{"id":58437,"date":"2025-09-25T07:05:40","date_gmt":"2025-09-24T23:05:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=58437"},"modified":"2025-09-25T07:05:40","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T23:05:40","slug":"%e6%8e%92%e5%8d%8e%e6%b3%95%e6%a1%88%e7%9a%84%e7%ac%ac%e4%ba%8c%e4%b8%aa%e5%8d%81%e5%b9%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=58437","title":{"rendered":"\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4f5c\u8005: \u6b23\u6b23\u7136\uff08Xin Su)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u6765\u6e90: \u7f8e\u534e\u53f2\u8bb0<\/p>\n

\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u65b9\u5f3a\uff08Qiang Fang), \u6f58\u79cb\u8fb0 \uff08Qiuchen Pan)<\/p>\n

\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff1a<\/p>\n

1882\u5e745\u67086\u65e5\u5207\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u4e9a\u745f\uff08Chester A. Arthur\uff09\u603b\u7edf\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6240\u6709\u6280\u672f\u6216\u975e\u6280\u672f\u6027\u7684\u534e\u5de5\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u8fdd\u8005\u5c06\u88ab\u76d1\u7981\u5e76\u9a71\u9010\u3002\u4ece\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u89c4\u5b9a\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f52\u5316\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11[1]\u3002\u6700\u521d\u6b64\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6709\u6548\u671f\u662f\u5341\u5e74\u3002\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u8fd9\u9879\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u9881\u5e03\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u9a71\u9042\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u767d\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u75af\u72c2\u5730\u62a2\u52ab\u3001\u67aa\u51fb\u548c\u523a\u4f24\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u653e\u706b\u70e7\u6bc1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u623f\u820d\uff0c\u4ee5\u8feb\u4f7f\u534e\u4eba\u9003\u79bb[2]\u30021885\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u201c\u77f3\u6cc9\u5927\u5c60\u6740(the Rock Springs Chinese Massacre)\u201d\u548c1887\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u201c\u5730\u72f1\u8c37\u5927\u5c60\u6740 (the Hell Canyon Massacre)\u201d\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u5185\u3002<\/p>\n

1892\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u518d\u6b21\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\uff08The Geary Act)\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5ef6\u957f\u4e861882\u5e74\u51fa\u53f0\u7684\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u6bcf\u540d\u534e\u4eba\u5c45\u6c11\u90fd\u8981\u6ce8\u518c\u5e76\u4f69\u6234\u5c45\u7559\u8bc1\uff0c\u6b64\u8bc1\u88ab\u534e\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u72d7\u724c\u201d\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6392\u534e\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u53ca\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u594b\u8d77\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u914d\u6234\u201c\u72d7\u724c\u201d\uff0c\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5927\u578b\u516c\u6c11\u6297\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u968f\u7740\u53cd\u6297\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u5b9e\u65bd\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u6293\u6355\u53ca\u9a71\u9010\u7531\u5b98\u65b9\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u6c11\u56e2\u3001\u5e73\u6c11\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b98\u65b9\u6388\u6743\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u6293\u6355\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5bf9\u534e\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u8fbe\u6210\u8d38\u6613\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u629b\u5f03\u4e86\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u5e9c\u652f\u6301\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u4e5f\u53ea\u597d\u53f7\u53ec\u534e\u4eba\u9075\u5b88\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u81ea\u4fdd\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u6392\u534e\u60c5\u7eea\u4fbf\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u800c1902\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u65e0\u9650\u671f\u6392\u534e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31943\u5e7412\u670817\u65e5\u9a6c\u683c\u52aa\u68ee\u6cd5\u6848(Magnuson Act)\u624d\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u4e00\uff0c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5361\u901a\u753b\uff0c\u5c71\u59c6\u5927\u53d4\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f6c\u8e22\u51fa\u53bb\u3002 \u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81eahttps:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Exclusion_Act#\/media\/File:Coolieusa.jpg<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ef4\u6743\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u89c9\u9192\u3000<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u51fa\u53f0\u540e\u4e2d\u897f\u90e8\u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u4eba\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u56f4\u653b\uff0c\u6740\u622e\u6b8b\u5bb3\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c61\u53d1\u4e0d\u7edd\u3002\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u8d2d\u4e70\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81ea\u536b\u961f\u53cd\u6297\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4e00\u4e9b\u534e\u4eba\u5f88\u5feb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u6253\u5b98\u53f8\u624d\u80fd\u5fe0\u5b9e\u8bb0\u5f55\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u66b4\u884c\uff0c\u6bd4\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u5c0f\u8303\u56f4\u53cc\u65b9\u51b2\u7a81\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u62ff\u8d77\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u4e89\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e0e\u767d\u4eba\u52bf\u529b\u5c55\u5f00\u8f83\u91cf\u3002\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u9881\u5e03\u540e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u6253\u4e867000\u591a\u573a\u5b98\u53f8\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5b98\u53f8\u90fd\u8d62\u4e86[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u521d\u7f8e\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u5730\u533a\u6cd5\u9662\u5171\u540c\u6267\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u76f4\u52301905\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u5728\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u62d2\u7edd\u5165\u5883\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5411\u6cd5\u9662\u7533\u8bc9\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u8fdb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u80fd\u529b\u76f8\u5f53\u754f\u60e7\u3002\u867d\u7136\u534e\u4eba\u4e0d\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u8eab\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u53c2\u52a0\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u673a\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6253\u5b98\u53f8\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fee\u6b63\u6216\u5e9f\u9664\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u4e8c\uff0c\u300a\u739b\u4e3d\u65af\u7ef4\u5c14\u6bcf\u65e5\u8bc9\u6c42\u62a5\u300b\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u534e\u4eba\u65e9\u671f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6392\u534e\u52bf\u529b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba9\u534e\u4eba\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u90fd\u6e34\u671b\u9650\u5236\u534e\u4eba\u6765\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u628a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u8d76\u51fa\u53bb[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

1882\u81f31892\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u534e\u4eba\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6392\u534e\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6301\u4e45\u6027\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5fc3\u91cc\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u96be\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u653f\u6cbb\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u8981\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u62d3\u5c55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u534e\u4eba\u5148\u8f88\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\uff08Thomas J. Geary\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u3002\u6b64\u6cd5\u6848\u867d\u7136\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u7ec8\u7a76\u4e8e1892\u5e745\u67085\u65e5\u7531\u56fd\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\uff08The Geary Act)\u300b\u3002\u4f17\u8bae\u9662\u7684\u8868\u51b3\u662f178\u7968\u5bf943\u7968\uff0c\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u662f30\u7968\u5bf915\u7968 [3]\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5f88\u591a\u534e\u4eba\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5e26\u6709\u4fae\u8fb1\u6027\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5361\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u72d7\u724c\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u62d2\u7edd\u4f69\u6234\u8fd9\u79cd\u8eab\u4efd\u5361\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u96c6\u4f53\u6350\u8d44\u96c7\u8bf7\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e0e\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u8584\u516c\u5802\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5bf9\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u6297\u4e89\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5168\u7f8e\u534e\u4eba\u5927\u56e2\u7ed3\uff0c<\/strong>11<\/strong>\u4e07\u534e\u4eba\u96c6\u4f53\u6297\u547d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5f53\u65f6\u7ea6\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u30021892\u5e749\u670819\u65e5\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u53f7\u53ec\u5168\u7f8e11\u4e07\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u53d1\u8d77\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u516c\u6c11\u6297\u547d\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u534e\u4eba\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u4f69\u6234\u72d7\u724c\u8eab\u4efd\u5361\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u52a8\u5458\u6bcf\u4eba\u6350\u6b3e\u4e00\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5f8b\u5e08\u8058\u8bf7\u8d39\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fdd\u5baa\u4e3a\u7406\u7531\u4e89\u53d6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u5510\u4eba\u8857\u7684\u5899\u58c1\u548c\u7a97\u6237\u4e0a\u8d34\u6ee1\u4e86\u7ea2\u8272\u4f20\u5355[2] \u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u4e09\uff0c\u516d\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u53d1\u51fa\u516c\u544a\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u534e\u4eba\u56e2\u7ed3\u4e00\u5fc3\u62b5\u6297\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u300b[2] \u3002\u516d\u5927\u516c\u53f8: \u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986(Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association) \u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5206\u4f1a\u7684\u524d\u8eab; \u4e5f\u79f0\u516d\u5927\u4f1a\u9986\u3002\u7531\u5b81\u9633\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u3001\u5408\u548c\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u3001\u5188\u5dde\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u3001\u9633\u548c\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u3001\u4e09\u9091\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u3001\u4eba\u548c\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u540e\u6765\u8087\u5e86\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u52a0\u5165,\u589e\u4e3a\u4e03\u5927\u4f1a\u9986\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u516d\u5927\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5e26\u9886\u4e0b\uff0c\u897f\u90e8\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u65b0\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u53ca\u5357\u65b9\u4e5f\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u62b5\u6297\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u548c\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6797\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5e73\u6743\u540c\u76df( Chinese Equal Rights League) \u6073\u6c42\u5927\u5bb6\u5e2e\u52a9\u540c\u80de\uff0c\u5e76\u62db\u52df\u5230150\u540d\u4f1a\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u534e\u88d4\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u5171\u540c\u8bc9\u6c42\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u5e73\u6743\u540c\u76df\u8fd8\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e1c\u5cb8\u4e0d\u5c11\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\u30021892\u5e749\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u5343\u540d\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u4e24\u767e\u540d\u534e\u88d4\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u52b3\u5de5\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u96c6\u4f1a\u4e2d [4]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u90fd\u7684\u7279\u6d3e\u516c\u4f7f\u548c\u5168\u6743\u5927\u4f7f\u5d14\u56fd\u56e0\u5728\u6cd5\u6848\u7b7e\u7f72\u5f53\u65e5\u5c31\u66fe\u5411\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u63d0\u51fa\u6297\u8bae\u3002\u6e05\u671d\u9a7b\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u526f\u9886\u4e8b\u6b27\u9633\u5e86\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6297\u8bae\u4e5f\u5728\u56fd\u4f1a\u5185\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4f0a\u5229\u8bfa\u4f0a\u5dde\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4f17\u8bae\u5458\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u897f\u7279\uff08Robert Hitt)\u8c34\u8d23\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u7ed9\u4eba\u5e26\u724c\u5b50\u662f\u9000\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u5974\u96b6\u5236\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5f85\u4eba\u65b9\u5f0f[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u4e5f\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f3a\u786c\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u542c\u4ece\u53f7\u53ec\u6216\u8bd5\u56fe\u79d8\u5bc6\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u6beb\u4e0d\u5ba2\u6c14\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e25\u5389\u8b66\u544a\u53ca\u8c34\u8d23\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u767b\u8bb0\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u534e\u5546\u3002\u6709\u9910\u9986\u6216\u8089\u5e97\u8001\u677f\u6ce8\u518c\u767b\u8bb0\u4e86\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u5c31\u6307\u8d23\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdd\u80cc\u536b\u751f\u6761\u4ee4\u7ed9\u4e88\u60e9\u7f5a\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u548c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u822a\u8fd0\u516c\u53f8\u8fd8\u5546\u5b9a\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4e58\u8239\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u5e26\u4e0a\u575a\u6301\u62d2\u7edd\u767b\u8bb0\u8eab\u4efd\u5361\u7684\u901a\u77e5\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u7968\u767b\u8239\u3002\u52a0\u5229\u798f\u5c3c\u4e9a\u9ebb\u7eba\u5382\u5a01\u80c1\u8981\u5f00\u9664\u4e0d\u529e\u5361\u7684\u96c7\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u534f\u52a9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u79d8\u4e66\u8bbe\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u968f\u5373\u547d\u4ee4\u534e\u4eba\u7f62\u5de5\uff0c\u632b\u8d25\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u79d8\u5bc6\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u9634\u8c0b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u62a5\u7eb8\u8fd8\u62a5\u9053\u79f0\u534e\u4eba\u6709\u5974\u6027\uff0c\u7518\u505a\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u7684\u5974\u96b6 [2]\u3002<\/p>\n

1893\u5e743\u6708\u8ddd\u79bb\u767b\u8bb0\u7533\u8bf7\u8eab\u4efd\u5361\u622a\u6b62\u65e5\u671f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u5ba3\u544a5\u67085\u65e5\u524d\u5bf9\u4e0d\u6309\u65f6\u767b\u8bb0\u8005\u8981\u4e00\u5f8b\u6293\u6355\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5230\u4e864\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e86\u9000\u7f29\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6682\u505c\u767b\u8bb0\u8bc1\u4e0a\u8981\u7c98\u7167\u7247\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u767d\u4eba\u8bc1\u4eba\u4e5f\u4ece\u4e24\u4eba\u51cf\u5c11\u5230\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6570\u534e\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u767b\u8bb0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u96c6\u4f53\u62b5\u5236\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u6210\u529f\u3002\u57281893\u5e744\u6708\u622a\u6b62\u65e5\u671f\u524d\uff0c\u53ea\u67093,169\u4eba\u6ce8\u518c\u4e86\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u8feb\u4e8e\u60c5\u52bf\u524d\u6765\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u6545\u610f\u9057\u6f0f\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u7167\u7247\u7b49\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u5176\u4e0d\u987a\u4ece\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6ce8\u518c\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u534e\u4eba\u5987\u5973\uff0c\u5979\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5b50\u5973\u63d0\u4f9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u624d\u53bb\u6ce8\u518c\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u670940\u4e2a\u9003\u4ea1\u7684\u5993\u5973\u548c\u5176\u4e94\u4e2a\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u5728\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u534e\u4eba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5802\u91cc\u7533\u8bf7\u4e86\u8eab\u4efd\u5361[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u767b\u8bb0\u622a\u6b62\u65e5\u671f\u8fdb\u5165\u5012\u8ba1\u65f6\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u51e0\u5929\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u653e\u5fc3\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u516c\u544a\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u534e\u4eba\u575a\u6301\u6297\u4e89\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u534e\u4eba\u670d\u4ece\u89c4\u5b9a\u53bb\u767b\u8bb0\uff02\u72d7\u724c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c40\u52bf\u53d8\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7d27\u5f20\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6297\u547d\u603b\u662f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5371\u9669\u7684\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u751f\u547d\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6392\u534e\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u9886\u8896\u4eb2\u8d74\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71\u3002\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u4e24\u5929\u65f6\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u683c\u96f7\u6c99\u59c6\uff08Walter Q. Gresham)\u6025\u7535\u5404\u5730\u5b98\u5458\u53ca\u5dde\u957f\u6ce8\u610f\u4fdd\u62a4\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5b89\u5168[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

5\u67085\u65e5\u661f\u671f\u4e94\u4e0b\u5348\u767b\u8bb0\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u7a0e\u52a1\u5c40\u5ba3\u544a\u767b\u8bb0\u4eba\u6570\uff1a\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u67092000\u4eba\uff08\u603b\u4eba\u6570\u670928,000\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u5723\u8fed\u6208\u670915\u4eba\uff0c\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u6709103\u4eba\uff08\u603b\u4eba\u6570\u67095000\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u6709945\u4eba\u767b\u8bb0\uff08\u603b\u4eba\u6570\u67092500\uff09[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u575a\u82e6\u5353\u7edd\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u6297\u4e89\u8fdb\u5165\u50f5\u6301\u9636\u6bb5<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u622a\u6b62\u65e5\u671f\u8fc7\u540e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u6267\u884c\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u62d8\u6355\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4eba\u662f\u7531\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u6311\u9009\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u9ec3\u5168(Wong Quan)\u548c\u51af\u8d8a\u5ef7(Fong Yue Ting) \u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e86\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7533\u8bf7\u767b\u8bb0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u662f\u6d17\u8863\u5de5\u674e\u7ea6(Lee Joe)\uff0c\u4ed6\u7533\u8bf7\u4e86\u8bc1\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u8bc1\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u800c\u662f\u534e\u4eba[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5730\u533a\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u547d\u4ee4\u9063\u8fd4\u8fd9\u4e09\u4eba\uff0c\u4ea4\u4fdd500\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u4e24\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5f8b\u5e08\u91cc\u5c14\u4e39\uff08Thomas Riordan)\u5c31\u8fd9\u9879\u9063\u8fd4\u4ee4\uff0c\u5411\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0a\u8bc9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6848\u662f\u7531\u534e\u4eba\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624b\u6bb5\u51fb\u8d25\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u53ea\u75285\u5929\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u7531\u970d\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u683c\u96f7(Horace Gray)\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba3\u544a5\u6bd43\u7968\u652f\u6301\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b[5, 6]\u3002\u5224\u51b3\u58f0\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u6743\u6392\u65a5\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6216\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba3\u544a\u5730\u65b9\u8b66\u5bdf\u6216\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u5b98\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u7740\u624b\u9063\u8fd4\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u65e0\u9700\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u9662\u5ba1\u5224[7]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u8ba9\u66fe\u7ecf\u4fe1\u5fc3\u6ee1\u6ee1\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f1a\u63a8\u7ffb\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\uff0c\u5728\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u7684\u5a01\u4fe1\u4e00\u843d\u5343\u4e08\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u534e\u4eba\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7d27\u5f20\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u534e\u57e0\u91cc\u751a\u81f3\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u81ea\u76f8\u6b8b\u6740\u7684\u9a9a\u4e71[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e24\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u548c\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u573a\u8f83\u91cf\uff0c\u5411\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u5ead\u63d0\u51fa\u7533\u8bc9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62d2\u7edd\u652f\u4ed8\u56de\u56fd\u7684\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u62c5\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd8\u544a\u77e5\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7f8e\u56fd\u91c7\u53d6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

1893\u5e748\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u7f57\u65af\uff08E. R. Ross)\u4e0b\u4ee4\u62d8\u6355\u672a\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u9ec4\u5fb7\u80af(Wong Dep Ken)\u3002\u7531\u6b66\u88c5\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u628a\u4ed6\u4ece\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u62bc\u9001\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5f3a\u8feb\u4ed6\u767b\u4e0a\u5f00\u5f80\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u91cc\u7ea6\u70ed\u5185\u5362\u53f7\u8239\u3002\u9ec4\u5fb7\u80af\u6210\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u88ab\u9063\u8fd4\u7684\u534e\u4eba[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9063\u8fd4\u534e\u4eba\u9762\u4e34\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u6263\u7559\u548c\u9a71\u9010\u534e\u4eba\u51fa\u5883\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u9884\u8ba1600-700\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u4f1a\u6388\u6743\u7684\u53ea\u67096\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u300a\u5409\u91cc\u5c14\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u7684\u673a\u5236[8]\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c1893\u5e7411\u67083\u65e5\u51fa\u53f0\u4e86\u9ea6\u514b\u96f7\u91cc\u4fee\u6b63\u6848(McCreary Amendment)\uff0c\u8be5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e3a\u534e\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u6ce8\u518c\uff0c\u767b\u8bb0\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ef6\u957f\u52301894\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u5e76\u62e8\u5341\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u9063\u8fd4\u8d39\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5230\u4e861894\u5e743\u6708, \u6709303\u540d\u534e\u4eba\u88ab\u9063\u8fd4\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u9063\u8fd4\u8d39\u7528\u6602\u8d35\uff0c\u4ece\u7ebd\u7ea6\u6216\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u9063\u8fd4\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u8981\u82b11000\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u603b\u989d\u5341\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u9063\u8fd4\u62e8\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e94\u6708\u4efd\u7684\u622a\u6b62\u65e5\u671f\u524d\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b16,866\u7f8e\u5143\u4e86\uff0c\u9ad8\u989d\u7684\u9063\u8fd4\u8d39\u4f7f\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u56f0\u96be\u91cd\u91cd [2]\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u56db\uff0c\u9063\u8fd4\u534e\u4eba\u9762\u4e34\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u538b\u529b\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81ea\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u201cDriven Out\u201d [2].<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5730\u7403\u7684\u90a3\u8fb9\uff0c\u5f53\u62a5\u9053\u52a0\u5dde\u9488\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u66b4\u884c\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u62a5\u7eb8\u4f20\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u53cd\u7f8e\u60c5\u7eea\u9ad8\u6da8\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u534e\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u5904\u4e8e\u5bb3\u6015\u88ab\u62a5\u590d\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7535\u544a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u8bf7\u6c42\u505c\u6b62\u653b\u51fb\u65c5\u7f8e\u534e\u4eba,\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u81f4\u7535\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\uff0c\u90d1\u91cd\u7533\u660e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u56e2\u5728\u534e\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0d\u8981\u6267\u884c\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u534e\u4eba[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u75af\u72c2\u7684\u6392\u534e\u8fd0\u52a8<\/strong><\/p>\n

1893\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u534e\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b9e\u65bd\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u8fdb\u884c\u5f3a\u70c8\u963b\u529b\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c \u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u56e2\u591a\u6b21\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u51f6\u731b\u5730\u56f4\u653b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e73\u6c11\u515a\u548c\u767e\u53f6\u4f1a(National Trades Union) \u4ee5\u6267\u6cd5\u8eab\u4efd\u9a71\u9010\u534e\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6076\u884c\u4e4b\u4e00\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u79d1\u7f57\u62c9\u591a\u7684\u5c0f\u9547\u79d1\u83ab(Como)\uff0c1893\u5e748\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u6dd8\u91d1\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u77ff\u5de5\u906d\u5230\u767d\u4eba\u66b4\u5f92\u88ad\u51fb\uff0c\u534e\u5de5\u7684\u68da\u5c4b\u88ab\u706b\u70e7\uff0c\u5937\u4e3a\u5e73\u5730\uff0c\u5510\u4eba\u8857\u88ab\u70e7\u6bc1\uff0c\u77ff\u5de5\u9003\u79bb[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u540c\u5929\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u4f5b\u96f7\u65af\u8bfa\u9547(Fresno)\u7684\u51e0\u6761\u8857\uff0c\u51e0\u5ea7\u7eba\u7ec7\u5382\u548c\u7f50\u5934\u5382\u88ab\u5927\u706b\u70e7\u6bc1\u3002\u6240\u6709\u534e\u4eba\u88ab\u8d76\u8d70\u3002\u4e24\u5468\u540e\uff0c\u57288\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u81ea\u53d1\u5728\u95f9\u5e02\u533a\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u6392\u534e\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5546\u5bb6\u89e3\u96c7\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u6539\u96c7\u7528\u767d\u4eba\u52b3\u5de5\u3002\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u8ba1\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u6d41\u6d6a\u6c49\u5728\u4f5b\u96f7\u65af\u8bfa\u7684\u5927\u8857\u4e0a\u6e38\u8361\u7763\u4fc3\u534e\u4eba\u79bb\u5f00\u30028\u670815\u65e5\u66b4\u5f92\u5165\u4fb5\u8461\u8404\u56ed\uff0c\u6293\u6355\u534e\u5de5\uff0c\u903c\u8feb\u534e\u4eba\u79bb\u5f00\uff0c\u62a2\u8d70\u91d1\u94b1\u548c\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u6363\u6bc1\u5176\u68da\u5c4b\u3002\u5e76\u5c06\u4e00\u4eba\u6253\u6b7b[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

8\u670817\u65e5\u7684\u9a6c\u5fb7\u62c9(Montana)\u53bf\uff0c\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u8ba1\u7684\u534e\u5de5\u8eb2\u8fdb\u5510\u4eba\u8857\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u9003\u4ea1\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u5e38\u5e38\u906d\u5230\u653b\u51fb\u30028\u670830\u53f7\u6b79\u5f92\u7528\u70b8\u5f39\u70b8\u6b7b\u534e\u5546\u5546\u5e97\u91cc\u7684\u987e\u5ba2[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

9\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u8c37\u5c0f\u9547\u585e\u5c14\u739b(Selma)\uff0c40\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u6b66\u88c5\u6c11\u56e2\u8d76\u8d70\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u534e\u4eba\u5c45\u6c11\u5c06\u623f\u5c4b\u6d17\u52ab\u4e00\u7a7a\uff0c\u800c\u8b66\u5bdf\u8896\u624b\u65c1\u89c2[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5357\u52a0\u5dde\u76848\u670831\u65e5\u665a\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u6d88\u9632\u5b98\u773c\u76ae\u5e95\u4e0b200\u4e2a\u767d\u4eba\u51b2\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u534e\u4eba\u572848\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e4b\u5185\u79bb\u5f00\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u594b\u8d77\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u7528\u67aa\u81ea\u536b\u3002\u5dde\u957f\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df1\u52a8\u7528\u4e86\u56fd\u6c11\u8b66\u536b\u961f\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u6267\u884c\u5b98\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u4fdd\u62a4\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4e0b\u4ee4\u62d8\u6355\u5c1a\u672a\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u534e\u4eba[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u521d\u79cb\u66b4\u4e71\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u96f7\u5fb7\u5170\u5179(Redlands)\uff0c\u9547\u653f\u5e9c\u902e\u6355\u4e86\u9547\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684170\u540d\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8b\u540e\u53c8\u53bb\u5411\u7f57\u65af(Ross)\u6cd5\u5b98\u8981\u4e86170\u5f20\u62d8\u6355\u8bc1[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6cd5\u5b98\u7f57\u65af\u9f13\u52b1\u5e73\u6c11\u51fa\u624b\u6267\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u5982\u679c\u52a8\u7528\u8001\u767e\u59d3\uff0c\u75285\u4e07\u7f8e\u91d1\u8db3\u4ee5\u542f\u52a8\u9063\u8fd4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u30021893\u5e748\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u767d\u4eba\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u6293\u6355\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u9886\u8eab\u4efd\u5361\u7684\u534e\u5de5\u963f\u9ec4\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u6b64\u5148\u4f8b\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u64c5\u81ea\u62d8\u6355\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u7533\u8bf7\u8005\u8702\u62e5\u800c\u81f3\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u9003\u4ea1\uff0c\u9003\u4ea1\u9014\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5de5\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u5835\u622a\uff0c\u7528\u5e02\u6c11\u62d8\u6355\u8bc1\u6293\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u66b4\u6c11\u7528\u67aa\u6253\u6b7b\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u7528\u68cd\u68d2\u548c\u5200\u5b50\u88ad\u51fb\u534e\u4eba[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e5d\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u6570\u4ee5\u767e\u8ba1\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u9003\u5411\u4e1c\u5cb8\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u53bb\u4e86\u590f\u5a01\u5937\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u53bb\u52a0\u5dde\u5317\u90e8\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u5e73\u6c11\u56f4\u653b\u534e\u4eba\u6267\u6cd5\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u8349\u6839\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5e73\u6c11\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u4e5f\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u6392\u534e\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fbe\u5230\u75af\u72c2\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u653e\u5f03\u6297\u4e89\u5e76\u591a\u65b9\u83b7\u5229<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u671f\u5f85\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u79ef\u6781\u534f\u52a9\u6267\u884c\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u3002\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u8a00\u8f9e\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u5a01\u80c1\u9a71\u9010\u5728\u534e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u64a4\u9500\u4f7f\u56e2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u5728\u60f3\u529e\u6cd5\u59a5\u534f\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4e2d\u7f8e\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u987a\u5dee\u662f\u4e94\u6bd4\u4e00\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb\u7834\u88c2\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8d38\u6613\u987a\u5dee\u5c06\u4f1a\u5927\u5927\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u756a\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u8fbe\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u5373\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u65c5\u7f8e\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u540c\u76df[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u6761\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b3e, \u4e0d\u7ecf\u6b63\u5f53\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u5265\u593a\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u62d2\u7edd\u7ed9\u4e88\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd8\u662f\u5411\u53cd\u534e\u52bf\u529b\u4f4e\u5934\uff1f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5bb6\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d88\u8d39\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5546\u673a\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u8d38\u6613\u6761\u7ea6\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f8e\u4e2d\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u65b0\u8d38\u6613\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u540c\u80de\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u534e\u5de5\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u9020\u6210\u654c\u5bf9\u548c\u9a9a\u4e71\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u53cd\u5bf9\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b, \u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u6743\u8981\u6c42\u534e\u4eba\u534e\u5de5\u767b\u8bb0\u5e76\u4f69\u6234\u8eab\u4efd\u724c\u3002\u6768\u5112\u5927\u4f7f\u8bf4\u670d\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\u53bb\u635f\u574f\u65b0\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u6761\u7ea6\u5bf9\u5728\u7f8e\u534e\u5546\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u529b[2] \u3002<\/p>\n

1894\u5e744\u67083\u65e5\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u6700\u540e\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6570\u5343\u4eba\u7b49\u5019\u7740\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u662f\u7ee7\u7eed\u62b5\u6297\u8fd8\u662f\u767b\u8bb0\uff1f\u6700\u540e\u5931\u53bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9760\u5c71\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u8d34\u51fa\u901a\u544a\uff0c\u529d\u544a\u6240\u6709\u52b3\u5de5\u9075\u5b88\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u4e94\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u8bc1\u539f\u4ef6\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81ea\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u201cDriven Out\u201d [2].<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u516d\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u8bc1\u539f\u4ef6\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81ea\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u201cDriven Out\u201d [2].<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe\u4e03\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u8bc1\u539f\u4ef6\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81ea\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\u201cDriven Out\u201d [2].<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b21\u59a5\u534f\u9020\u6210\u591a\u65b9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u83b7\u5229\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6765\u81ea\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u8fdb\u53e3\u8fc5\u901f\u75311875\u5e74\u768415\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u589e\u52a0\u52301899\u5e74\u76849\u767e\u4e07\u4e24\u767d\u94f6\u3002<\/p>\n

1895\u5e74\u56fd\u4f1a\u62e8\u6b3e5\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u6267\u884c\u65b0\u7684\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\uff0c\u6388\u4e88\u6d77\u5173\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u56fd\u7a0e\u5c40\u5b98\u5458\u5168\u6743\u51b3\u5b9a\u79fb\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u7528\u5ba1\u7406\u6848\u5b50\u548c\u9063\u8fd4\uff0c\u75285\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u6765\u529e\u7406\u534e\u4eba\u767b\u8bb0\u7684\u62e8\u6b3e\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u90fd\u4f1a\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u7f6a\u6076\u548c\u8d2a\u5a6a\uff0c\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u3001\u5730\u7a0e\u5c40\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u4ee3\u7406\u6536\u53d7\u534e\u4eba\u8d3f\u8d42\uff0c\u516c\u8bc1\u5904\u51fa\u552e\u7a7a\u767d\u516c\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u62fc\u97f3\u767b\u8bb0\u591a\u4efd\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u5e26\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u552e\u6216\u9001\u4eba\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u5148\u201c\u65e0\u8bc1\u201d\u514d\u8d39\u63a5\u53d7\u9063\u8fd4\u56de\u56fd\u63a2\u4eb2\uff0c\u60f3\u8fd4\u56de\u7f8e\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u6709\u6548\u7684\u767b\u8bb0\u8bc1\u5165\u5883\u30021895\u5e74\u56fd\u7a0e\u5c40\u6293\u5230\u51e0\u5341\u4e2a\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5171\u5e26\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u5f20\u865a\u5047\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u6b64\u4e8b\u66dd\u5149\u540e\u624d\u53d1\u73b0\u5168\u56fd\u4e00\u5171\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u6570\u5343\u4efd\u590d\u5236\u8bc1\u4e66\u3002\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5546\u4e1a\u8d70\u79c1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6ce2\u5927\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d3b\u52a8\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u65cf\u7fa4[9]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9a84\u50b2\u7684\u5ba3\u5e03\uff1a\u300a\u5409\u5c14\u91cc\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u548c\u9ea6\u514b\u96f7\u91cc\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6709\u6548\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u6cd5\u6848\u901a\u8fc7\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u5185\u901a\u884c\u8bc1\u5236\u5ea6\u5230\u4f4d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u7a0e\u5c40\u628a\u901a\u544a\u8d34\u8fd1\u5510\u4eba\u8857\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u6240\u6709\u767b\u8bb0\u8fc7\u7684\u4eba\u91cd\u65b0\u767b\u8bb0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea1896\u5e74\u81f31905\u5e74\u65c5\u5c45\u7f8e\u56fd\u768411\u4e07\u534e\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c9571\u4eba\u56e0\u975e\u6cd5\u62d8\u7559\u800c\u88ab\u6355\uff0c4000\u4eba\u88ab\u9063\u8fd4[2]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6709\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u88c1\u51b3\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u8d76\u8d70\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u58ee\u5927\u4e86\u3002\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u53ca\u9a71\u8d76\u53d8\u672c\u52a0\u5389\u3002\u52301898\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u4e86\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u3002 1901\u5e74\uff0c1500\u540d\u53cd\u534e\u4ee3\u8868\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u6392\u534e\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u52b3\u5de5\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u56e2\u4f53\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u6b62\u8499\u53e4\u65cf\u7fa4\u5165\u4fb5\u5e76\u5a01\u80c1\u7f8e\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u7684\u5229\u76ca[10] \u3002<\/p>\n

1902\u5e74\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u518d\u5ea6\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u5408\u6cd5\u79fb\u5c45\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u95e8\u5173\u95ed\u4e8640\u5e74\u3002\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u8d8a\u8fc7\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u6216\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4e0d\u8bbe\u9632\u7684\u6d77\u5cb8\u767b\u9646\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f02\u65cf\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8c0e\u8a00\u53ca\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u6297\u4e89<\/p>\n

\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u6025\u4e8e\u6446\u8131\u7ef4\u62a4\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e89\u53d6\u767d\u4eba\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u5c06\u534e\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u9776\u5b50\u3002\u5171\u548c\u515a\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d17\u6e05\u652f\u6301\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4e89\u9009\u7968\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e00\u8d77\u8c34\u8d23\u534e\u4eba[11]\u3002\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u4e4b\u521d\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u5373\u5c06\u8fc7\u53bb\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u767d\u4eba\u4f20\u64ad\u653f\u6cbb\u8c0e\u8a00\uff0c\u5f62\u5bb9\u534e\u4eba\u8d2a\u5a6a\u3001\u80ae\u810f\u3001\u65e0\u8bda\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u52b3\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u662f\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u7f62\u5de5\u7684\u5de5\u8d3c[2]\u3002
\n1877\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u5173\u4e8e\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7279\u522b\u62a5\u544a\u91cc\u58f0\u79f0\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u4e0d\u60f3\u5f52\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u60f3\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\uff0c\u4e0d\u60f3\u5b66\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u4e0d\u60f3\u7559\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd[2]\u3002
\n1891\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u79fb\u6c11\u4e0e\u5f52\u5316\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u8bf4\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u628a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f53\u4f5c\u6682\u5c45\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u51e0\u5e74\u5c31\u6323\u591f\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5b58\u6b3e\uff0c\u56de\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fc7\u8212\u9002\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u9890\u517b\u5929\u5e74[12]\u3002
\n\u534e\u4eba\u51fa\u81ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u5343\u5e74\u5e1d\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6, \u4e07\u91cc\u8fe2\u8fe2\u6765\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u969c\u788d\u53ca\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u649e\u51fb\u548c\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u534e\u4eba\u5904\u4e8e\u52a3\u52bf\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0e\u5904\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u4ea7\u751f\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5c06\u534e\u4eba\u957f\u671f\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

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