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CPI\uff09\uff0c\u62db\u52df7\u00b75\u4e07\u540d\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6700\u540e\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u518c\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd-\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u9634\u8c0b\u201d\uff08The German-Bolshevik Conspiracy\uff09\u7684\u518c\u5b50\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u5f88\u5927\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u8bb2\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u88ab\u5fb7\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u6536\u4e70\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u5b83\u7531CPI\u7ec4\u59d4\u4f1a\u7684\u57c3\u5fb7\u52a0\u00b7\u897f\u68ee\uff08Edgar Sisson\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u5316\u4e86\u5927\u4ef7\u94b1\u4e13\u7a0b\u57281918\u5e74\u6625\u4ece\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u4e70\u6765\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u5171\u8ba168\u4ef6\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u68ee\u5c31\u8363\u4efbCPI\u6d77\u5916\u90e8\u5934\u76ee\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u518c\u5b50\u88abCPI\u53d1\u884c\u4e86137,000\u4efd\u3002[ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sisson_Documents\uff0c\uff1b]<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u634f\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u4e5f\u5bf9\u6b64\u8868\u793a\u6000\u7591\u3002\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u5148\u662f\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u538b\u4e86\u56db\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u81f31918\u5e749\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u548cCPI\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0d\u987e\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u5206\u6210\u4e03\u671f\u8ba9\u5a92\u4f53\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7f8e\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u90fd\u6beb\u65e0\u6000\u7591\u5730\u7167\u767b\u4e0d\u8bef\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u65f6\u62a5\u300b\u5c31\u5728\u300a\u6587\u4ef6\u8bc1\u660e\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u53d7\u96c7\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u300b\u7684\u6807\u9898\u4e0b\u8bb2\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u3002[ Oliver Stone \u3001Peter Kuznick \uff1aThe Untold History of The United States \uff0cpp9-10. London\uff1aEbury Press, 2012.]<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u4e89\u8bba\u5f88\u5feb\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u665a\u90ae\u300b\uff08New York Evening Post\uff09\u5f3a\u70c8\u8d28\u7591\u5176\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u524d\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u3002\u4e00\u5468\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\u5468\u520a\u548c\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u90fd\u62a5\u9053\u4e86\u66fe\u4efb\u82cf\u4fc4\u8bb0\u8005\u7684\u82ac\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u3001\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u5c40\u957fS. Nuorteva\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u65e9\u5c31\u666e\u904d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u803b\u7684\u634f\u9020\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u9488\u5bf9\u6587\u4ef6\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u8513\u5ef6\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0cCPI\u7684\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u5c14\uff08George Creel\uff09\u548c\u897f\u68ee\u90fd\u7528\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u6765\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6279\u6750\u6599\u80cc\u4e66\u3002\u514b\u91cc\u5c14\u58f0\u79f0\uff1a\u6307\u63a7\u6750\u6599\u634f\u9020\u5c31\u662f\u82cf\u4fc4\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u3001\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6750\u6599\u7684\u4fe1\u8a89\u62c5\u4fdd\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u5a01\u5413\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u665a\u90ae\u300b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5371\u673a\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u8be5\u62a5\u652f\u6301\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u654c\u4eba\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ffd\u7a76\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u62c5\u4fdd\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u9879\u90fd\u88ab\u786e\u8ba4\u771f\u5b9e\u624d\u4f1a\u516c\u5e03[ Ibid.]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u516c\u4f17\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0cCPI\u51b3\u5b9a\u627e\u4e13\u5bb6\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u53f2\u5b66\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08The National Board for Historical Service \uff09\u540c\u610f\u7ed9\u4e88\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u5e76\u4efb\u547d\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u521b\u529e\u4eba\u548c\u8d44\u6df1\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u534e\u76db\u987f\u5361\u5185\u57fa\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u4e3b\u4efb\u6770\u59c6\u900a\uff08J.Franklin Jameson\uff09\u548c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u4fc4\u8bed\u6559\u6388\u54c8\u73c0\uff08Samuel N.Harper\uff09\u5171\u540c\u5b8c\u6210\u6863\u6848\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u8c03\u67e5\u3002\u53ea\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u5468\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u4e8669\u4efd\u5373\u5c06\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a54\u4efd\u6d89\u53ca\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u6beb\u65e0\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff1b\u6d89\u53ca\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u53ef\u7591\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6770\u59c6\u900a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u901a\u4fc4\u8bed\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u54c8\u73c0\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u54c8\u73c0\u5728\u4ed6\u6b7b\u540e\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u5766\u7387\u5730\u62d2\u7edd\u8bc4\u8bba\u897f\u68ee\u6587\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u5217\u5b81\u7a7f\u8d8a\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fb9\u5883\u65f6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u8c0b\u90e8\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u95f4\u8c0d\u3002\u6211\u548c\u6770\u59c6\u900a\u51c6\u5907\u9648\u8ff0\u8bf4\uff1a\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4ece\u519b\u4e8b\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\u5217\u5b81\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5e2e\u52a9\u654c\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u65e0\u52a9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\uff08\u516c\u4f17\uff09\u6fc0\u60c5\u53bb\u52a8\u5458\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6295\u5165\u6218\u6597\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u91cc\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5ba3\u79f0\u6863\u6848\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u897f\u68ee\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e5f\u50cf\u6863\u6848\u90a3\u6837\u9700\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u53bb\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u8fd9\u6700\u540e\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u8ba9\u6211\u5fe7\u8651\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u4eba\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u53f7\u53ec\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u624d\u80fd\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u76ee\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u62a4\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\u3002[ \u00a0George Kennan\uff1aThe Sisson Documents\uff0cJournal of Modern History ,vol.28\uff0cJune 1956\uff0cp132. \u5f15\u6587\u90e8\u5206\u7cfb\u7b14\u8005\u81ea\u8bd1\u3002]<\/p>\n<p>\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\u90e8\u5206\u8fd8\u900f\u9732\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u5728\u538b\u529b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u548c\u4e24\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u968f\u7740\u4e00\u6218\u57281918\u5e74\u7ed3\u675f\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5bf9\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u7684\u6000\u7591\uff0c1920-1921\u5e74\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u51b3\u5b9a\u91cd\u542f\u5bf9\u5176\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u65ad\u7136\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u73b0\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u817e\u51fa\u624b\u6765\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5904\u7f6e\uff08make the proper disposition of them\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u79bb\u5f00\u767d\u5bab\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6279\u6750\u6599\u5c31\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e86\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u8c03\u67e5\u4e5f\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp]<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u76f4\u52301952\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u603b\u7edf\u51c6\u5907\u79bb\u5f00\u767d\u5bab\uff0c\u8fd9\u6279\u6587\u4ef6\u624d\u4ece\u767d\u5bab\u7684\u4fdd\u9669\u7bb1\u91cc\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u6863\u6848\u9986\u5b58\u6863\u30021956\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u82cf\u8054\u5927\u4f7f\u7684\u8457\u540d\u5916\u4ea4\u5bb6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u51ef\u5357\uff08George Kennan\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\uff08Journal of Modern History 28\uff0cJune 1956\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u897f\u68ee\u6587\u4ef6\u300b\uff08The Sisson Documents\uff09\u7684\u957f\u8fbe24\u9875\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8be6\u5c3d\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u8fd9\u6279\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u662f\u4f2a\u9020\u7684\u3002[ \u00a0Oliver Stone \u3001Peter Kuznick \uff1aThe Untold History of The United States \uff0cpp9-10. London\uff1aEbury Press, 2012.]<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-e4c2f495d883dc6c5afb8cc40107775e_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u540d\u7684\u4e54\u6cbb \u00b7\u51ef\u5357\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u6b64\u516c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u94c1\u6746\u53cd\u5171\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u7387\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5bf9\u82cf\u904f\u5236\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u6380\u8d77\u51b7\u6218\u505a\u51c6\u5907<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u51ef\u5357\u6307\u51fa\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fdd\u80cc\u57fa\u672c\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\u8bba\u65ad\u4e0a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u4ece\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u5230\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279\uff0d\u91cc\u6258\u592b\u65af\u514b\u6761\u7ea6\u7b7e\u7f72\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u82cf\u4fc4\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u90fd\u5728\u6697\u5730\u91cc\u7ad9\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u8c0b\u90e8\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u6210\u529f\u5730\u505a\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4eca\u540e\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u90fd\u505a\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u515a\u5185\u540c\u5fd7\u4e5f\u9690\u7792\u4e86\uff1b\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u90e8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u64cd\u63a7\u4e861918\u5e741\u6708\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u8fd8\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5927\u6279\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u591a\u6570\u515a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff1b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u51ef\u5357\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5bf9\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u548c\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279\uff0d\u91cc\u6258\u592b\u65af\u514b\u6761\u7ea6\u7b7e\u7f72\u671f\u95f4\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u515a\u5185\u6fc0\u70c8\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6709\u57fa\u672c\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u5217\u5b81\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53cd\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5978\u7ec6\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u65b9\u9762\u8bf4\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279\uff0d\u91cc\u6258\u592b\u65af\u514b\u6761\u7ea6\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u53c2\u4e0e\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u3001\u519b\u65b9\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fb7\u7687\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0e\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6863\u6848\u90fd\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u5730\u8bc1\u660e\u5217\u5b81\u91cc\u901a\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002[ George Kennan\uff1aThe Sisson Documents\uff0cJournal of Modern History ,vol.28\uff0cJune 1956\uff0cpp134-135.]<\/p>\n<p>\u51ef\u5357\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u897f\u68ee\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u786c\u4f24\uff0c\u591a\u4e3a\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3001\u4eba\u7269\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53f2\u6599\u6216\u53f2\u5b9e\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdd\u80cc\u4e86\u95f4\u8c0d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5217\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u540d\u548c\u673a\u6784\u540d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6587\u4ef67 \u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u90e8\u901a\u544a\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u575a\u6301\u201d\u5728\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u9009\u4e0a\u7684\u82cf\u4fc4\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u59d4\u5458\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f1a\u628a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5f0f\u4fe1\u51fd\u6765\u9012\u4ea4\u5417\uff1f\u82cf\u4fc4\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4fe1\u51fd\u8fd8\u628a\u5b83\u653e\u5728\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\u5b58\u6863\uff0c\u4e0d\u6015\u5728\u515a\u5185\u5f15\u53d1\u4e89\u8bae\uff1f[ Ibid\uff0cpp136-138.]<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u6280\u672f\u6027\u786c\u4f24\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u5f88\u591a\u786c\u4f24\u6070\u6070\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b98\u65b91919\u5e74\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u518c\u5b50\u91cc\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u9996\u4efb\u603b\u7406\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u53f3\u7ffc\u9996\u9886\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u8c22\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Philipp Scheidemann\uff09\u4e3a\u6b64\u5199\u4e86\u5e8f\u8a00\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u5e03\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4f2a\u9020\u7684\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u683c\u52d2\u7eb3 (Wilhelm Groener)\u5c06\u519b\u4ee3\u8868\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u65b9\u7b7e\u5b57\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u897f\u68ee\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u897f\u68ee\u672c\u4eba\u4e0d\u8ba4\u53ef\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6765\u81ea\u654c\u65b9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u51ef\u5357\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\u662f\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u5a01\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62c5\u4fdd\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5377\u5165\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u6781\u6613\u88ab\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u6293\u4f4f\u628a\u67c4\u6765\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u51ef\u5357\u8be6\u7ec6\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e03\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u786c\u4f24\uff1a1\uff0c\u4fe1\u7684\u62ac\u5934\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u53f7\u79f0\u603b\u53c2\u90e8\u7684\u4e0b\u5c5e\u90e8\u95e8Grosser Generalstab, \u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u786e\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u57281914\u5e74\u5c31\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u4e5f\u4ece\u6ca1\u6709\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u62ac\u5934\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u62fc\u6cd5\u5176\u5b9e\u6781\u5c11\u51fa\u73b0\u57281918\u5e74\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u4ef6\u91cc\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7528Bureau\u4ee3\u66ffB\u00fcro\u7b49\u30022\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u4fe1\u51fd\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u4fc4\u8bed\u5199\u5c31\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u5927\u591a\u6570\u82cf\u4fc4\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u90fd\u61c2\u5fb7\u8bed\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u66f4\u662f\u7cbe\u901a\u5fb7\u8bed\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u90e8\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u6d3e\u9a7b\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u548c\u6253\u5b57\u5458\u90fd\u662f\u4fc4\u8bed\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u96c7\u5458\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4fdd\u5bc6\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u7b7e\u540d\u7528\u7684\u662f\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u8bed\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u30023\uff0c\u65e5\u5386\u95ee\u9898\uff0c1917-1918\u5e74\u51ac\u5929\u662f\u4fc4\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4ece\u65e7\u5386\uff08\u5112\u7565\u5386\uff09\u5230\u65b0\u5386\uff08\u897f\u5f0f\u683c\u91cc\u9ad8\u5229\u5386\uff09\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u671f\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u6b63\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u65b0\u5386\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e1918\u5e742\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u524d\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u662f\u540c\u65f6\u6807\u6ce8\u4e24\u79cd\u65e5\u671f\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u540c\u65f6\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65e5\u671f\u30024\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u7b7e\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u526f\u5b98\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b7e\u540d\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u519b\u65b9\u4ece\u672a\u5b9e\u73b0\u30025\uff0c\u5c01\u5370\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u90e8\u9a7b\u4fc4\u56fd\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5c01\u5370\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5c01\u5370\u30026\uff0c\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5fb7\u65b9\u7b7e\u540d\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e09\u5230\u56db\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u624b\uff0c\u800c\u82cf\u65b9\u7b7e\u6536\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u30027\uff0c\u6253\u5b57\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6587\u4ef6\u90fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e94\u53f0\u6253\u5b57\u673a\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp138-143.]<\/p>\n<p>\u6863\u6848\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u610f\u5473\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u53f6\u592b\u6839\u5c3c\u00b7\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\uff08Evgeni \u00a0Semenov\uff09\uff0c\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u4f9b\u804c\u5728\u4e00\u5bb6\u53eb\u505a\u300a\u665a\u95f4\u62a5\u300b\uff08Vechernee Vremya \uff09\u7684\u5c0f\u62a5, \u8be5\u62a5\u4e3a\u53cd\u5fb7\u3001\u53cd\u72b9\u3001\u53cd\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7684\u8457\u540d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u963f\u5217\u514b\u8c22\u00b7\u82cf\u6c83\u6797\uff08Alexsei Suvorin \uff09\u62e5\u6709\u3002\u4e03\u6708\u4e8b\u53d8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u9ed1\u6750\u6599\u7684\u7f16\u9020\u3002\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u300a\u665a\u95f4\u62a5\u300b \u88ab\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u53d6\u7f14\uff0c\u4ed6\u8dd1\u5230\u987f\u6cb3\u54e5\u8428\u514b\u7684\u5730\u76d8\uff0c\u52a0\u5165\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u8bfa\u592b\u5c06\u519b\u7684\u767d\u519b\u30021918\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e26\u7740\u4f7f\u547d\u56de\u5230\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u534f\u8bae\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u5904\u83b7\u5f97\u8d37\u6b3e\u652f\u6301\u987f\u6cb3\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53cd\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u5230\u8fbe\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u83b7\u5f97\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8001\u6863\u6848\u6548\u7528\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u53ef\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u638c\u6743\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u5377\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94b1\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e2\u4f53\u3002\u4e8e\u662f,\u65b0\u7684\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u90e8\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e0e\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7684\u8054\u76df\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8fd8\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5c31\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u6218\u65f6\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\u5728\u8bbf\u8c08\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u300a\u665a\u95f4\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ce2\u5170\u88d4\u4fc4\u56fd\u4f20\u8bb0\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5b89\u4e1c\u00b7\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08Anton Ossendowski\uff09\u66fe\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa1903\u5e74\u66fe\u5728\u6d77\u53c2\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u5230\u8fc7\u54c8\u5c14\u6ee8\uff0c\u4efb\u804c\u4e8e\u94c1\u8def\u90e8\u95e8\u3002\u4e00\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u56de\u5230\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u665a\u95f4\u62a5\u300b\u4e0a\u4ee5Mzurad \u4e3a\u7b14\u540d\u6301\u7eed\u653b\u51fb\u5728\u4fc4\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5546\u4ebaA.Dattan\u662f\u95f4\u8c0d\uff0c\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u6574\u4e2a\u62a5\u7eb8\u90fd\u4ece\u5fb7\u5546\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u62a5\u916c\u30021917\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\u4e00\u8d77\u4e0e\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u90e8\u95e8\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u201c\u63ed\u53d1\u201d\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53cd\u5fb7\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fe9\u4ece\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u603b\u90e8\u83b7\u5f97\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u5fb7\u6d3b\u52a8\u53d7\u5230\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u8d22\u9600\u3001\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6218\u65f6\u5de5\u4e1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u9996\u4efb\u9646\u519b\u4e0e\u6d77\u519b\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u53e4\u5951\u79d1\u592b\uff08A.I.Guchkov\uff09\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u4e0e\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u66fe\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u5c14\u5c3c\u8bfa\u592b\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u53db\u53d8\u3002\u3002\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u638c\u63e1\u653f\u6743\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u9884\u5907\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4fc4\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u4eec\u7684\u6750\u6599\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u7684\u8c22\u82d7\u8bfa\u592b\u6b63\u4ece\u54e5\u8428\u514b\u9886\u547d\u56de\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u82cf\u65b9\u7b7e\u6536\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7b14\u8ff9\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp143-148\u3002]<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5fb7\u56fd\u95f4\u8c0d\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u6d77\u53c2\u5a01\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505aKunst and Albers \u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6279\u53d1\u548c\u96f6\u552e\u5546\uff0c\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5f88\u591a\u57ce\u5e02\u62e5\u6709\u5546\u573a\u3002\u4e00\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u516c\u53f8\u8d1f\u8d23\u4ebaA.Dattan\u662f\u4fc4\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6587\u4ef69\u4e2d\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5fb7\u56fd\u95f4\u8c0d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a,\u65e9\u5728\u6218\u524d\u82cf\u6c83\u6797\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u5c31\u6301\u7eed\u653b\u51fbKunst and Albers\u516c\u53f8\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u57281915-1916\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u62c5\u4efb\u4e3b\u653b\u624b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cDattan \u5728\u4e00\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\u88ab\u88ab\u6d41\u653e\u5230\u6258\u6728\u65af\u514b\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d\u30021915\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u88ab\u8be5\u516c\u53f8\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bfd\u8c24\u548c\u52d2\u7d22\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e8c\u6708\u9769\u547d\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdb\u5165\u6cd5\u5ead\u5ba1\u7406\u3002\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4f7f\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u4ece\u88ab\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\u89e3\u6551\u51fa\u6765\uff0c1918\u5e745\u6708\u4ed6\u4ece\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u98de\u5f80\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5360\u9886\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\uff0c\u800c\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u6b66\u88c5\u5e72\u6d89\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u8feb\u5728\u7709\u776b\u3002\u897f\u68ee\u6587\u4ef629\u53f7\u65e5\u671f\u662f1918\u5e743\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u95f4\u8c0d\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4efd\u4e0d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u4ea4\u7ed9\u897f\u68ee\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf7\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u8f6c\u4ea4\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u897f\u68ee3\u67083\u65e5\u79bb\u5f00\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u4e4b\u540e\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u5e72\u6d89\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u88ab\u5a92\u4f53\u62ab\u9732\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u62c5\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u518d\u5ea6\u88ab\u8d77\u8bc9\uff0c\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u628a\u9ed1\u6750\u6599\u9884\u5148\u4ea4\u7ed9\u534f\u8bae\u56fd\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u81ea\u4fdd\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp148- 150. \u00a02013\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u672c\u5173\u4e8eKunst and Albers\u516c\u53f8\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u4e66\u9762\u4e16\uff0cLothar Deeg\uff1aKunst and Albers Vladivostok:\u00a0The History of a German Trading Company in the Russian Far East 1864\u20131924\uff0cepubli, 2013\uff1b\u5fb7\u6587\u7248\uff1aKlartext, 1996\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u62ab\u9732\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u88ab\u6218\u4e89\u94b3\u5236\u7684\u516c\u53f8\uff081914-1924\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u9677\u5bb3\u548c\u52d2\u7d22Dattan\u4e3a\u5fb7\u5978\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u7ecf\u5386\u3002] \u5927\u91cf\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5965\u68ee\u591a\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u662f\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u70ae\u5236\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u53cd\u5fb7\u6ce2\u5170\u4eba\u56e2\u4f53\u3002[ George Kennan\uff1aThe Sisson Documents\uff0cJournal of Modern History ,vol.28\uff0cJune 1956\uff0cpp150-152.]<\/p>\n<p>\u51ef\u5357\u5728\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u9644\u4ef6\u3002\u9644\u4ef61\u5305\u62ec15\u4ef6\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d7\u4ef6\u4fe1\u51fd\u6ca1\u6709\u539f\u4ef6\u6216\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u5224\u65ad\u771f\u4f2a\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6863\u6848\u5938\u5f20\u5730\u6d89\u53ca\u5217\u5b81\u3001\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u548c\u9ad8\u5c14\u57fa\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u54c8\u73c0\u548c\u6770\u59c6\u900a\u4e5f\u6ca1\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5217\u5165\u53ef\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e4b\u5217\u3002\u9644\u4ef62\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fb7\u56fd-\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u9634\u8c0b\u5b58\u5728\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp153-154.]<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u51ef\u5357\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ece1917\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u5230\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u4ee5\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a\u534a\u5c9b\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u4e2d\u8f6c\u652f\u63f4\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\u5f88\u590d\u6742\u3002\u5728\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u548c\u5916\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u901a\u8baf\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u8d22\u52a1\u5f80\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u5426\u6d89\u8db3\u5176\u4e2d\uff1f\u8d22\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5916\u90e8\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e2\u4f53\uff1f\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u660e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5728\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u524d\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u6743\u4e4b\u540e\u5728\u9053\u4e49\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u627f\u62c5\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6b63\u76f8\u53cd\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cp154.] \u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u51ef\u5357\u5bf9\u300a\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u300b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u5927\u4f17\u4f20\u5a92\u4e0a\u5374\u53cd\u5e94\u5be5\u843d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u5728\u300a\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u65e9\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u771f\u76f8\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>1918\u5e74\uff0c\u5373\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u7248\u5c40\u5f88\u5f97\u610f\u5730\u5370\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u96c6\u5b50\uff0c\u4e13\u6536\u90a3\u5173\u4e8e\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6d3e\u52fe\u7ed3\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b28\u62d9\u7684\u4f2a\u9020\uff0c\u7ecf\u4e0d\u8d77\u4e00\u70b9\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u5374\u88ab\u597d\u591a\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6709\u89c1\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u539f\u7a3f\u5927\u5bb6\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662f\u4ece\u5404\u56fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e43\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u67b6\u673a\u5668\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4f2a\u9020\u8005\u5e76\u672a\u4f9d\u7167\u666e\u901a\u89c4\u5219\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e3b\u987e\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u663e\u7136\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u66b4\u9732\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6d3e\u7f6a\u6076\u4e4b\u8981\u6c42\u53ef\u4ee5\u76d6\u4f4f\u8003\u8bc1\u6279\u8bc4\u5730\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9519\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5356\u5f97\u4e86\u9ad8\u4ef7\u3002[ http:\/\/marxists.anu.edu.au\/chinese\/Trotsky\/1930book\/trotsky-1930book35.htm.]<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u201d\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u4e11\u95fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u51ef\u5357\u51fa\u6765\u505a\u6b64\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u6b63\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u51ef\u5357\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u662f\u4e25\u91cd\u53cd\u82cf\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u8fdb\u884c\u201c\u904f\u5236\u201d\u6218\u7565\u7684\u51b7\u6218\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5e08\u548c\u64cd\u76d8\u624b\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u8fc7\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u6218\u7565\u3002\u5c31\u57281946\u5e74\u51ef\u5357\u4efb\u804c\u82cf\u8054\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u4e00\u5c01\u8457\u540d\u7684\u516b\u5343\u5b57\u7535\u62a5\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u904f\u5236\u201d\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u53f2\u79f0\u201c\u957f\u7535\u62a5\u201d\uff08the long 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Winfried B. Scharlau,\u3001Zbynek A. Zeman\uff08 \u5a01\u5c14\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7.B.\u6c99\u5c14\u52b3\uff0c\u8328\u6bd4\u5185\u514b.A.\u9f50\u66fc\uff09: Freibeuter der Revolution Parvus \u2013 Helphand\uff0cVerlag Wissenschaft und Politik, K\u00f6ln 1964;]\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005A. B. Zeman\uff0cW. B. Scharlau\u57281965\u5e74\u4ee5\u300a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5546\u4eba:\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u9ed1\u5c14\u51e1\u7279\uff08\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\uff091867-1924\u300b\u4e3a\u540d\uff0c\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u4e86\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u3002[ Z. A. B. Zeman\uff0cW. B. Scharlau : Merchant of Revolution\uff1aAlexander Israel\u00a0Helphand\u00a0(Parvus)\u00a0\uff0c1867-1924\uff0c London \uff1aOxford University Press\uff0c1965.] \u8bf7\u8bb0\u4f4f\u4f5c\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u9f50\u66fc\uff08A. B. 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Klaus\u662f\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5468\u520a\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u81ea1997\u5e74\u59cb\u662f\u8be5\u520a\u5386\u53f2\u7248\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u3002Altenh\u00f6ner, Florian\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u6392\u540d\u9760\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u4e5f\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6559\u804c\uff0c\u7f51\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u8f83\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7b80\u4ecb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u201c\u9ed1\u5c14\u51e1\u7279\uff08\u8d6b\u5c14\u65b9\u7279\uff09\u201d\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u7269\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ee5\u201c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u201d\u66f4\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u53f2\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u53d1\u6398\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\uff08Parvus\uff09\u662f\u8d6b\u5c14\u65b9\u72791894\u5e74\u5728\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u521b\u529e\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7406\u8bba\u520a\u7269\u300a\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\uff08Die Neue Zeit\uff09\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7b14\u540d[ Ibid\uff0cpp28-29. \u00a0]\u3002\u4ed6\u662f1867\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u540e\u79fb\u5c45\u5fb7\u56fd\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff0c\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u66fe\u4e0e\u7f57\u838e\u00b7\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u7b49\u4e00\u4ee3\u5de6\u7ffc\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4eba\u4ea4\u5f80\u5bc6\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u5b66\u672f\u754c\uff0c\u90d1\u5f02\u51e11984\u5e74\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff01964\u5e74\u5fb7\u6587\u7248\u4f20\u8bb0\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u5bf9\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u6279\u5224\u7684\u4eba\u30021898\u5e74\u521d, 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\u8981\u59b9\u59b9\u739b\u4e3d\u4e9a\u8bbe\u6cd5\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5bc4\u53bb1898\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u8428\u514b\u68ee\u5de5\u4eba\u62a5\u300b,\u5305\u62ec\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u53cd\u5bf9\u4f2f\u6069\u65bd\u5766\u7684\u6587\u7ae0,\u548c\u520a\u6709\u666e\u5217\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u611f\u8c22\u4ed6? \u300b\u4e00\u6587\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u3002[ \u90d1\u5f02\u51e1\uff1a\u300a\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5bf9\u4f2f\u6069\u65bd\u5766\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u5171\u8fd0\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u6599\u300b\u00a01984\u5e7402\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c145-151\u9875\u3002]1900\u5e74\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u89c1\u9762\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e92\u76f8\u6b23\u8d4f\u3002[ Z. A. B. Zeman\uff0cW. B. Scharlau : Merchant of Revolution\uff1aAlexander Israel\u00a0Helphand\u00a0(Parvus)\u00a0\uff0c1867-1924\uff0cpp56-57. London \uff1aOxford University Press\uff0c1965.] 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Ibid\uff0cp64. \u00a0] \u5f53\u65f6\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u95f4\u8c0d\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e5f\u6e17\u900f\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u9884\u6d4b\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u4fc4\u56fd\u4f1a\u8f93\u6389\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5f15\u53d1\u52a8\u4e71\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u9884\u8a00\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5fb7\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u90e8\u95e8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4ed6\u6765\u53cd\u6c99\u7687\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic3.zhimg.com\/v2-ed13331e7a1f0fdc14c40a221833c518_1440w.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1905\u5e74\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u56de\u5230\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u8fdb\u884c\u9769\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5185\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e00\u8d77\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u5728\u76d1\u72f1\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e0e\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5408\u5f71\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u88ab\u5224\u4e09\u5e74\u6d41\u653e\u897f\u4f2f\u5229\u4e9a\u540e\u9003\u56de\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5185\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u7b56\u7565\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5377\u5165\u4e0e\u9ad8\u5c14\u57fa\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5173\u4e8e\u300a\u5728\u5e95\u5c42\u300b\u620f\u5267\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u7ea0\u7eb7\uff0c\u540d\u8a89\u53d7\u635f\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c1910\u5e74\u4ed6\u79bb\u5f00\u5fb7\u56fd\u53bb\u4e86\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\uff0c\u540e\u7531\u6b64\u53bb\u4e86\u571f\u8033\u5176\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u90e8\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u5df4\u5c14\u5e72\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u901a\u8fc7\u505a\u519b\u706b\u751f\u610f\u83b7\u5229\u9887\u4e30\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u571f\u8033\u5176\u9752\u5e74\u515a\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u519b\u961f\u7684\u7cae\u98df\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u3002\u5728\u4eb2\u5fb7\u7684\u571f\u8033\u5176\u9996\u90fd\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u57281905\u5e74\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u9610\u660e\u9053\uff0c\u5206\u89e3\u4fc4\u56fd\u3001\u4f7f\u4fc4\u56fd\u5728\u4e00\u6218\u4e2d\u5931\u8d25\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u63a8\u7ffb\u6c99\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9769\u547d\u76ee\u6807\u4e0a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u7b56\u7565\u4e0a\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u52a8\u673a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cp136.]<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u770b\u6765,\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u5185\u90e8\u6d3e\u522b\u6797\u7acb\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u6d3e\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u6d3e\u7ed3\u6210\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u7ebf\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u548c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5d29\u5f97\uff08Band\uff0c\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u3001\u6ce2\u5170\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u72b9\u592a\u5de5\u4eba\u603b\u8054\u76df\uff09\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170Spilka\u515a\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u548c\u82ac\u5170\u7684\u793e\u6c11\u515a\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u7acb\u56fd\u53ec\u5f00\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u91ce\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u6c99\u7687\u529b\u91cf\u5927\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u84dd\u56fe\u4e2d\u5217\u5b81\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u5360\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u66fe\u8bbe\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u529b\u91cf\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cp147-150.] \u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u4e0e\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u8054\u76df\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5f7c\u6b64\u5728\u5192\u9669\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4e1c\u7ebf\u7684\u505c\u6218\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u7684\u662f\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5e0c\u671b\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8054\u5408\u6b27\u6d32\u6240\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u7ed3\u6210\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u7ebf\u53cd\u5bf9\u6c99\u7687\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8ba9\u4fc4\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u4ee5\u5ba3\u4f20\u3001\u7f62\u5de5\u548c\u7834\u574f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u57ae\u53f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u571f\u8033\u5176\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u4f7f\u7ed9\u5fb7\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u90e8\u9012\u4ea4\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u9875\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5927\u7f62\u5de5\u4f7f\u4fc4\u56fd\u762b\u75ea\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u52b3\u52a8\u515a\u3001\u652f\u6301\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u5730\u533a\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u652f\u6301\u53cd\u5bf9\u6c99\u7687\u7684\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u88ab\u642c\u8d70\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5c31\u4f1a\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cp160.] \u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u4e0e\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u72ec\u7acb\u4e92\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u516c\u6295\u524d\u627f\u8bfa\u4f1a\u5c3d\u5feb\u627f\u8ba4\u5176\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u800c\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u654f\u611f\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u4e5f\u5bf9\u82ac\u5170\u5bc4\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u82ac\u5170\u66fe\u57281809\u5e74\u88ab\u6c99\u7687\u4fc4\u56fd\u517c\u5e76\uff0c\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\u6839\u636e\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u539f\u5219\u4e8e1917\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\u9881\u5e03\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u82ac\u5170\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u5730\u533a\u4e0d\u4e50\u89c2\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83\u788e\u7247\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u5efa\u8bae\u571f\u8033\u5176\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\u5bf9\u4fc4\u56fd\u53d1\u52a8\u5723\u6218\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u5927\u529b\u534f\u52a9\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u5bfc\u5317\u9ad8\u52a0\u7d22\u7684\u54c8\u8428\u514b\u4eba\u66b4\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u7684\u786e\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u6709\u9884\u89c1\u6027\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic4.zhimg.com\/v2-8e0df1b89cb33c9c206c80ae7f4d03dd_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-pid=\"xUzygkUN\"><i>\u514b\u62c9\u62c9\u00b7\u8521\u7279\u91d1\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5987\u5973\u6743\u76ca\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c<\/i>\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5987\u5973\u8054\u76df\u201d\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<i>\u5217\u5b81\u3001\u65af\u5927\u6797\u548c\u5b8b\u5e86\u9f84\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u6218\u53cb\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u5bb6\u8363\u8a89\u201c\u5217\u5b81\u52cb\u7ae0\u201d\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u3002<\/i><i>1922\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u8521\u7279\u91d1\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u627f\u8ba4\u52b3\u52a8\u5987\u5973\u8282\u3002\u5e76<\/i><i>\u5c06\u56fd\u9645\u52b3\u52a8\u5987\u5973\u8282\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u82cf\u4fc4\u6cd5\u5b9a\u8282\u65e5\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u201c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8282\u65e5<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4e2d\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u662f\u6000\u7591\u4e0e\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u4e3b\u5e2dHugo Haase\u751a\u81f3\u8b66\u544a\u540c\u5fd7\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u4e0e\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u662f\u4fc4\u56fd\u95f4\u8c0d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u571f\u8033\u5176\u95f4\u8c0d\u3002\u7f57\u838e\u00b7\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u4e0e\u5979\u7edd\u4ea4\uff0c\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u3001\u8521\u7279\u91d1\u7b49\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5de6\u6d3e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8001\u670b\u53cb\u90fd\u4e0d\u518d\u5f85\u89c1\u4ed6\u3002\u8521\u7279\u91d1\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u5f53\u521d\u4e0e\u4f2f\u6069\u65af\u5766\u505a\u6597\u4e89\u65f6\u552f\u4e00\u7ad9\u5728\u4ed6\u4e00\u8fb9\u7684\u8001\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u9a82\u4ed6\u662f\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5a4a\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u51fa\u5356\u7ed9\u5fb7\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u7531\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u6b64\u5206\u9053\u626c\u9573\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp153-155.]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6765\u6e90: \u7ecf\u6d4e\u5bfc\u520a\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u4f5c\u8005: \u5415\u65b0\u96e8 \u4e00\u3001\u7f18\u8d77\uff1a\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5468\u520a\u7684\u201c\u95f4\u8c0d\u201d\u6848 2011\u5e74\u8f9b\u5b50\u9675\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u5728\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0a\u5e7f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5,6],"tags":[17603,381,382],"views":248,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58299"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=58299"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":58300,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58299\/revisions\/58300"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=58299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=58299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=58299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}