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\u5728\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c1915\u5e745\u6708\u745e\u58eb\u4f2f\u5c14\u5c3c\u671f\u95f4\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u7ed9\u5217\u5b81\u8d44\u52a9\uff1f\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u6000\u7591\uff0c[ Alfred Erich Senn, \u201cThe Myth of German Money during the First World War\u201d, Soviet Studies, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, January 1976, pp.83-90\uff1b\u8f6c\u81ea\uff1ahttp:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Parvus.]\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5468\u520a\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6562\u7ffb\u6848\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u77e5\u9053\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5f88\u6025\u5207\u5730\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u4f1a\u6664\uff0c\u4fbf\u7a81\u7136\u73b0\u8eab\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u6240\u4f4f\u7684\u65c5\u9986\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5728\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u4e2d\u8bb0\u53d9\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5217\u5b81\u89e3\u91ca\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u591f\u53d1\u751f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u662f\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u5217\u5b81\u5374\u68a6\u60f3\u7740\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4ece\u6218\u58d5\u4e2d\u8d70\u5411\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4f1a\u9762\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u544a\u8bc9\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u8ba9\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u628a\u8bdd\u8bf4\u5b8c\uff0c\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5978\u7ec6\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u5f88\u591a\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u60f3\u4e0e\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u628a\u4ed6\u8d76\u8d70\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8b66\u544a\u4ed6\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981\u6765\u4e86\uff01\u65e0\u8bba\u4f1a\u9762\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u4e0e\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u6ca1\u6709\u8fbe\u6210\u4efb\u4f55\u534f\u8bae\u6216\u5171\u8bc6\u3002[ Z. A. B. Zeman\uff0cW. B. Scharlau : Merchant of Revolution\uff1aAlexander Israel\u00a0Helphand\u00a0(Parvus)\u00a0\uff0c1867-1924\uff0cpp157-178. \u00a0London \uff1aOxford University Press\uff0c1965.]<\/p>\n

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\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5148\u751f\u7adf\u539a\u989c\u65e0\u803b\u5730\u516c\u7136\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u4f7f\u547d\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5145\u5f53\u6b66\u88c5\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7ebd\u5e26\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e11\u89d2\u7684\u63d2\u79d1\u6253\u8be8\uff0c\u51c6\u80fd\u4f7f\u4fc4\u56fd\u5de5\u4eba\u7b11\u7834\u809a\u76ae\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u666e\u5217\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u5148\u751f\u3001\u5e03\u7eb3\u67ef\u592b\u5148\u751f\u4ee5\u53ca\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u4f19\u7684\u300a\u53f7\u53ec\u62a5\u300b\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u8d6b\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u592b\u7684\u8d5e\u8bb8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5148\u751f\u7684\u300a\u949f\u58f0\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u5c31\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u53db\u5f92\u548c\u8d70\u72d7\u4eec\u7684\u5589\u820c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u6307\u51fa\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7528\u201c\u901f\u5c04\u70ae\u201d\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u51fa\u8272\u5730\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u5192\u9669\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u671d\u4e09\u66ae\u56db\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u7684\u524d\u591c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u8fd0\u52a8\u9884\u5148\u4f5c\u8fd9\u756a\u6e05\u626b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u662f\u5927\u6709\u597d\u5904\u7684\u3002[ \u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c27\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c100-101\u9875\u3002]<\/p>\n

\u300a\u949f\u58f0\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u6b63\u662f\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u63a5\u53d7\u5fb7\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u76f4\u63a5\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5fb7\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u66fe\u652f\u6301\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5728\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u8fb9\u5883\u8d38\u6613\u516c\u53f8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94b1\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\uff1f\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u3002[ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Parvus .] 1995\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6Semion Lyandres\u5bf9\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6750\u6599\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8003\u5bdf\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u6307\u63a7\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u5229\u7528\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u8f6c\u8d38\u6613\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7535\u62a5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5728\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7535\u62a5\u5f80\u6765\u3002Semion Lyandres\u5bf9\u6240\u670966\u4ef6\u7535\u62a5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u9010\u4e00\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e03\u6708\u6307\u63a7\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5728\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u4e0e\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u7535\u62a5\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u8868\u660e\u6709\u57fa\u91d1\u4ece\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u6d41\u5411\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5927\u7b14\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\uff0c\u603b\u8ba1100\uff0c000\u5362\u5e03\u4ece\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u6d41\u5411\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u4ed8\u8d2d\u4e70\u8fdb\u53e3\u8d27\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e00\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u53e3\u7684\u8d27\u7269\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u533b\u836f\u7528\u54c1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5404\u79cd\u5236\u88c1\u548c\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u8f6c\u81f3\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a\u534a\u5c9b\u8fdb\u884c\u8d70\u79c1\u3002[ Semion Lyandres \uff1aThe Bolsheviks’\u201dGennan Gold\u201d Revisited\uff1aAn Inquity into the 1917 Accusations ,The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies Number 1106\uff0cNo. 1106, February 1995 1995 by The Center for Russian and East European Studies, a program of the University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh. http:\/\/carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu\/ojs\/index.php\/cbp\/article\/view\/63 \uff0cpp93-104\u3002]\u8fd9\u4e00\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f20\u8bb0\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5728\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u94b1\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u56de\u6d41\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e86\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002[ Z. A. B. Zeman\uff0cW. B. Scharlau : Merchant of Revolution\uff1aAlexander Israel\u00a0Helphand\u00a0(Parvus)\u00a0\uff0c1867-1924\uff0cp165. \u00a0London \uff1aOxford University Press\uff0c1965.]<\/p>\n

1915\u5e74\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5927\u7f62\u5de5\u548c\u7b56\u5212\u5236\u9020\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e5f\u662f\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5468\u520a\u6587\u4e2d\u5927\u8086\u5ba3\u626c\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c1915\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u529b\u91cf\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u6d3b\u52a8\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u4eba\u6570\u751a\u5c11\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6b63\u4e0e\u5360\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u3001\u652f\u6301\u4fc4\u56fd\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u6218\u7684\u5b5f\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u8fdb\u884c\u8270\u82e6\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u94b1\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u745e\u58eb\u7684\u603b\u90e8\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u5206\u90e8\uff0c\u90fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7ecf\u8d39\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u65af\u582a\u7684\u7eb3\u7ef4\u4e9a\u7684Alexandra Kollontay\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u94b1\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u94b1\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002\u201d[ Ibid\uff0cp181.]<\/p>\n

1915\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u786e\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u7684\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u5143\u5362\u5e03\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u5e26\u5230\u4e86\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\uff0c\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u201c\u652f\u6301\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u9769\u547d\u201d\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp187-188.] \u8fd9\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5468\u520a\u6587\u5728\u6b63\u6587\u548c\u811a\u6ce8\u4e2d\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5b83\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u524d\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bc1\u636e\u4e5f\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u53d1\u6398\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57281965\u5e74\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u4f20\u8bb0\u4e2d\u65e9\u5c31\u660e\u786e\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4f20\u8bb0\u660e\u786e\u8bf4\u660e\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u4e0e\u5217\u5b811915\u5e74\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e0d\u6b22\u800c\u6563\uff0c\u800c\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5374\u4ecd\u7528\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5217\u5b81\u5fb7\u5978\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u7528\u5fc3\u826f\u82e6\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6b3a\u8d1f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8bfb\u8005\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u627e\u8fd9\u672c\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u7684\u8001\u4e66\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8bfb\u8005\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u8be6\u7ec6\u6bd4\u7167\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u662f\u5fb7\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u6765\u652f\u6301\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u98a0\u8986\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u3002\u4e00\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u5217\u5b81\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u515a\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u4e0e\u8d2b\u56f0\u640f\u6597\uff0c1916\u5e7410\u6708\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u300a\u81f4\u4e9a\u00b7\u52a0\u00b7\u65bd\u7565\u666e\u5c3c\u67ef\u592b\u300b\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5f88\u9700\u8981\u7a3f\u8d39\u3002\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u7b80\u76f4\u6d3b\u4e0d\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e86\uff01\uff01\u7269\u4ef7\u98de\u6da8\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u4e3a\u751f\u3002\u5e94\u5f53\u5411\u300a\u5e74\u9274\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u8005\u786c\u628a\u94b1\u8981\u6765\u3002\u6211\u7684\u4e24\u672c\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u5df2\u7ecf\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4ed6\uff08\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4ed8\u94b1\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4ed8\u800c\u4e14\u591a\u4ed8\u4e00\u4e9b\uff01\uff09\u5bf9\u90a6\u5951\u4e5f\u8fd9\u4e48\u529e\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u4e8b\u4e5f\u8fd9\u4e48\u529e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u529e\u4e0d\u59a5\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u786e\u7ef4\u6301\u4e0d\u4e0b\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u771f\u8bdd\uff0c\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\u7684\u771f\u8bdd\u3002\u201d[\u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c47\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c438\u9875\u3002]<\/p>\n

\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u6545\u610f\u6df7\u6dc6\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u548c\u5217\u5b81\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4ee5\u8499\u8bf1\u8bfb\u8005\u3002\u7528\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u786e\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5468\u520a\u6d25\u6d25\u4e50\u9053\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94b1\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ed6\u8bb8\u8bfa\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u5de8\u989d\u6295\u8d44\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5185\u90e8\u5f15\u8d77\u5f3a\u70c8\u4e89\u8bae\u548c\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u94b1\u662f\u5426\u7ed9\u9519\u4e86\uff1f[ Z. A. B. Zeman\uff0cW. B. Scharlau : Merchant of Revolution\uff1aAlexander Israel\u00a0Helphand\u00a0(Parvus)\u00a0\uff0c1867-1924\uff0c pp190-191 London \uff1aOxford University Press\uff0c1965. ] \u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u94b1\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u4f55\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f<\/p>\n

1917\u5e742\u6708\u9769\u547d\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5efa\u8bae\u5fb7\u56fd\u628a\u5404\u79cd\u4fc4\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5bf9\u52bf\u529b\u8fd0\u9001\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u6fc0\u53d1\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5efa\u8bae\u518d\u6b21\u5f97\u5230\u5fb7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u548c\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u64cd\u76d8\u624b\u30024\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u4fc4\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u9769\u547d\u8005\u5230\u8fbe\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5217\u5b81\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5df2\u7ecf\u7b49\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u60f3\u89c1\u5217\u5b81\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u62d2\u7edd\u89c1\u4ed6\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u4f20\u8bdd\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u544a\u8bc9\u5217\u5b81\u5fb7\u3001\u4fc4\u4e4b\u95f4\u9700\u8981\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u5e76\u8be2\u95ee\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u56de\u7b54\u9053\uff1a\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5f88\u607c\u6012\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\uff0c\u4ed6\u901a\u8fc7\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u8b66\u544a\u5217\u5b81\u8bf4\uff1a\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u9886\u5bfc\u66b4\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u624b\u8155\u4e0d\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4f1a\u6ca6\u4e3a\u6211\u624b\u4e0a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff08he may go on agitating; but if he is not interested in statesmanship ,then he will become a tool in my hands\uff09\uff01[ Ibid\uff0cp216.] \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u5fb7\u3001\u4fc4\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u505c\u6218\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e24\u4eba\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u5173\u4e8e\u505c\u6218\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u79d8\u5bc6\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u53d8\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u6218\u4e89\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56fd\u9645\u5de6\u7ffc\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5171\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8bc9\u6c42\u3002\u800c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u6784\u60f3\u7684\u5374\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u884c\u5f84\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u8be6\u89c1\u4e0b\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5217\u5b81\u56de\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u4e0e\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u8bbe\u5728\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ecf\u8d39\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u63a8\u6d4b\u5217\u5b81\u83b7\u5f97\u8fc7\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u8bbe\u6cd5\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6ce2\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e4b\u624b\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u611f\u8c22\u4e00\u4f4d\u6ce2\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u54e5\u65af\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08Kozlovsky\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u4eba\u66fe\u662f\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u4eba\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u611f\u8c22\u6536\u5230\u4e862000\u5362\u5e03\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\uff01[ Ibid\uff0cp221.] \u533a\u533a2000\u5362\u5e03\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u8fd8\u8981\u4eb2\u7b14\u5199\u4fe1\u611f\u8c22\u3002\u6b64\u4e00\u8bc1\u636e\u5b9e\u5728\u65e0\u529b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u53cd\u8bc1\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u8fde\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u4e5f\u5f03\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u518d\u6b21\u56de\u987e\u4e00\u4e0b\u201c\u4e03\u6708\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\u30027\u67081\u65e5\u4fc4\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6218\u524d\u7ebf\u8fdb\u653b\u4ee5\u60e8\u8d25\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u9646\u6d77\u519b\u58eb\u5175\u30027\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u6e38\u884c\u793a\u5a01\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5371\u673a\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8d5e\u6210\u6b66\u88c5\u884c\u52a8\uff0c3\u65e5\u4e0b\u53484\u65f6\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u515a\u51b3\u5b9a\u529d\u963b\u7fa4\u4f17\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u793a\u5a01\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5236\u6b62\u5df2\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u30023\u65e5\u591c\u665a\uff0c\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4e2d\u592e\u540c\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u8d77\u51b3\u5b9a\u53c2\u52a0\u6e38\u884c\u793a\u5a01\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u628a\u5b83\u5f15\u5bfc\u5230\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u53bb\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u95fb\u8baf\u540e\u4e8e7\u67084\u65e5\u6668\u8d76\u56de\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e864\u53f750\u591a\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u6e38\u884c\u793a\u5a01\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u514b\u820d\u8f9b\u65af\u5361\u5a05\u516c\u9986\u7684\u9633\u53f0\u4e0a\u5411\u6e38\u884c\u7684\u6c34\u5175\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u6f14\u8bf4\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7fa4\u4f17\u6c89\u7740\u3001\u575a\u5b9a\u548c\u8b66\u60d5\u3002\u5f53\u5c40\u6d3e\u519b\u961f\u9547\u538b\uff0c\u4e0e\u793a\u5a01\u7fa4\u4f17\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u6b7b56\u4eba\u3002\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u515a\u4e8e5\u65e5\u53d1\u8868\u505c\u6b62\u6e38\u884c\u793a\u5a01\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\u4e66\u30027\u67084\u20146\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u7f16\u8f91\u90e8\u548c\u5370\u5237\u5382\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u529e\u516c\u5904\u6240\u88ab\u6363\u6bc1\u30027\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8a00\u8bba\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u767b\u4e86\u5bf9\u5217\u5b81\u5fb7\u5978\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c\u800c\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u5df2\u4e8e\u524d\u4e00\u5929\u88ab\u6363\u6bc1\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d1\u51fa\u53cd\u9a73\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u30027\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0b\u4ee4\u902e\u6355\u5217\u5b81\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u88ab\u89e3\u9664\u6b66\u88c5\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u536b\u620d\u90e8\u961f\u88ab\u8c03\u51fa\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u6d3e\u5f80\u524d\u7ebf\u3002\u4e03\u6708\u4e8b\u53d8\u540e\uff0c\u653f\u6743\u5b8c\u5168\u8f6c\u5165\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u653f\u6743\u5e76\u5b58\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u7ec8\u6b62\uff0c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u6210\u4e86\u9644\u5c5e\u54c1\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u548c\u5e73\u53d1\u5c55\u65f6\u671f\u544a\u7ec8\u3002<\/p>\n

1917\u5e747\u6708\uff16\u65e5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u3008\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u3009\u5c0f\u62a5\u300b\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u53f7\uff0c\u4ee3\u66ff\u5f53\u5929\u5e94\u51fa\u7684\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u300a\u575a\u5b9a\u548c\u6c89\u7740\u300b\u4e3a\u9898\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u515a\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u515a\uff08\u5e03\uff09\u519b\u4e8b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\u4e66\uff0c\u8fd8\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u5217\u5b81\u300a\u653f\u6743\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\uff1f\u300b\u3001\u300a\u9ed1\u5e2e\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u963f\u5217\u514b\u8f9b\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u5351\u9119\u8bfd\u8c24\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8bfd\u8c24\u548c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u300b\u3001\u300a\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e86\u672c\u8d28\u300b\u548c\u300a\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u6848\u4ef6\u5417\uff1f\u300b\u7b49\u6587\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u548c\u8bfd\u8c24\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6279\u9a73\u3002\u5217\u5b816\u20147\u65e5\u518d\u6b21\u58f0\u660e\u300a\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u6848\u4ef6\u91cd\u6f14\u300b\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5730\u53cd\u9a73\u4e86\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bec\u9677\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4e0e\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u65e7\u624b\u6cd5\u517c\u65bd\u5e76\u7528\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6c99\u7687\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdb\u884c\u5265\u524a\u548c\u9547\u538b\u7684\u4e00\u8d2f\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u5236\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5728\u5bf9\u5404\u65cf\u9769\u547d\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u8feb\u5bb3\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u8fd8\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u6781\u7aef\u5351\u9119\u7684\u8bfd\u8c24\uff0c\u5728\u62a5\u520a\u4e0a\u5c55\u5f00\u201c\u653b\u52bf\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6559\u6743\u6d3e\u548c\u541b\u4e3b\u6d3e\u7684\u62a5\u520a\u5728\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u653b\u52bf\u4e00\u6a21\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e0b\u9762\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e0a\u6f14\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u6848\u4ef6\u65f6\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u51e0\u79cd\u624b\u6cd5\u3002\u6700\u521d\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u642c\u51fa\u201d\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u201c\u8bba\u636e\u201d\uff1a\u53f6\u5c14\u83ab\u8fde\u79d1\uff1b\u79d1\u5179\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u76842000\u4e07\uff1b\u540c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff0c\u9f13\u5439\u884c\u51f6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8a00\u8bba\u62a5\u300b\u5c31\u520a\u767b\u4e86\u4e24\u70b9\u201c\u66f4\u6b63\u201d\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7684\u201c\u9886\u8896\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u4eba\u6536\u4e70\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u72c2\u70ed\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u628a2000\u4e07\u6539\u6210\u4e862\u4e07\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u5bb6\u62a5\u7eb8\u5219\u8bf4\u53f6\u5c14\u83ab\u8fde\u79d1\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\u662f\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u52a0\u6d85\u8328\u57fa\u662f\u7ecf\u5546\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f9b\u804c\u7684\u90a3\u5bb6\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u80a1\u4efd\u3002\u6709\u5173\u5546\u52a1\u548c\u94b1\u8d22\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u7ecf\u8fc7\u90ae\u68c0\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b8c\u5168\u80fd\u591f\u5f7b\u5e95\u52a0\u4ee5\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u5374\u6beb\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u5730\u7aed\u529b\u628a\u5546\u52a1\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u6405\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff01\uff01<\/p>\n

\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u7b11\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u8d23\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u5c31\u56e0\u4e3a\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u7ed9\u745e\u5178\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u515a\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u7535\u8baf\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u90ae\u68c0\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u673a\u5173\u662f\u4e86\u89e3\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u695a\u7684\uff09\u5fb7\u56fd\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e5f\u8f6c\u8f7d\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u52a0\u4ee5\u6b6a\u66f2\uff01\u597d\u8c61\u7535\u8baf\u88ab\u4eba\u8f6c\u8f7d\u6216\u8005\u906d\u5230\u6076\u610f\u7684\u6b6a\u66f2\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f53\u53d7\u6307\u8d23\u4f3c\u7684\uff01<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u5730\u5730\u9053\u9053\u7684\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u6492\u8c0e\u548c\u8bfd\u8c24\u7684\u653b\u52bf\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u75af\u72c2\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ec7\u6068\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7528\u6563\u5e03\u8bfd\u8c24\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u601d\u60f3\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u8c23\u8a00\u5236\u9020\u8005\u8be5\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u5351\u9119\u554a\uff01[\u3000\u5217\u5b81\uff1a\u300a\u5fb7\u96f7\u798f\u65af\u6848\u4ef6\u91cd\u6f14\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c30\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c404-406\u9875\u3002]<\/p>\n

\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e03\u6708\u4e8b\u53d8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u201c\u5fb7\u5978\u6848\u201d\u4e2d\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u5377\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5217\u5b81\u5fb7\u5978\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u548c\u53d1\u660e\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u4e3a\u6b64\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u58f0\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u652f\u6301\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u7528\u6240\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4f60\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75af\u5b50\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u62c5\u5fc3\u6211\u628a\u94b1\u7ed9\u5217\u5b81\uff1f\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4f60\u4eec\u6307\u63a7\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u6216\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u4ece\u6211\u8fd9\u91cc\u6765\u7684\u94b1\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u501f\u6b3e\u8fd8\u662f\u8d60\u9001\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u6bd4\u94b1\u548c\u70b8\u836f\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u6211\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u5fc3\u90fd\u5949\u732e\u7ed9\u4fc4\u56fd\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4f60\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u60f3\u6467\u6bc1\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6ce8\u5b9a\u8981\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u3002[ \u00a0Z. A. B. Zeman\uff0cW. B. Scharlau : Merchant of Revolution\uff1aAlexander Israel\u00a0Helphand\u00a0(Parvus)\u00a0\uff0c1867-1924\uff0cpp229-230\uff0cLondon \uff1aOxford University Press\uff0c1965..]<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5217\u6602\u00b7\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\uff0c1917\u5e74<\/i><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e0d\u5149\u5f69\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u5b83\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u548c\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\u8363\u8a89\u662f\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u5168\u4f53\u4fc4\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u65ad\u7edd\u6240\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u8054\u7cfb\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u520a\u767b\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8bdd\u62a5\u300b\uff081915\u5e742\u6708\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u6742\u5fd7\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u6240\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff1b<\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e00\u5207\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u6211\u4e0e\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u6ca1\u6709\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\u8c0e\u8a00\u548c\u8bfd\u8c24\u3002[ \u300a\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4eb2\u8ff0\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u300b\uff0c \u65bd\u7528\u52e4\u8bd1\uff0c\u7b2c180-181\u9875\uff0c\u9655\u897f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2008\u5e74\u3002]<\/p>\n

\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u300a\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0 \u201c\u5927\u8bec\u8511\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u201d\u4e2d\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u8ffd\u53d9\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u5e03\u5c14\u65af\u5766\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u79f0\u4e3a\u5546\u4eba\uff0c\u53eb\u4e34\u65f6\u653f\u5e9c\u53bb\u6ce8\u610f\u201c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fb7\u56fd\u95f4\u8c0d\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u8bbe\u5728\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u3002\u201d\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u540d\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5458\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u8840\u7edf\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u5e03\u5c14\u65af\u5766\u4f5c\u8bc1\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u673a\u5173\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u7518\u6d85\u8328\u57fa\u548c\u54e5\u65af\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6ce2\u5170\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u4e4b\u624b\u3002\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u540e\u6765\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5e78\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u79d8\u5bc6\u8b66\u5bdf\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4fdf\u7518\u6d85\u8328\u57fa\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u8fb9\u5883\u88ab\u6355\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7edd\u5bf9\u65e0\u95ee\u9898\u5730\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53d8\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u786e\u5b9a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6d3e\u603b\u5e72\u90e8\u3002\u201d\u514b\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u9884\u5148\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u5c06\u53d8\u6210\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\uff01<\/p>\n

\u5546\u4eba\u5e03\u5c14\u65af\u5766\u7684\u4f9b\u8bcd\uff0c\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u7518\u6d85\u8328\u57fa\u4e0e\u52a0\u8328\u6d1b\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u4e24\u5730\u2014\u2014\u5f7c\u5f97\u683c\u52d2\u4e0e\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u2014\u2014\u7684\u751f\u610f\u3002\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6218\u65f6\u5546\u4e1a\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u79d8\u5bc6\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u515a\u4e0e\u8fd9\u7b14\u4e70\u5356\u65e0\u5173\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u66fe\u4e66\u9762\u63ed\u9732\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u662f\u4e2a\u505a\u751f\u610f\u7684\u597d\u624b\u517c\u9769\u547d\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u70c2\u8d27\uff0c\u5e76\u53f7\u53ec\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u65ad\u7edd\u4e00\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e8b\u53d8\u6f29\u6da1\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u54ea\u4e2a\u6709\u529f\u592b\u6765\u7ec6\u5bdf\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u5462\uff1f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95f4\u8c0d\u673a\u5173\u8bbe\u5728\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u5c31\u591f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u5217\u5b81\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5fb7\u56fd\u56de\u6765\uff0c\u6b64\u4e8b\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7231\u56fd\u6d3e\u717d\u60d1\u4ee5\u6c38\u4e0d\u7aed\u5c3d\u7684\u85c9\u53e3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u7231\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u653f\u7b56\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u67d4\u987a\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5f53\u5217\u5b81\u521d\u6765\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7528\u865a\u4f2a\u7684\u5584\u610f\u6b22\u8fce\u4ed6\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7eb2\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u8086\u65e0\u5fcc\u60ee\u5730\u9a82\u5217\u5b81\u201c\u4eb2\u5fb7\u201d\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u9762\u5305\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u201d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u5e26\u6765\u3002[ http:\/\/marxists.anu.edu.au\/chinese\/Trotsky\/1930book\/trotsky-1930book35.htm .]<\/p>\n

\u8f9b\u5b50\u9675\u4e00\u53e3\u54ac\u5b9a\u8bf4\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8fa9\u62a4\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d6b\u5c14\u65b9\u7279\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5927\u65e0\u754f\u7cbe\u795e\uff1f\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5468\u520a\u7684\u62a5\u5bfc\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u6b21\u63d0\u5230\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\uff1a\u4ed6\u88ab\u5524\u4f5c\u201cParvus\u201d\uff08\u5c0f\u4e2a\u5b50\uff09\u5632\u8bbd\u5730\u6697\u793a\u4ed6\u7684\u90a3\u76f8\u5f53\u80a5\u80d6\u7684\u8eab\u8eaf \u3001\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u5e15\u5c14\u5f17\u65af\uff08\u5373\u5c0f\u4e2a\u5b50\uff0c\u9ed1\u5c14\u51e1\u72791894\u5e74\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff09\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u662f\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u63d0\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u5728\u4e03\u6708\u8bec\u9677\u4e4b\u540e\u9488\u5bf9\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u63d0\u51ef\u5357\u5bf9\u201c\u897f\u68ee\u6863\u6848\u201d\u7684\u8003\u8bc1\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4ece\u5de6\u4ece\u53f3\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5176\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6750\u6599\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4eff\u4f5b\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u300a\u660e\u955c\u300b\u5f0f\u897f\u65b9\u201c\u65b0\u95fb\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7cbe\u795e\u9f13\u52b1\u4e86\u8f9b\u5148\u751f\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u65e0\u754f\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u8f9b\u5148\u751f\u53ea\u8981\u613f\u610f\u53bb\u67e5\u4e00\u4e0b\u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u5c31\u4e0d\u81f3\u4e8e\u5982\u6b64\u88ab\u8bef\u5bfc\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u5217\u5b81\u7a76\u7adf\u5982\u4f55\u8bf4\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5982\u6b64\u8c2c\u8bef\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u5ba3\u8bb2\uff0c\u5374\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u91cf\u559d\u5f69\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6b63\u89c6\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eca\u5929\u6492\u8c0e\u3001\u8bfd\u8c24\u548c\u8c23\u8a00\u518d\u5ea6\u5927\u884c\u5176\u9053\uff1f\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u91cd\u8bfb\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6279\u9a73\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

1917\u5e74\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u66fe\u6566\u4fc3\u5fb7\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u9644\u52a0\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u8865\u507f\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u534f\u5b9a\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u653f\u6743\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u653f\u6743\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8c08\u5224\u6301\u4fdd\u7559\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u8fd8\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u7684\u9769\u547d\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65b0\u751f\u7684\u82cf\u4fc4\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4e3e\u884c\u5927\u7f62\u5de5\u7684\u547c\u5401\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u5404\u6d3e\u5747\u5f88\u51b7\u6de1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7d27\u8981\u6218\u4e89\u5173\u5934\u4ece\u80cc\u540e\u523a\u4f24\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u9876\u591a\u662f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e0e\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u5728\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u4e0e\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4ee3\u8868\u62c9\u72c4\u514b\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u89c1\u65f6\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u5e0c\u671b\u5217\u5b81\u80fd\u5141\u8bb8\u4ed6\u56de\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u515a\u5185\u53d7\u5230\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u4ed6\u613f\u610f\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8fa9\u62a4\u5e76\u4e14\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba1\u5224\u3002[Z. A. B. Zeman\uff0cW. B. Scharlau : Merchant of Revolution\uff1aAlexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) \uff0c1867-1924\uff0cp239\uff0cLondon \uff1aOxford University Press\uff0c1965.] \u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u90e8\u5df2\u7ecf\u8981\u6c42\u60c5\u62a5\u90e8\u95e8\u4e25\u5bc6\u76d1\u63a7\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u7535\u62a5\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u660e\u786e\u963b\u6b62\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8ba9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u5408\u4f5c\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u8c08\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5217\u5b81\u5bf9\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u7684\u56de\u56fd\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e88\u4ee5\u575a\u51b3\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u590d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u80ae\u810f\u7684\u624b\u73b7\u6c61\u201d\uff08the cause of the revolution should not be touched by dirty hands\uff09[ Ibid\uff0cp246.]\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u53cd\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5728\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279-\u7acb\u6258\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u7ea6\u7684\u7b7e\u8ba2\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u79ef\u6781\u5efa\u8a00\u5efa\u7b56\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4fc4\u56fd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u7528\u519b\u4e8b\u5236\u670d\u548c\u5206\u5272\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u4e0d\u7528\u548c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u518d\u8fdb\u884c\u548c\u5e73\u8c08\u5224\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u652f\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3b\u5bb0\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e0d\u4ec5\u548c1941\u5e74\u7684\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u53ca\u5176\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5f7b\u5e95\u4e3a\u654c\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp250-251.] \u7531\u6b64\u634f\u9020\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u653f\u6743\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u8d22\u653f\u901a\u8fc7\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u6765\u652f\u6301\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u7684\u5929\u65b9\u591c\u8c2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c1917\u5e7412\u670820\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u6210\u7acb\u201c\u5951\u5361\u201d\uff0c26\u65e5\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u62e8\u6b3e\u4e8c\u767e\u4e07\u5362\u5e03\u4ee5\u652f\u63f4\u897f\u6b27\u9769\u547d\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u628a\u94f6\u884c\u6536\u5f52\u56fd\u6709\u3002\u5e15\u5c14\u4e4c\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u4f1a\u6fc0\u8d77\u56fd\u5185\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u4fbf\u5f00\u59cb\u52a8\u5458\u548c\u9f13\u52a8\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u53cd\u52a8\u52bf\u529b\u53bb\u653b\u51fb\u548c\u5b64\u7acb\u82cf\u4fc4\uff0c\u4ee5\u5236\u9020\u6700\u4e25\u9177\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6210\u719f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u56fd\u6709\u5316\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u624d\u662f\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6700\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u4ed6\u8c34\u8d23\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u653f\u515a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5148\u950b\u961f\uff0c\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u4e13\u653f\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u5149\u8363\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fb1\u9a82\uff0c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u5728\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279-\u7acb\u6258\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u7ea6\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7684\u6279\u5224\u66f4\u52a0\u5c16\u523b\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u5fb7\u3001\u5965\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u7684\u79c1\u4e0b\u4ea4\u8c08\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u62c5\u5fc3\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e27\u5931\u5bf9\u4e1c\u7ebf\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bf9\u4eca\u540e\u7684\u5fb7\u4fc4\u5173\u7cfb\u4ea7\u751f\u707e\u96be\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u516c\u5f00\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u4ed6\u5219\u8c34\u8d23\u7b7e\u7f72\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4f7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u8499\u7f9e\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u9f13\u5439\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u548c\u62c9\u72c4\u514b\u8981\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u9769\u547d\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u627f\u62c5\u4e3b\u8981\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u90fd\u5f88\u5feb\u57ae\u53f0\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2d\u5377\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u5c31\u662f\u63a8\u7ffb\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u3002[ Ibid\uff0cpp251-253.]<\/p>\n

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\u5e03\u5217\u65af\u7279-\u7acb\u6258\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u7ea6\u89e3\u9664\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u5728\u4e1c\u7ebf\u7684\u538b\u529b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5fb7\u5bf9\u4fc4\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u4fdd\u6301\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6e17\u900f\uff0c7\u6708\u7ee7\u4efb\u7684\u56fd\u52a1\u537fHintze\u5982\u6b64\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a<\/p>\n

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\u4e03\u6708\u60c5\u5f62\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5728\u8fdb\u653b\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u6d3e\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u7edf\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u53cd\u95f4\u8c0d\uff0c\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\uff0c\u5b98\u540f\u7fa4\uff0c\u5e02\u653f\u5c40\uff0c\u5728\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5360\u591a\u6570\u7684\u515a\u6d3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6f14\u8bf4\u5bb6\uff0c\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u95f4\u7684\u6b67\u5f02\uff0c\u72b9\u5982\u97f3\u4e50\u5408\u594f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u4e50\u5668\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u58f0\u8c03\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u65e0\u804a\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u7b28\u62d9\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u9ad8\u5347\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8bec\u8511\u7684\u8bdd\u5982\u540c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u52a0\u62c9\u7011\u5e03\u503e\u6cfb\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u4f60\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u90a3\u4e2a\u80cc\u666f\u2014\u2014\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u9769\u547d\u2014\u2014\u548c\u88ab\u544a\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u2014\u2014\u51e0\u767e\u4e07\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u9769\u547d\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u9886\u5bfc\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u515a\u8d70\u4e0a\u653f\u6743\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e48\u4f60\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6beb\u4e0d\u5938\u5927\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a1917\u5e747\u6708\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8bec\u8511\u4e4b\u6708\u4e86\u3002[ http:\/\/marxists.anu.edu.au\/chinese\/Trotsky\/1930book\/trotsky-1930book35.htm\u3002]<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7<\/p>\n

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2010\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e3b\u6d41\u6742\u5fd7\u300a\u4e13\u5bb6\u300b\u5728\u7b2c16- 17\u671f\u520a\u767b\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u9020\u5047\u8005\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u300b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0,\u6279\u8bc4\u8be5\u4e66\u628a\u82cf\u8054\u536b\u56fd\u6218\u4e89\u5199\u6210\u82cf\u8054-\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u5e76\u63ed\u53d1\u4e86\u4e3b\u7f16\u4e0e\u201c\u56e2\u7ed3\u8054\u76df\u201d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7956\u6ce2\u592b\u5c06\u6742\u5fd7\u544a\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f2008\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u4ed6\u5df2\u4e0d\u5728\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4efb\u804c\u3002\u300a\u4e13\u5bb6\u300b\u4ee3\u8868\u5728\u5ead\u5ba1\u4e2d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8bf4: \u4e00\u662f\u7956\u6ce2\u592b\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u79f0\uff1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba, \u5176\u751f\u547d\u8981\u611f\u8c22\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5165\u4fb5 ; \u4e8c\u662f\u7956\u6ce2\u592b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u7f16\u66fe\u5728\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u4e0a\u64b0\u6587\u79f0\u5171\u4ea7\u515a-\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u4eba\u662f\u6bd4\u7eb3\u7cb9\u8fd8\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u654c\u4eba, \u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u51e0\u5341\u5e74, \u800c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u53ea\u662f\u57282-3 \u5e74\u7684\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u5360\u9886\u8fc7\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a: \u8be5\u4e66\u670920 \u591a\u5904\u7ed3\u8bba\u8868\u660e\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bba\u65ad\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53f2\u5b9e\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u6b64\u4e66\u975e\u5b66\u672f\u6027\u8457\u4f5c, \u5c5e\u4e8e\u653f\u8bba\u7c7b\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

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\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

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