2<\/td>\n+34.5<\/td>\n+48.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5207\u5c14\u5c3c\u6208\u592b\u5dde<\/td>\n+97.3<\/td>\n+37.5<\/td>\n+59.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6587\u5c3c\u5bdf\u5dde<\/td>\n+83.9<\/td>\n+11.0<\/td>\n+72.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u54c8\u5c14\u79d1\u592b\u5dde<\/td>\n+93.2<\/td>\n+10.5<\/td>\n+82.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u7b2c\u8042\u4f2f\u7f57\u5f7c\u5f97\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u5dde<\/td>\n+67.0<\/td>\n+ 8.9<\/td>\n+58.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6556\u5fb7\u8428\u5dde<\/td>\n+65.9<\/td>\n+ 7.6<\/td>\n+58.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

* \u5341\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5dde\u7684\u603b\u548c
\n\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u89c1\u88684.<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u519c\u4e1a\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u90e8\uff08NKZ\uff09\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u4ea7\u91cf\u4e3a\u6bcf\u516c\u98775.4\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e3a6.0\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4e3a5.1\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u516c\u5e03\u76846.8\u30016.5\u548c8.0\uff08\u89c1\u88685\uff09\u3002TsUNKhU\u7684\u6570\u636e\u66f4\u4f4e\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u548c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\u5206\u522b\u4e3a\u6bcf\u516c\u98775.20\u548c4.98\u516c\u62c5\uff08\u89c1\u88686\uff09\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u62bd\u6837\u8bef\u5dee\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u6570\u636e\u7684\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u800c\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002TsUNKhU\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8fd8\u663e\u793a1933\u5e74\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\uff1a\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4ece4.98\u589e\u52a0\u52308.07\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u589e\u5e45\u4e3a60%\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4ece5.2\u589e\u52a0\u52306.03\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u589e\u52a0\u4e8620%\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\uff0c1933\u5e74\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u4f4e\u4e8e1932\u5e74\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u5584\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4ea7\u91cf\u6bd4\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u589e\u52a0\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\uff08\u89c1\u88687\uff09\u3002TsUNKhU\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u5b9e\u9645\u6536\u83b7\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u4ece\u672a\u516c\u5e03\u8fc7\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u751f\u4ea7\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u82cf\u8054\u519c\u6c11\u4ece\u672a\u6536\u83b7\u8fc7\u5168\u90e8\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u3002[30] \u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea7\u91cf\u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6536\u83b7\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f7f\u540e\u8005\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6536\u83b7\u524d\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002[31] \u6863\u6848\u8bc1\u636e\u663e\u793a\u4ea7\u91cf\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6863\u6848\u548c\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5f53\u5c40\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4f5c\u7269\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5e76\u7f13\u548c\u4e86\u5bf9\u4f4e\u6536\u6210\u7684\u6536\u8d2d\u8981\u6c42\u3002[32]<\/p>\n

\u52a8\u6001\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6570\u636e\u57281935\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u0421\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 VI \u043a VII \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e2d\u516c\u5e03\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8eTsUNKhU\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u663e\u793a1933\u5e74\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\u4ea7\u91cf\u6bd41932\u5e74\u5206\u522b\u589e\u52a0\u4e8663%\u300143.5%\u548c16%\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u8868\u683c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u6bcf\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u7cae\u98df\u603b\u6536\u83b7\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff08\u89c1\u88688\uff09\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a1935\u5e74\u7684\u8868\u683c\uff0c1933\u5e74\u7684\u589e\u957f\u7387\u5728\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u63a5\u8fd180%\uff0c\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u4e3a40%\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5047\u8bbe\u9965\u8352\u5bfc\u81f4\u4eba\u53e3\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u589e\u957f\u4e5f\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e861932\u5e74\u6536\u6210\u7684\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u3002[33]<\/p>\n

\u88688. 1932\u20131933\u5e74\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7cae\u98df\u603b\u6536\u83b7\u91cf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff08\u5355\u4f4d\uff1a\u516c\u62c5\uff09<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u6765\u6e90\uff1a \u0421\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0442 VI \u043a VII \u0441\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430\uff1a \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0437\u0435\u043c\uff0c 1935\uff09\uff0c35<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6863\u6848\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u76841932\u5e74\u6536\u6210\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u5bf9\u6536\u6210\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff1b\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u4e5f\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u83ab\u4ec0\u79d1\u592b\uff08\u041c\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\uff09\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u6863\u6848\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u8bb8\u591a\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u548c\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u6781\u4f4e\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6bcf\u516c\u98773\u516c\u62c5\u3002\u6258\u5c14\u8328\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u548c\u4e0b\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u4ea7\u91cf\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6bcf\u516c\u98774\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u5728\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9ad8\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u57281933\u5e74\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4e2d\u592e\u56fd\u5bb6\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6536\u6210\u4ea7\u91cf\u4e3b\u5e2d\u82cf\u5c14\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08\u0421\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \uff09\u4e5f\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c1932\u5e74\u5728\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u6536\u5272\u548c\u6253\u8c37\u671f\u95f4\u635f\u5931\u4e862.1\u4ebf\u81f32.2\u4ebf\u65a4\u7cae\u98df\u3002[34] TsUNKhU\u7684\u8868\u683c\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e5f\u592a\u4f4e\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4ea4\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6536\u6210\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8981\u4f7f\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u672a\u7eb3\u5165\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u5fc5\u987b\u6bd4\u63d0\u4ea4\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u6709\u663e\u8457\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6536\u6210\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u63d0\u4ea4\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\u4e3a\u6bcf\u516c\u98775\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u8d85\u8fc711\u516c\u62c5\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u6240\u6709\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u5b578\u516c\u62c5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7efc\u5408\u5e73\u5747\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u9ad8\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u7cae\u98df\u751f\u4ea7\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u57281932\u5e74\u660e\u663e\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u519c\u6c11\u9003\u79bb\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6751\u5e84\u3002\u4ece\u8f83\u504f\u8fdc\u5730\u533a\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6709\u9650\u4fe1\u606f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8868\u660e\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u897f\u90e8\u5dde\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b21\u8981\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u514d\u4e8e\u6536\u8d2d\u5371\u673a\u548c1932\u5e74\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u3002\u5965\u5ed6\u5c14\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u4e2a\u504f\u8fdc\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e861930-1934\u5e74\u662f\u201c\u9965\u8352\u5e74\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u6536\u8d2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6b7b\u4e8e\u9965\u997f\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u79fb\u6c11\u6765\u6e90\u4e5f\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u504f\u8fdc\u6751\u5e84\u6bd4\u9760\u8fd1\u57ce\u9547\u7684\u6751\u5e84\u66f4\u53d7\u9965\u8352\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[35]\u672a\u7eb3\u5165\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u53ef\u80fd\u4f4e\u4e8e\u7eb3\u5165\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u6765\u81ea\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5e73\u5747\u751f\u4ea7\u6570\u636e\u6709\u6240\u504f\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u88689. \u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u83b7\u4ea7\u91cf\u7edf\u8ba1\u6bd4\u8f83\uff08\u516c\u9877\u6bcf\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u516c\u62c5\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d)<\/p>\n

\u5730\u533a \u519c\u4e1a\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u90e8 \u4e2d\u592e\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6838\u7b97\u5c40 \u5b98\u65b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u5730\u533a<\/th>\n\u519c\u4e1a\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u90e8<\/th>\n\u4e2d\u592e\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6838\u7b97\u5c40<\/th>\n\u5b98\u65b9<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u82cf\u8054<\/td>\n5.4<\/td>\n6.8<\/td>\n6.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/td>\n6.0<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5317\u65b9\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/td>\n9.8<\/td>\n9.8<\/td>\n9.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u5dde<\/td>\n7.7<\/td>\n7.7<\/td>\n8.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u897f\u90e8\u5dde<\/td>\n7.2<\/td>\n7.2<\/td>\n8.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5dde<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u6c83\u5dde<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n9.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u5dde<\/td>\n4.6<\/td>\n4.6<\/td>\n5.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u9791\u977c\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/td>\n8.7<\/td>\n8.7<\/td>\n7.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e2d\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n5.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e2d\u592e\u9ed1\u571f\u533a<\/td>\n6.4<\/td>\n6.4<\/td>\n8.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e0b\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0<\/td>\n3.7<\/td>\n3.7<\/td>\n4.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22<\/td>\n3.9<\/td>\n3.9<\/td>\n6.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/td>\n5.3<\/td>\n5.3<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u897f\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/td>\n7.7<\/td>\n7.7<\/td>\n6.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e4c\u514b\u5170<\/td>\n5.1<\/td>\n5.1<\/td>\n8.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/td>\n4.9<\/td>\n4.9<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n6.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766<\/td>\n4.3<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n5.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u519c\u4e1a\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u90e8\uff08NKZ\uff09\u6765\u81ea\u82cf\u8054\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u592e\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6863\u6848\u9986\uff08TsGANKh SSSR\uff09\u0444.7486 \u043e\u043f.3 \u0434.4456, \u043b.71\uff1b\u65af\u8482\u82ac.\u60e0\u7279\u514b\u6d1b\u592b\u7279\uff08Stephen Wheatcroft\uff09\u548cR.W.\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\uff08R.W.Davies\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u989d\u5916\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u56fd\u6c11\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6838\u7b97\u5c40\uff08TsUNKhU\uff09\u6765\u81ea\u0444.1562 \u043e\u043f.76 \u0434.160 \uff08\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0432 1932 \u0433.\uff09\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u81ea\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\uff0c5\u5377\uff08Moscow: Nauka, 1986\u20141988\uff092\uff1a256\u3002\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u6765\u81ea\u0421\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420\uff0c269\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\uff0c1932\u5e74\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u6536\u83b7\u4e86\u603b\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u6210\u768466.9%\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u90e8\u5206\u7531\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\uff089.5%\uff09\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u519c\u6c11\uff0823.6%\uff09\u6536\u83b7\u3002\u96f6\u661f\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6237\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u597d\u3002\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7684\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u5360\u82cf\u8054\u603b\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u768425%\uff0c\u4ea7\u91cf\u4ece1930\u5e74\u7684\u6bcf\u516c\u987716\u516c\u62c5\u4e0b\u964d\u52301931\u5e74\u76848.4\u516c\u62c5\uff0c1932\u5e74\u76842.9\u516c\u62c5\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9500\u552e\u7cae\u98df\u4ece1931\u5e74\u768437.24\u4e07\u5428\u4e0b\u964d\u52301932\u5e74\u768421.35\u4e07\u5428\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u6536\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u3002\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\uff0c\u5360\u603b\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\u6536\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\u7684\u53e6\u591620%\uff0c\u6839\u636e5\u67086\u65e5\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u53ea\u5b8c\u6210\u4e8660%\u7684\u914d\u989d\uff0c47.5\u4e07\u5428\uff1b\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u2014\u2014\u5b98\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u662f156\u4e07\u5428\u3002\u9664\u975e\u6536\u6210\u6570\u5b57\u50cf\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u6536\u83b7\u524d\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5e76\u9ad8\u4f30\u4e86\u5b9e\u9645\u4ea7\u91cf\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u91ca\u914d\u989d\u5b8c\u6210\u548c\u6536\u6210\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002[36]<\/p>\n

\u6839\u636e\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\uff0c1932\u5e74\u4e2a\u4f53\u6237\u5360\u7cae\u98df\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u768421.4%\uff0c\u5360\u7cae\u98df\u603b\u4ea7\u91cf\u768423.6%\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6bd4\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u548c\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\u7565\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6237\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u90e8\u95e8\u66f4\u96be\u5b8c\u6210\u6536\u8d2d\u914d\u989d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u914d\u989d\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u914d\u989d\u540c\u65f6\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u5728\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u5b8c\u6210\u4e8639.5%\u7684\u914d\u989d\u3002[37] \u5982\u679c\u6536\u8d2d\u5b8c\u6210\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6237\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u6210\u5fc5\u987b\u6bd4\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\u7684\u8981\u4f4e\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u636e\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u751f\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6536\u83b7\u524d\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u6765\u6e90\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f30\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u57281932\u5e74\u4e5f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u6237\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\u3002[38] \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a1932\u5e74\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u88ab\u9ad8\u4f30\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u6210\u5e74\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u6536\u6210\u6bd4\u5b8c\u6210\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u4f4e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u8425\u519c\u573a\u548c\u4e2a\u4f53\u6237\u7684\u6536\u6210\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u8d2d\u91cf\u6697\u793a\u7684\u4e00\u6837\u4f4e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6536\u6210\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e5000\u4e07\u5428\u3002[39]<\/p>\n

1932\u5e74\u6536\u6210\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u662f\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e5f\u5bf9\u58f0\u79f0\u6536\u6210\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9965\u8352\u662f\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u6000\u7591\u3002[40]\u5982\u679c\u6536\u6210\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u4f4e\uff0c\u9965\u8352\u5c31\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u77ed\u7f3a\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002\u5173\u4e8e1932-1933\u5e74\u519c\u6751\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u9965\u8352\u7684\u5730\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u5f3a\u70c8\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u886810.\u6839\u636e\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0432 1932 \u0433.\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u636e\u548c\u5b98\u65b9\u6570\u5b57\u8ba1\u7b97\u52a0\u6743\u5e73\u5747\u7cae\u98df\u4ea7\u91cf<\/p>\n

\u5730\u533a \u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\uff08\u516c\u62c5\/\u516c\u9877\uff09 \u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u79cd\u690d\u9762\u79ef\uff08\u516c\u9877\uff09 \u6536\u83b7\uff08\u4ea7\u91cfx\u79cd\u690d\u9762\u79ef\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u5730\u533a<\/th>\n\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\uff08\u516c\u62c5\/\u516c\u9877\uff09<\/th>\n\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u79cd\u690d\u9762\u79ef\uff08\u516c\u9877\uff09<\/th>\n\u6536\u83b7\uff08\u4ea7\u91cfx\u79cd\u690d\u9762\u79ef\uff09<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\u82cf\u8054<\/td>\n6.8<\/td>\n69,119.7<\/td>\n470,013.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n53,065.1<\/td>\n344,923.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u533a\u57df\u6570\u5b57\uff1a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5317\u65b9\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/td>\n9.8<\/td>\n498.7<\/td>\n4,887.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u5dde<\/td>\n7.7<\/td>\n535.0<\/td>\n4,119.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u897f\u90e8\u5dde<\/td>\n7.2<\/td>\n1,411.3<\/td>\n10,161.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5dde<\/td>\n8.5<\/td>\n2,056.5<\/td>\n17,480.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u6c83\u5dde<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n667.0<\/td>\n6.003.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u5dde<\/td>\n4.6<\/td>\n4,873.2<\/td>\n22,416.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u9791\u977c\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/td>\n8.7<\/td>\n1,935.7<\/td>\n16,840.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e2d\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0<\/td>\n5.0<\/td>\n6,233.0<\/td>\n31,165.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e2d\u592e\u9ed1\u571f\u533a<\/td>\n6.4<\/td>\n5,305.8<\/td>\n33,957.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e0b\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0<\/td>\n3.7<\/td>\n6,745.6<\/td>\n24,958.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22<\/td>\n3.9<\/td>\n7,112.2<\/td>\n27,737.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd<\/td>\n5.3<\/td>\n628.6<\/td>\n3,331.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u897f\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8fb9\u7586\u533a<\/td>\n7.7<\/td>\n4,438.4<\/td>\n34,175.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e4c\u514b\u5170<\/td>\n5.1<\/td>\n13,005.0<\/td>\n66,325.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af<\/td>\n4.9<\/td>\n1,146.9<\/td>\n5,619.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5916\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22<\/td>\n7.0<\/td>\n836.8<\/td>\n5,857.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u4e4c\u5179\u522b\u514b\u65af\u5766<\/td>\n4.3<\/td>\n615.9<\/td>\n2,648.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u571f\u5e93\u66fc\u65af\u5766<\/td>\n7.5<\/td>\n96.2<\/td>\n721.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u6ce8\uff1a\u52a0\u6743\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\uff08\u5217l\uff09\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5730\u533a\u7684\u603b\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u548c\u6536\u83b7\u91cf\uff08\u52172\u548c3\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–<\/td>\n5.5 58<\/td>\n141.8 318<\/td>\n406.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u7701\u7565\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u7cae\u98df\u64ad\u79cd\u548c\u6536\u83b7\u91cf\uff0c\u603b\u8ba1*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n10,977.9<\/td>\n69,119.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u5305\u62ec\u7701\u7565\u5730\u533a\u5728\u5185\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u52a0\u6743\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\uff1a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
–<\/td>\n5.65 72<\/td>\n143.2 390<\/td>\n549.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u6ce8\uff1a\u52a0\u6743\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\uff08\u5217l\uff09\u662f\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5730\u533a\u7684\u603b\u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u548c\u6536\u83b7\u91cf\uff08\u52172\u548c3\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u3002
\n– 5.5 58 141.8 318 406.5
\n\u7701\u7565\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u7cae\u98df\u64ad\u79cd\u548c\u6536\u83b7\u91cf\uff0c\u603b\u8ba1*
\n– – 10,977.9 69,119.7
\n\u5305\u62ec\u7701\u7565\u5730\u533a\u5728\u5185\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u52a0\u6743\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\uff1a
\n– 5.65 72 143.2 390 549.7
\n*\u7701\u7565\u7684\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u6536\u83b7\u91cf\uff0c\u4ece\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0432 1932 \u0433. \uff08\u0421\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, 271\uff09 \u51fa\u7248\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u4e2d\u7701\u7565\uff1a\u5361\u7d2f\u5229\u963f\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c225.2\uff1b\u5df4\u4ec0\u57fa\u5c14\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c11,782.1\uff1b\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd20,361.6\uff1b\u5361\u62c9\u5361\u5c14\u5e15\u514b\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c99.1\uff1b\u5409\u5c14\u5409\u65af\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c3,455.6\uff1b\u96c5\u5e93\u7279\u81ea\u6cbb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c275.9\uff1b\u4e0b\u8bfa\u592b\u54e5\u7f57\u5fb7\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\uff0c19,686.2 \u4e1c\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\uff0c10,461.9\uff1b\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\uff0c3,442.5\uff1b\u5854\u5409\u514b\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff1b2,353.1 (\u603b\u8ba1\uff0c72,143.2)
\n\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u5e73\u5747\u4ea7\u91cf\u89c1\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0432 1932 \u0433. \u88689. \u64ad\u79cd\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6765\u0421\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420,252-259\u3002<\/p>\n

\u96f6\u661f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u3002\u5982\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u9965\u8352\u548c\u997f\u6b7b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u65af\u6469\u68f1\u65af\u514b\u548c\u5965\u5ed6\u5c14\u5730\u533a\uff1b\u4e2d\u592e\u9ed1\u571f\u5730\u5dde\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u6863\u6848\u62a5\u544a\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u4f9b\u5e94\u56f0\u96be\u548c\u201c\u5927\u91cf\u56e0\u9965\u997f\u800c\u80bf\u80c0\u548c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u201d\u3002[41] \u4e00\u4f4d\u524d\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u6210\u5458\u8bf4\uff0c\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e5f\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u9965\u8352\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u5173\u4e8e\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0\u5730\u533a\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u4e13\u5bb6\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u57281931-1933\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u4f9b\u5e94\u56f0\u96be\u201d\uff1b\u4e00\u4f4d\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u4f4f\u5728\u8428\u62c9\u6258\u592b\u9644\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u997f\u6b7b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u6536\u5230\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u65b0\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u62b5\u5236\u7cae\u98df\u6536\u8d2d\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u519c\u4e1a\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81.\u51ef\u6069\u65af\uff08Andrew Cairns\uff09\uff0c\u4e8e1932\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e3b\u8981\u7cae\u98df\u4ea7\u533a\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u6208\u7f57\u5fb7\u9547\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u62e6\u4f4f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\uff0c\u6751\u5e84\u7a7a\u65e0\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u4e61\u4e0b\u997f\u6b7b\u3002[42]<\/p>\n

\u9965\u8352\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u57281930-1933\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7f13\u89e3\u4f9b\u5e94\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u4f9b\u5e94\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u52301932-1933\u5e74\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u4f4e\u70b9\u3002[43] \u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u5e74\u8ba1\u5212\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u57ce\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u4f7f\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u4ece\u6751\u5e84\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u5de5\u4e1a\u533a\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u63a5\u53d7\u7cae\u98df\u914d\u7ed9\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u4ece1930\u5e74\u76842600\u4e07\u589e\u52a0\u52301932\u5e74\u76844000\u4e07\u3002[44] \u7cae\u98df\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6536\u8d2d\u91cf\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u57ce\u5e02\u7cae\u98df\u4f9b\u5e94\u5927\u5e45\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u50a8\u5907\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8ddf\u4e0a\u914d\u7ed9\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6b65\u4f10\u30021931\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u914d\u7ed9\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u5de5\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u57ce\u9547\u6392\u9664\u5728\u914d\u7ed9\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5916\uff1b1932\u5e74\u53c8\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u4e8e1932\u5e745\u67084\u65e5\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u7535\u62a5\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f9b\u5e94\u6709\u6240\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u7701\u5185\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8981\u7cdf\u7cd5\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u914d\u7ed9\u88ab\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u5bb6\u5c5e\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u914d\u7ed9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u94b1\u82b1\u5728\u79c1\u4eba\u7cae\u98df\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u30027\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u7535\u62a5\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56f0\u96be\u662f\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u201d\u3002\u51ef\u6069\u65af\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u9650\u5236\u6027\u914d\u7ed9\uff08\u8fd9\u4e9b\u914d\u7ed9\u5f80\u5f80\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u53d1\u653e\uff09\u3001\u201c\u5929\u4ef7\u201d\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u4ef7\u683c\u548c\u5927\u4e2d\u5c0f\u57ce\u9547\u96c6\u5e02\u4e0a\u7cae\u98df\u4f9b\u5e94\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u79fb\u6c11\u6765\u6e90\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u57ce\u5e02\u201c\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7cae\u98df\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002[45]<\/p>\n

\u57281932\u5e74\uff0c\u65e5\u76ca\u6076\u5316\u7684\u77ed\u7f3a\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u79bb\u5f00\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bfb\u627e\u98df\u7269\u3002\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5de5\u4e1a\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u6d41\u52a8\u7387\u6bcf\u9694\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u5c31\u8d85\u8fc7100%\uff0c\u800c\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0b\u964d\u52301928\u5e74\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u4e00\u9879\u5173\u4e8e\u7b2c\u8042\u4f2f\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u4f0a\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u867d\u71361932-1933\u5e74\u7684\u9965\u8352\u5bf9\u519c\u6751\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6bd4\u57ce\u9547\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u5bf9\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\u3002\u9762\u5305\u914d\u7ed9\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u53d1\u653e\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u79bb\u5f00\u5de5\u4f5c\u53bb\u6392\u957f\u957f\u7684\u9762\u5305\u961f\uff0c\u4f24\u5bd2\u3001\u80ba\u7ed3\u6838\u548c\u5929\u82b1\u53d8\u5f97\u666e\u904d\u3002\u6d41\u4ea1\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u62a5\u520a\u4e0a\u5173\u4e8e\u82cf\u8054\u51e0\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u8868\u660e\uff0c1932\u5e74\u7cae\u98df\u4ef7\u683c\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u3002\u84dd\u9886\u548c\u767d\u9886\u5de5\u4eba\u5356\u6389\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u6765\u4e70\u9762\u5305\uff0c\u76d7\u7a83\u7316\u7357\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u6539\u5584\u7684\u524d\u666f\u3002\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u9003\u4ea1\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u4ece\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u5e84\u9003\u8d70\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u5bfb\u627e\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u653f\u6743\u57281932\u5e74\u5e95\u6062\u590d\u4e86\u6c99\u7687\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u62a4\u7167\u5236\u5ea6\u3002[46]<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u57281933\u5e74\u4e0a\u534a\u5e74\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6076\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u9879\u5173\u4e8e\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u62a5\u520a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u201c[\u83ab\u65af\u79d1]\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u9965\u8352\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u201c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9996\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u9965\u8352\u66f4\u52a0\u4e25\u91cd\u201d\u3002\u5230\u4e865\u6708\uff0c\u57ce\u9547\u5c45\u6c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u6ca1\u6709\u89c1\u8fc7\u201c\u53ef\u98df\u7528\u7684\u9762\u5305\u201d\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u91cc\u6324\u6ee1\u4e86\u9965\u997f\u7684\u513f\u7ae5\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6bdb\u91cc\u65af.\u5370\u5ea6\u65af\uff08Maurice Hindus\uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4e94\u5e74\u8ba1\u5212\uff08\u57281933\u5e74\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u7cae\u98df\u5371\u673a\u6bd41921\u5e74\u7684\u9965\u8352\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u914d\u7ed9\u6bd4\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u8fd8\u4f4e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u57281932\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\uff0c\u57fa\u8f85\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u9762\u5305\u914d\u7ed9\u4ece2\u78c5\u51cf\u5c11\u52301.5\u78c5\uff0c\u767d\u9886\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u914d\u7ed9\u4ece1\u78c5\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u534a\u78c5\u3002\u76f4\u52301933\u5e747\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u7535\u62a5\u8fd8\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u7701\u7ea7\u57ce\u9547\u751a\u81f3\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c\u997f\u6b7b\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u51e0\u4efd\u5916\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e0a\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u7cae\u98df\u4f9b\u5e94\u4e0b\u964d\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3001\u7f62\u5de5\u548c\u5de5\u5382\u9003\u4ea1\u3002[47]<\/p>\n

\u7cae\u98df\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u98df\u54c1\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4ef7\u683c\u53cd\u6620\u4e861932-1933\u5e74\u77ed\u7f3a\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u6027\u548c\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7cae\u98df\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u57281932\u5e74\u7684\u524d\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u591a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u52301933\u5e74\uff1b\u7cae\u98df\u548c\u9762\u7c89\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u57281933\u5e746\u6708\u8fbe\u5230\u9876\u5cf0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u968f\u77401933\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u6210\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u4ef7\u683c\u8fc5\u901f\u4e0b\u964d\uff1b\u523012\u6708\uff0c\u7cae\u98df\u4ef7\u683c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0b\u964d\u4e8660%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0b\u964d\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8be5\u653f\u7b56\u8feb\u4f7f\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\u4ee5\u7565\u4f4e\u4e8e\u519c\u6c11\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u51fa\u552e\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u6536\u8d2d\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u3002\u57281933\u5e74\u5e95\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u65e0\u6548\u6027\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u90a3\u65f6\u4f9b\u5e94\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002[48]<\/p>\n

\u82cf\u805420\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u7684\u5730\u533a\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u7531TsUNKhU\u7f16\u5236\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7531\u60e0\u7279\u514b\u7f57\u592b\u7279\uff08Wheatcroft\uff09\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u867d\u7136\u9965\u8352\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5dde\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u66f4\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7edd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u30021933\u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5730\u533a\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u519c\u6751\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u90fd\u6bd41932\u5e74\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5728\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0\u76c6\u5730\u3001\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u3001\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u519c\u4e1a\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u63a5\u8fd1\u6216\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86M.\u9a6c\u514b\u82cf\u591a\u592b \uff08\u041c.\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e1959\u5e74\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u8fd1\u7531\u82cf\u8054\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u4f5c\u8005\u5e93\u5c14\u5947\u8328\u57fa\uff08\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439\uff09\u548c\u8fea\u4e9a\u7434\u79d1\uff08\u0414\u044c\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u5373\u9965\u8352\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u548c\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4f0f\u5c14\u52a0\u76c6\u5730\uff08\u6839\u636e\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ece\u6208\u5c14\u57fa\u5230\u963f\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u7f55\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u9ed1\u571f\u5730\u5dde\u3001\u4e4c\u62c9\u5c14\u548c\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u65af\u5766\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5982\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6c83\u6d1b\u683c\u8fbe\u548c\u963f\u5c14\u6c49\u683c\u5c14\u65af\u514b\u7b49\u5730\u533a\u3002[49]<\/p>\n

\u7cae\u98df\u77ed\u7f3a\u53ca\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u515a\u5185\u5bf9\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u6839\u636e\u9c8d\u91cc\u65af.\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08\u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439\uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u52301932\u5e74\uff0c\u9965\u8352\u7684\u8513\u5ef6\u548c\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u53cd\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u67f3\u4eac\u7eb2\u9886\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u515a\u5458\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u77ed\u7f3a\u548c1932\u5e74\u7684\u6536\u8d2d\u8fd0\u52a8\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u538b\u5236\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u653f\u6743\u57281932\u5e74\u5e95\u5728\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u548c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u6e05\u6d17\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u5c06\u5176\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5168\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u3002[50]<\/p>\n

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