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\u4f5c\u8005: \u6b23\u6b23\u7136\uff08Xin Su)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u6765\u6e90: \u7f8e\u534e\u53f2\u8bb0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u65b9\u5f3a\uff08Qiang Fang)<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u56fe1\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u6765\u4e86\uff01\u201d\u8fd9\u662fThe Wasp 1880\u5e7412\u67084\u65e5\u7684\u5361\u901a\u3002\u8bbd\u523a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5fd9\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u5927\u95e8\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u4f9d\u7136\u4ece\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u548c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u8fdb\u5165\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u81eaErika Lee, At America\u2019s Gates. P167.<\/p>\n

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\u4e0e\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u8fb9\u5883\u60c5\u51b5\u5927\u76f8\u5f84\u5ead\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u5212\u5206\u975e\u5e38\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u8fd8\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u5730\u4e0a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u91cf\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u8fdb\u5165\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ea7\u54c1\u548c\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u8fea\u4e9a\u5179(Diaz)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u50cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5c06\u6d41\u5931\u5927\u91cf\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u52b3\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u613f\u610f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u3002\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u914d\u5408\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6beb\u4e0d\u9690\u85cf\u5730\u4e88\u4ee5\u6297\u62d2[10,11]\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u56fe2\uff1a\u534e\u4eba\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7167\u7247\u5236\u6210\u5047\u7684\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u516c\u6c11\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ece\u5357\u8fb9\u5883\u5077\u6e21\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81eaErika Lee, At America\u2019s Gates. P163.<\/p>\n

\u6709\u7684\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u4eba\u6216\u56e2\u4f19\u5e2e\u52a9\u534e\u4eba\u5077\u6e21\u8fb9\u5883\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u6323\u5230\u4e0d\u5c11\u94b1\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f97\u610f\u5730\u79f0\uff02\u6211\u5e26\u4e86\u4e03\u4e2a\u9ec4\u79cd\u7537\u5b69\u5b50\u8fc7\u5883\uff0c\u6323\u4e86$225\u3002\u201d[12]\u636e\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c80%\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u5230\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u4e4b\u540e\u5077\u6e21\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd[12]\u3002\u6709\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u5316\u5986\u6210\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u6216\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u4eba\u6df7\u8fc7\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fb9\u9632[13]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e5f\u6709\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u4eba\u5e47\u52a9\u7f8e\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u6293\u5077\u6e21\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u60ac\u8d4f\u5956\u52b1\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3a\u7f8e\u58a8\u8fb9\u5883\u4e24\u8fb9\u63d0\u4f9b\u60c5\u62a5\u6216\u5e2e\u52a9\u6293\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fb9\u5883\u4e24\u4fa7\u5e03\u7f6e\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u773c\u7ebf\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u773c\u7ebf\u7ed9\u53ef\u7591\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u62cd\u6444\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9001\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fb9\u9632\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u673a\u667a\u7684\u773c\u7ebf\u80fd\u591f\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u7591\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fb9\u5883\u8b66\u5bdf\u5728\u6b65\u884c\u7ebf\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u53ca\u706b\u8f66\u8def\u7ebf\u7b49\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u901a\u9053\u4e0a\u52a0\u5f3a\u5de1\u903b\u548c\u9632\u8303\uff0c\u5230\u4e861909\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u9762\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u9632\u8303\u7f51\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u5077\u6e21\u8005\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u6293\u4f4f\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u9762\u4e34\u88ab\u7c97\u66b4\u5730\u9063\u8fd4\u56de\u56fd\u7684\u547d\u8fd0[14]\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5883\u5185\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u6ecb\u751f\u53cd\u534e\u60c5\u7eea\u53ca\u6392\u534e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe3\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98Frank Stone\u8d34\u51fa\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5176\u4f59\u88ab\u6293\u5230\u7684\u5077\u6e21\u8005\u7167\u7247\u5408\u5f71\u3002\u4ed6\u8d1f\u8d23El Paso, Texas\u8fd9\u6bb5\u533a\u57df\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81eaErika Lee, At America\u2019s Gates. P183.<\/p>\n

\u79fb\u6c11\u7edf\u8ba1\u6570\u5b57\u663e\u793a\u8fb9\u5883\u8b66\u5bdf\u53ca\u5de1\u6355\u4eba\u5458\u975e\u5e38\u6210\u529f\u5730\u9632\u6b62\u4e86\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u4ece\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5077\u5165\u5883\u30021898\u5e74\u88ab\u9063\u8fd4\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u5360\u5165\u5883\u76844%\uff0c1904\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0a\u5347\u4e3a61%\u3002\u5230\u4e861911\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fb9\u9632\u5b98\u5458\u81ea\u8c6a\u5730\u5ba3\u79f0\uff1a\u5077\u6e21\u8005\u65e0\u4e00\u6f0f\u7f51[15]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5f00\u5c55\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u8fb9\u5883\u5916\u4ea4\u4ee5\u53ca\u52a0\u5f3a\u7f8e\u58a8\u8fb9\u5883\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5efa\u8d77\u4e86\u5357\u5317\u4e24\u8fb9\u9632\u6b62\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u201c\u9ad8\u5899\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5408\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u5927\u95e8\uff1a\u5929\u4f7f\u79fb\u6c11\u5c9b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u4e3a\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u9650\u5236\u534e\u5de5\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u591a\u534e\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u52a8\u8111\u7b4b\u6539\u53d8\u7b56\u7565\u4ee5\u5546\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5165\u5883\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5b50\u5b50\u5b59\u5b59\u90fd\u80fd\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4eba\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u5546\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u79fb\u6c11\u4e5f\u613f\u610f\u9020\u5047\u201c\u6210\u4e3a\u201d\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11[16]\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u79fb\u6c11\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u667a\u529b\u6e38\u620f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u7537\u5b50\u58f0\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u81ea\u5bb6\u751f\u4ea7\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u5b98\u65b9\u6ce8\u518c[17] \u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u534e\u4eba\u58f0\u79f01906\u5e74\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5730\u9707\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5927\u706b\u628a\u51fa\u751f\u8bc1\u70e7\u4e86 [18]\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u8fdb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u7537\u5b50\u5219\u8868\u793a\u662f\u7f8e\u7c4d\u7236\u4eb2\u56de\u56fd\u63a2\u4eb2\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u6000\u5b55\u5e76\u751f\u4e0b\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u540d\u6b63\u8a00\u987a\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u540e\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u51e0\u4e2a\u201d\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u540d\u989d\uff0c\u7559\u7ed9\u81ea\u5bb6\uff0c\u6216\u5356\u7ed9\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u90bb\u5c45\u548c\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u3002[19]\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u7ecf\u5e38\u626e\u6f14\u4e2d\u95f4\u5546\u6765\u8d5a\u94b1\u3002[20, 21]<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u5730\u533a\u52a9\u7406\u5f8b\u5e08Duncan E. McKinlay\u57281901\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6392\u534e\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u53d1\u8a00\uff0c\u771f\u5b9e\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u9020\u5047\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u6bcf\u5929\u65e9\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f8b\u5e08\u4ee3\u7406\u58f0\u79f0\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e8c\u5341\u5c81\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u7537\u5b50\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u540c\u4e3a\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u5219\u51fa\u5ead\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u65e9\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u6216\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u7684\u7236\u6bcd\u3002\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u5b69\u5b50\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u4e09\u697c\u7684\u7b2c13\u53f7\u623f\u95f4\u3002\u5730\u5740\u662fDupont\u8857710\u53f7\u3002\u7537\u5b692\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5e26\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53bb\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u7236\u6bcd\u4eb2\u53cc\u4ea1\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u7684\u4eb2\u621a\u9700\u8981\u4ed6\u6765\u7167\u987e\u751f\u610f\u3002\u800c\u53d4\u53d4\u6216\u8868\u54e5\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5230\u573a\u53d1\u8a93\u8bc1\u660e\u6b64\u4e8b\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\u592a\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u8bc1\u636e\u786e\u51ff\u3001\u8ba1\u5212\u5468\u5bc6\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6545\u4e8b\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5973\u6027\u81f3\u5c11\u751f\u8fc7500\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u3002[22]\u201d<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u534e\u4eba\u5f0f\u7684\u201c\u72e1\u733e\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u5b98\u5458\u4e00\u6101\u83ab\u5c55\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u662f\u4eba\u60c5\u4e16\u6545\u5927\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002 \u6309\u7167\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u4eba\u6743\u662f\u5929\u8d4b\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u534e\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u7b97\u662f\u5584\u4e3e\u3002\u65cf\u4eb2\u4e4b\u524d\u76f8\u4e92\u63d0\u643a\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5e95\u7ebf\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\u8ba9\u540c\u4e00\u65cf\u4eb2\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u65e5\u8d8b\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927 [23]\u3002<\/p>\n

1906\u5e74\u7684\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5927\u5730\u9707\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u706b\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u516c\u5171\u51fa\u751f\u8bc1\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u4ef6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8bc1\u660e\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u5b8c\u5168\u8981\u4ee5\u53e3\u4e3a\u51ed\u3002\u4e4b\u540e\u6570\u5e74\uff0c\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u5927\u91cf\u7eb8\u5b69\u5b50\uff01\u201c\u7eb8\u4eb2\u5c5e\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4f7f\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u5927\u4e3a\u4f24\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u7504\u522b\u771f\u4f2a\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u65bd\u201c\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5ba1\u8baf\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u53e3\u8ff0\u5b9e\u5f55\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u591a\u6570\u4ece\u4e1c\u5cb8\u79fb\u6c11\u5165\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u534e\u4eba\u5219\u66f4\u591a\u662f\u4ece\u897f\u5cb8\u5165\u5173\u7684\u3002\u8d77\u521d, \u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u7684\u65b0\u5165\u5883\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u88ab\u5173\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u90ae\u8f6e\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7801\u5934\u8fb9\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u7a97\u6237\u7684\u4e8c\u5c42\u697c\u91cc, \u5f88\u810f\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6c61\u6c34\u548c\u8231\u5e95\u5e9f\u6c34\u7684\u6c14\u5473 [24]\u3002\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e2\u53ef\u9632\u6b62\u9003\u8dd1\uff0c\u53c8\u548c\u5916\u754c\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7ad9\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u800c\u5929\u4f7f\u5c9b\uff08Angel Island\uff09\u662f\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c9b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a1775\u5e74\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u4e00\u8258\u519b\u8230\u5728\u963f\u4e9a\u62c9\uff08Juan de Ayala\uff09\u519b\u5b98\u7684\u6307\u6325\u4e0b\u9996\u6b21\u8fdb\u5165\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u6e7e\u3002\u963f\u4e9a\u62c9\u7684\u519b\u8230\u505c\u9760\u5728\u8be5\u5c9b\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u5b83\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff08\u00c1ngeles\uff09 [25]\u3002\u5929\u4f7f\u5c9b\u66fe\u662f\u519b\u4e8b\u8981\u585e\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u536b\u751f\u670d\u52a1\u68c0\u75ab\u7ad9\u4ee5\u53ca\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u3002\u4e1c\u5317\u89d2\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7ad9\u62d8\u7559\u5e76\u68c0\u67e5\u4e86\u6765\u81ea84\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u7ea6\u670917.5\u4e07\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd[26]\u30021940\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u706b\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u8be5\u5c9b\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5927\u697c\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u79fb\u6c11\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5904\u7406\u88ab\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5e02\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a1905\u5e74\u6279\u51c6\u5728\u5929\u4f7f\u5c9b\u4fee\u5efa\u79fb\u6c11\u7ad9\uff0c\u6b64\u79fb\u6c11\u7ad9\u57281908\u5e74\u5b8c\u5de5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e1910\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u542f\u7528\u3002[27]\u8be5\u5c9b\u5904\u4e8e\u7684\u6d77\u6e7e\u4fd7\u79f0\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e7e\uff08China Cove\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236\u534e\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002[28] \u8be5\u5c9b\u6d77\u5173\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u662f\u5e38\u89c4\u536b\u751f\u8eab\u4f53\u5065\u5eb7\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u767d\u4eba\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u4eba\u6570\u5f88\u5c11\u3002\u65e2\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a5\u53d7\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u533b\u751f\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e25\u683c\u9075\u5b88\u536b\u751f\u89c4\u8303\u3002[29] \u7136\u800c\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e9a\u6d32\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u5c31\u4f1a\u82db\u523b\u800c\u7c97\u66b4\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u9664\u4e86\u8981\u505a\u6807\u51c6\u68c0\u67e5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u53d6\u7caa\u4fbf\u6807\u672c\u505a\u80a0\u9053\u5bc4\u751f\u866b\u68c0\u6d4b[29]\u3002\u67e5\u51fa\u75c5\u6765\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u5c31\u8981\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7684\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4f53\u68c0\u548c\u79fb\u6c11\u542c\u8bc1\u4f1a\u3002 [30]\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u88ab\u62d8\u7559\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u77ed\u4e0d\u4e00\uff0c\u77ed\u5219\u4e24\u5468\uff0c\u957f\u81f3\u4e24\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c\u5ba1\u8baf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u5e73\u5747\u9700\u89812-3\u5468\uff0c\u4f46\u9488\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u957f\u8fbe\u6570\u6708\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u79fb\u6c11\u7531\u4e24\u540d\u79fb\u6c11\u68c0\u67e5\u5b98\u548c\u4e00\u540d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u5355\u72ec\u5ba1\u95ee\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0a\u767e\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79fb\u6c11\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u6216\u5979\u7684\u7956\u5148\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u4f60\u4f4f\u7684\u623f\u5b50\u95e8\u671d\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b9\u5411\uff1f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4f60\u7684\u7956\u6bcd\u591a\u5927\u5c81\u6570\uff1f\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\u5c06\u88ab\u95ee\u5230\u540c\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6c42\u8bc1\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u80cc\u79bb\u8bc1\u8bcd\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u8d28\u7591\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5ef6\u957f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u6848\u4ef6\u53d7\u5230\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u9762\u4e34\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u7136\u800c\u7ed3\u679c\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u9884\u89c1\uff0c\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u524d\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u5e76\u80cc\u4e0b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe4\uff1a\u85cf\u5728\u82b1\u751f\u76ae\u91cc\u7684\u7eb8\u6761\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u8bb0\u5f55\u201d\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5e94\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u7684\u8003\u95ee\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81eaErika Lee, At America\u2019s Gates. P214.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe5\uff1a\u85cf\u5728\u9999\u8549\u76ae\u91cc\u7684\u7eb8\u6761\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u8bb0\u5f55\u201d\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u5e94\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u7684\u8003\u95ee\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81eaErika Lee, At America\u2019s Gates. P215.<\/p>\n

\u5929\u4f7f\u5c9b\u4e0a\u7684\u62d8\u7559\u6240\u5982\u540c\u76d1\u72f1\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u8425\u623f\u7684\u95e8\u7ec8\u65e5\u7d27\u9501\uff0c\u7a97\u6237\u5916\u9762\u53ca\u9662\u5b50\u5916\u7684\u56f4\u5899\u5e03\u6ee1\u94c1\u4e1d\u7f51\uff0c\u6709\u8377\u67aa\u5b9e\u5f39\u7684\u8b66\u536b\u7ad9\u5c97\u76d1\u89c6\u3002\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u4eba\u5458\u6bcf\u5929\u53ea\u6709\u6709\u9650\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5230\u9662\u5b50\u91cc\u547c\u5438\u65b0\u9c9c\u7a7a\u6c14\u3002\u62d8\u7559\u6240\u4e00\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u8425\u623f\u7684\u5899\u58c1\u4e0a\u523b\u4e0a\u8bd7\u8bcd\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u6292\u53d1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u3002\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u603b\u76d1\u89c9\u5f97\u6d82\u9e26\u4e0d\u96c5\uff0c\u5c31\u7528\u6cb9\u6f06\u76d6\u4f4f\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u53c8\u523b\u4e0a\u3001\u53c8\u76d6\u4f4f\uff0c\u53c8\u523b\u4e0a\u3001\u53c8\u76d6\u4f4f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bd7\u53e5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe6\uff1a\u201c\u6728\u5c4b\u62d8\u7559\u51e0\u5341\u5929\uff0c\u6240\u56e0\u58a8\u4f8b\u81f4\u7275\u8fde\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u82f1\u96c4\u65e0\u7528\u6b66\uff0c\u53ea\u542c\u97f3\u6765\u7b56\u7956\u97ad\u3002\u201d\u5929\u4f7f\u5c9b\u79fb\u6c11\u62d8\u7559\u6240\u5899\u58c1\u7684\u6cb9\u6f06\u4e0b\u4e00\u9996\u8bd7\u6b4c\u3002\u7167\u7247\u51fa\u81eaAngel Island Immigration Station\uff0e<\/p>\n

\u201c\u4e34\u5230\u7f8e\u6d32\uff0c\u902e\u5165\u6728\u697c\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u56da\u72af\uff0c\u6765\u6b64\u4e00\u79cb\u3002\u7f8e\u4eba\u4e0d\u51c6\uff0c\u6279\u62e8\u56de\u5934\uff0c\u6d88\u606f\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u56de\u56fd\u60ca\u5fe7\u3002\u56fd\u5f31\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u53f9\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c\u56f0\u56da\u6728\u5c4b\u5e38\u6101\u95f7\uff0c\u5fc6\u522b\u5bb6\u4e61\u6708\u51e0\u5706\u3002\u5bb6\u4eba\u501a\u671b\u97f3\u4e66\u5207\uff0c\u51ed\u8c01\u4f20\u8bed\u62a5\u5e73\u5b89\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7565\u663e\u7b28\u62d9\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u97f5\u5f8b\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\u867d\u88ab\u5c81\u6708\u4fb5\u8680\u5374\u6c38\u4e0d\u6e6e\u6ca1\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u88ab\u62d8\u7559\u8005\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u54c0\u6028\u3001\u5f77\u5fa8\u3001\u8ff7\u832b\u53ca\u6124\u6168\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd7\u6b4c\u66fe\u88ab\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u534e\u88d4\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u9ea6\u793c\u8c26\uff08Him Mark Lai\uff09\u3001\u6768\u78a7\u82b3\uff08Judy Yung\uff09\u3001\u6797\u5c0f\u7434\uff08Genny Lim\uff09\u7b49\u4e8e1980\u5e74\u6574\u7406\u3001\u6821\u52d8\u5e76\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u7684\u201c\u8bd7\u96c6\u201c\u51fa\u7248 [31]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u6211\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u4e8e1921\u5e74\u6765\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u4f7f\u5c9b\u88ab\u7f81\u62bc\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u201d \u6768\u6708\u82b3\u6559\u6388\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u8bbf\u8c08\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c\u201d\u4f46\u662f\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u5bf9\u6211\u63d0\u53ca\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u591a\u534a\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4ee5\u201d\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u83b7\u51c6\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u90a3\u6bb5\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6765\u8bf4\u5e76\u4e0d\u6109\u5feb\u3002\u201d[32]<\/p>\n

\u201c\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u7a81\u7136\u53d1\u73b0\u60a8\u7684\u59d3\u662f\u5047\u7684\uff0c\u60a8\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u611f\u53d7\uff1f\u201d \u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u524d\u6765\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u88d4\u5bb6\u5ead\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u90a3\u662f1882\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7981\u6b62\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u5408\u6cd5\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u6570\u4ee5\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u975e\u6cd5\u4f7f\u7528\u4f2a\u9020\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u7eb8\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u540e\u4ee3\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u63ed\u5f00\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u8fd8\u524d\u8f88\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e05\u767d\u5e76\u8ba9\u540e\u4ee3\u4eec\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5e26\u7740\u8fd9\u4efd\u803b\u8fb1\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe7\uff1a\u52b3\u5de5\u4f59\u6bd3\u4f55\u4e70\u6765\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u662f\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u53d6\u81eaErika Lee, At America\u2019s Gates. P205.<\/p>\n

Steve Kwok(Guo) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u79fb\u6c11\u540e\u4ee3\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u6211\u7684\u7238\u7238\u662f\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u300b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u50cf\u5343\u4e07\u4e2a\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e70\u4e86\u4e2a\u7eb8\u7236\u4eb2\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u68c0\u67e5\u5ba1\u6838\uff0c\u5e76\u6bd4\u7167\u4ed6\u4e0e\u7eb8\u7236\u4eb2\u548c\u7eb8\u5144\u5f1f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u50cf\u8c8c\u540e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5916\u5b98\u76f8\u4f3c\u5ea6\u6781\u9ad8\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u5224\u65ad\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7533\u8bf7\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\u3002\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5bb6\u4eba\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7238\u7238\u957f\u5f97\u7684\u786e\u66f4\u50cf\u4ed6\u7684\u7eb8\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u201d Steve\u4e0d\u5fd8\u8865\u5145\u4e00\u53e5\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u7236\u4eb2\u8e0f\u4e0a\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3e\u76ee\u65e0\u4eb2\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u5b64\u72ec\u3002\u505a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6c34\u679c\u91c7\u6458\u5458\u3001\u9910\u5385\u6d17\u7897\u673a\u5de5\u3001\u52a9\u7406\u53a8\u5e08\u3001\u6536\u94f6\u5458\u3001\u9910\u5385\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u507f\u8fd8\u4e86\u7eb8\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u8239\u7968\u8d39\u7528\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u5e2e\u52a9\u81ea\u5df1\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7279\u8d66\u540e\uff0c\u5145\u5f53\u201c\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u624d\u5f97\u5230\u7f13\u89e3\u3002\u5168\u5bb6\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5c06\u201c\u7eb8\u59d3\u201d\u6539\u56de\u5bb6\u65cf\u59d3\u3002\u540e\u6765Steve\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u7684\u7956\u7c4d\u548c\u5bb6\u4e61\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u4f1a\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u52c7\u6c14\u548c\u575a\u97e7\u800c\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u6765\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5bb6\u4e61\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\u592a\u5dee\u4e86\uff01 [33]<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u534e\u4eba\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5bf9\u7b56\u751a\u81f3\u7f6a\u6076, \u4f7f\u51e0\u4ee3\u534e\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6050\u60e7\u3001\u81ea\u60b2\u3001\u803b\u8fb1\u548c\u7126\u8651\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7528\u62b5\u5236\u7f8e\u8d27\u8fd0\u52a8\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7b7e\u5c5e\u540e\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u65e0\u5c3d\u7684\u6740\u622e\u3001\u62a2\u52ab\u3001\u9a71\u9010\u3001\u548c\u6b67\u89c6\u30021890\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u4e16\u754c\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u5305\u62ec\u9999\u6e2f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u9f20\u75ab\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ecf\u6a80\u9999\u5c71\u4e2d\u8f6c\u524d\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u3002 \u540c\u65f6, \u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5173\u95ed\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f01\u4e1a\u5e76\u547d\u4ee4\u6240\u6709\u65c5\u884c\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u63a5\u79cd\u75ab\u82d7\u3002[34]\u4e00\u7fa4\u533b\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fdb\u6b65\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bb9\u6613\u60a3\u4e0a\u5916\u6765\u75be\u75c5\uff0c\u9f20\u75ab\u662f\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u75c5\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u4e9a\u6d32\u571f\u58e4\u4ea7\u751f[35]\u30021903\u5e7410\u670811\u65e5\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u7a81\u88ad\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u5510\u4eba\u8857\uff0c\u902e\u6355\u4e86234\u540d\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u53ca\u65f6\u51fa\u793a\u8bc1\u4ef6\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ec5\u670945\u4eba\u5c5e\u4e8e\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4f59\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u662f\u88ab\u8bef\u6293\u3002[36] 1905\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u534e\u4ebaJu Toy\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u540e\u88ab\u62d2\u7edd\u767b\u9646 (Ju Toy v. United States)\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u9a71\u9010\u51fa\u5883[37]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9488\u5bf9\u79cd\u79cd\u6b67\u89c6,\u534e\u4eba\u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u6b21\u6297\u4e89\u5931\u8d25\u4e4b\u540e\u8f6c\u5411\u6bcd\u56fd\u6c42\u6551\u3002 \u7531\u7ef4\u65b0\u53d8\u6cd5\u5931\u8d25\u800c\u6d41\u4ea1\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u548c\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u547c\u5401\u5927\u6d0b\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7528\u62b5\u5236\u7f8e\u8d27\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u65bd\u538b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u7f8e\u56fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11[38, 39]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u662f\u62b5\u5236\u7f8e\u8d27\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u53d1\u8d77\u8005\uff0c\u65e9\u4e8e1903\u5e74\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u5c31\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5ba3\u4f20\u201c\u62b5\u5236\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u52a8\u5458\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u4eba\u5411\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u65bd\u52a0\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u62b5\u5236\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u62b5\u5236\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u901a\u8fc7\u62a5\u7eb8\u4f20\u64ad\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u30024\u6708\u5e955\u6708\u521d\u65f6\uff0c \u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u4ece\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u5411\u5404\u5730\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u53d1\u7535\u62a5\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5927\u5bb6\u5411\u653f\u5e9c\u65bd\u538b\u3002\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u751f\u5b58\u8fd8\u662f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u95ee\u9898 [38, 39]\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u56fe8\uff1a\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u603b\u88c1\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u3002\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\uff08\u82f1\u8bed\uff1aProtecting the Emperor Society or Chinese Empire Reform Association\uff09\u662f\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u53ca\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u671d\u672b\u5e74\u521b\u5efa\u653f\u6cbb\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u9f13\u5439\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7eb2\u9886\u30021906\u5e74\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba3\u5e03\u5b9e\u884c\u9884\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\uff0c\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u9042\u5ba3\u544a\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210\u30021907\u5e74\uff0c\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u6539\u7ec4\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u4f1a\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u51e0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u768470,000\u540d\u6210\u5458\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u6709\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u662f\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u4ea4\u515a\u8d39\uff08https:\/\/baike.baidu.com\/item\/\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u3001\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u526f\u603b\u88c1\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u4e5f\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ece\u6c11\u95f4\u62b5\u5236\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u540e\u63f4\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u8f6f\u5f31\u800c\u8d3b\u8bef\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6e05\u5ef7\u53cd\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5bf9\u534e\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4f46\u653f\u5e9c\u592a\u8f6f\u5f31\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6297\u8861\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u56fe9\uff1a\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u526f\u603b\u88c1\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8bf41892\u5e74\u5168\u7f8e11\u4e07\u534e\u4eba\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u53cd\u6297\u4f69\u5e26\u201c\u72d7\u724c\u201d\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u5927\u56e2\u7ed3\uff08http:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/GA-EKEe8l4HCgf7DabhMew\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e481905\u5e74\u62b5\u5236\u7f8e\u8d27\u8fd0\u52a8\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u534e\u4eba\u96c6\u4f53\u53cd\u6297\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u3002\u5168\u7f8e\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u52b3\u5de5\u3001\u8bb0\u8005\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3001\u5802\u4f1a\u6240\u6709\u534e\u4eba\u6401\u7f6e\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7ef4\u6743\u76ee\u6807\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u6177\u6168\u7684\u6350\u6b3e\u95f4\u63a5\u5730\u53c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u7f8e\u8d27\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u534e\u4eba\u6350\u51fa\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u7ecf\u8fc7\u591a\u79cd\u6e20\u9053\u9001\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u5e7f\u4e1c\u548c\u9999\u6e2f\u7b49\u5730\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u5411\u6ee1\u6e05\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u751f\u52a8\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7ed9\u5728\u7f8e\u534e\u4eba\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u4f24\u5bb3\uff0c\u53ca\u65f6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5173\u4e8e\u5bf9\u534e\u79fb\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u73b0\u72b6\u3002\u6709\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u56de\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u5206\u4eab\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u906d\u9047\u3002\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u56fd\u4eba\u56e0\u540c\u80de\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u800c\u6124\u6012\uff0c\u5e76\u51c6\u5907\u91c7\u53d6\u5b9e\u9645\u884c\u52a8\u652f\u6301\u5728\u7f8e\u540c\u80de[40, 41]\u3002<\/p>\n

1905\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u6743\u4ee3\u8868\u7f57\u514b\u5e0c\u5c14\uff08William W. Rockhill\uff09\u62b5\u8fbe\u5317\u4eac\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6761\u7ea6\u8c08\u5224\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u603b\u4f1a\u9986\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u53d1\u51fa\u7535\u62a5\uff0c\u6566\u4fc3\u5176\u4e0d\u8981\u7b7e\u7f72\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5236\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

5\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u4f1a\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u5546\u5b9a\u54cd\u5e94\u53f7\u53ec\u3001\u62b5\u5236\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u54c1\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5546\u4f1a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u66fe\u5c11\u537f\u53d1\u51fa\u7535\u62a5\u8981\u6c42\u5168\u56fd\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a\u8054\u5408\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u53f7\u53ec\u5f97\u5230\u79ef\u6781\u800c\u70ed\u70c8\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u53cd\u7f8e\u60c5\u7eea\u6cb8\u817e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u4f1a\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u9650\u671f\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6708\u5185\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4f30\u5bf9\u534e\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\uff0d\u8981\u6c42\u4e0d\u88ab\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7ecf\u6d4e\u62b5\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

1905\u5e747\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u622a\u6b62\u4e4b\u65e5\u524d\u56db\u5929\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u540d\u53eb\u51af\u4fa0\u4f1f\uff08\u97f3\uff09\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u4e0a\u6d77\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u524d\u81ea\u6740\u8eab\u4ea1\u3002\u4ed6\u906d\u5230\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u5458\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u902e\u6355\u5e76\u9063\u8fd4\u3002\u540d\u4e0d\u89c1\u7ecf\u4f20\u7684\u5c0f\u4eba\u7269\u7528\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6297\u8bae\u4ed6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u3002 \u4ed6\u4e00\u591c\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u96c4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u9175\uff0c\u4fc3\u62107\u670820\u65e5\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u62b5\u5236\u3002[38]<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u548c\u5e73\u62b5\u5236\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u6c5f\u82cf\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\uff0c\u798f\u5efa\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\uff0c\u6e56\u5317\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\uff0c\u5409\u6797\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\uff0c\u9655\u897f\uff0c\u5c71\u4e1c\u548c\u6cb3\u5317\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5404\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u5546\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u3002\u5546\u5bb6\u505c\u6b62\u8ba2\u8d2d\u6216\u51fa\u552e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u5982\u68c9\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u3001\u77f3\u6cb9\u3001\u706b\u67f4\u3001\u9999\u70df\u3001\u9762\u7c89\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u54c1\uff1a\u80a5\u7682\u3001\u8721\u70db\u3001\u5316\u5986\u54c1\u3001\u4e94\u91d1\u548c\u6587\u5177\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u7801\u5934\u5378\u8d27, \u62a5\u520a\u62a5\u793e\u62d2\u7edd\u520a\u767b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u548c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4eec\u5229\u7528\u827a\u672f\u521b\u4f5c\u6216\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u63cf\u8ff0\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u82e6\u96be\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u3002[40, 41]<\/p>\n

\u62b5\u5236\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u548c\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u56e2\u4f53\u30021905\u5e747\u6708\u81f39\u6708\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u9ad8\u6f6e\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u635f\u5931\u4e86\u4ef7\u503c\u7ea630-40\u767e\u4e07\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u3002[41, 42, 43, 44]<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4ecb\u5165, \u7ed9\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u65bd\u52a0\u538b\u529b\u3002\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4ece\u540c\u60c5\u5230\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8f6c\u4e3a\u654c\u610f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u62b5\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u53cd\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8206\u8bba\u76f4\u6307\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8f6f\u5f31\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u62a4\u5176\u6d77\u5916\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u9ad8\u6f6e\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u5546\u4eba\u7279\u522b\u662f\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6709\u5546\u52a1\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u9010\u6e10\u6de1\u51fa\u4e86\u62b5\u5236\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u62b5\u5236\u7f8e\u8d27\u6709\u635f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u3002[38, 42]<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u5728\u8d38\u6613\u4e0a\u5f00\u653e\uff0c\u800c\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\u5173\u95ed\u3002\u867d\u7136\u770b\u4f3c\u5f88\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u8fd8\u662f\u88ab\u4e2d\u56fd\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u3002\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u5bf9\u5c40\u52bf\u5177\u6709\u638c\u63a7\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u53ea\u80fd\u5bc4\u5e0c\u671b\u4e8e\u6ee1\u8db3\u8d2a\u5a6a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u3002[38, 42]<\/p>\n

\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u4ecb\u610f\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8f70\u8f70\u70c8\u70c8\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u57281905\u5e74\u5e95\u548c1906\u5e74\u521d\u8349\u8349\u6536\u573a\u7ed3\u675f\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u53cd\u7f8e\u62b5\u5236\u8fd0\u52a8\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u52a8\u6447\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u52a1\u90e8\u957f\u6885\u7279\u5361\u592b(Metcalf) \u53ca\u603b\u7edf\u7f57\u65af\u798f(Roosevelt) \u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u3002\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u7b7e\u53d1\u603b\u7edf\u4ee4, \u547d\u4ee4\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u505c\u6b62\u9488\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u884c\u4e3a, \u5f3a\u8c03\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u53ea\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u52b3\u5de5, \u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6269\u5927[41, 45,46]\u3002<\/p>\n

1905-1906\u5e74\u7684\u53cd\u7f8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u62b5\u5236\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u963b\u6b62\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u5510\u4eba\u8857\u9488\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u3002[47] \u540c\u65f6\u5b83\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u9488\u5bf9\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0d\u518d\u7528\u6839\u636e\u8eab\u4f53\u6807\u5fd7\u53ca\u6d4b\u91cf\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u7f6a\u72af\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5(Bertillon)\u6765\u5206\u8fa8\u534e\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u505a\u5047[45,46]\u3002
\n\u5bf9\u4fdd\u7687\u515a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e86\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u62a5\u520a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002
\n\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u6297\u7cbe\u795e\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u6587\u4eba\u548c\u672c\u571f\u5546\u4eba\u500d\u53d7\u9f13\u821e\u3002\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u4f17\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002
\n\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u786e\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u8de8\u56fd\u95f4\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u8f6f\u5f31\u65e0\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6027\u5730\u5e2e\u52a9\u5e76\u5f15\u5bfc\u4e86\u6bcd\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u53f2\u65e0\u524d\u4f8b\u7684\u7b79\u9977\u53cd\u5e1d\u8fd0\u52a8<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300a\u6392\u534e\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u8fdb\u5165\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c1901\u5e749\u67089\u65e5\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7ee7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e27\u6743\u8fb1\u56fd\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u300a\u8f9b\u4e11\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u660c\u76db\u7684\u6e05\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u8fd1\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e4b\u65c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ddf\u5176\u4ed6\u5386\u671d\u5386\u4ee3\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e00\u6837\u4e0d\u5f97\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u8f6f\u5f31\u5bf9\u5185\u66b4\u8650\u3002\u53cd\u6e05\u7684\u706b\u7130\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u95f4\u5347\u817e\uff0c\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u4e86\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

1903\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u8fd1\u4e09\u5341\u4e03\u5c81\u7684\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u8f97\u8f6c\u6b27\u7f8e\u9f13\u5439\u9769\u547d\uff0c10\u67085\u65e5\u62b5\u8fbe\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u7684\u6a80\u9999\u5c71\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u867d\u662f\u671d\u5ef7\u94a6\u72af\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6a80\u9999\u5c71\u4e0e\u6e05\u5ef7\u65e0\u90a6\u4ea4\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u6ca1\u6709\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4fa8\u652f\u6301\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u5bb6\u4e61\u5e7f\u4e1c\u9999\u5c71\u53bf\u4eba\u4e5f\u4ee5\u5176\u4e3a\u803b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u7684\u9769\u547d\u5de5\u4f5c\u6682\u65f6\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883[48]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6784\u6210\u65e9\u671f\u534e\u4eba\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\u662f\u4ee5\u6c0f\u65cf\u6216\u80de\u65cf\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u5802\u4f1a\u6216\u5e2e\u6d3e\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e86\u79fb\u6c11\u534e\u4eba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u59cb\u7ec8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d2a\u95e8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6e05\u5e2e\u6d3e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u6d2a\u95e8\u4f20\u5165\u7f8e\u6d32\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u53eb\u6d2a\u987a\u5802\uff0c\u540e\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u91d1\u5c71\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u3002\u767e\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u5404\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u534e\u4eba\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5341\u4e4b\u4e03\u516b\u662f\u6d2a\u95e8\u4f1a\u5458\u3002\u6d2a\u95e8\u4f1a\u5458\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u5165\u4f1a\u5148\u7531\u8001\u4f1a\u5458\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u9ad8\u5c42\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u518d\u5f00\u53f0\u505a\u620f\u624d\u9a8c\u660e\u6b63\u8eab[49]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u76df\u957f\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u6070\u548c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u80de\u5144\u5b59\u7709\u662f\u670b\u53cb\u30021903\u5e74\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u4eb2\u8d74\u6a80\u9999\u5c71\u4f1a\u89c1\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\uff08\u5f85\u8003\u8bc1\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4fee\u4e66\u81f4\u6a80\u9999\u5c71\u56fd\u5b89\u4f1a\u9986\u5404\u6606\u4ef2\uff0c\u4fdd\u4e3e\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5165\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f53\u4e0a\u201c\u6d2a\u68cd\u201d\u3002\u7fcc\u5e741904\u5e743\u670831\u65e5\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7531\u56fd\u5b89\u4f1a\u9986\u96c6\u8d44\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u4e58\u201c\u9ad8\u4e3d\u201d\u53f7\u8239\u524d\u5f80\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71[48\uff0c49]\u3002\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u4e4b\u884c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5ba3\u4f20\u9769\u547d\u548c\u52df\u96c6\u6350\u6b3e\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe10\uff1a\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c711904\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5165\u5883\u65f6\u88ab\u6355\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5165\u5883\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f\u7528\u7eb8\u513f\u5b50\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u62a4\u7167, \u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3e\u62a5\u4ed6\u7684\u62a4\u7167\u6709\u95ee\u9898 [50, 51]\u3002 \u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u82b1\u4e86500\u7f8e\u91d1\u628a\u4ed6\u4fdd\u91ca\u51fa\u72f1, \u540e\u53c8\u65a5\u8d445000\u7f8e\u91d1\u8bf7\u5f8b\u5e08\u6253\u5b98\u53f8\u4f7f\u4e4b\u8131\u9669 [52]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u628a\u9769\u547d\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u6d2a\u95e8\u300c\u53cd\u6e05\u590d\u6c49\u300d\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u8eab\u5904\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u6350\u6b3e\u652f\u6301\u9769\u547d\u3002\u534e\u4fa8\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4f4e\u5c42\uff0c\u5165\u606f\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u6350\u6b3e\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u51e0\u5206\u7684\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fae\u8584\u7684\u53e0\u52a0\u7b79\u5f97\u5de8\u989d\u519b\u9977\u3002\u6350\u6b3e\u4eba\u6570\u4e4b\u591a\uff0c\u7b79\u9977\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u5e7f\u53ef\u89c1\u4e00\u6591[49]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u76df\u957f\u3001\u5206\u5802\u76df\u957f\u662f\u201c\u6267\u653f\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u4ee5\u5e2e\u4f1a\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u884c\u4f7f\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5e2e\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u5458\u7edd\u5bf9\u670d\u4ece\u3002\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u61c2\u5e2e\u6d3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u53ca\u5176\u4e00\u547c\u767e\u5e94\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\u529b\u3002\u652f\u6301\u9769\u547d\u5e76\u6380\u8d77\u8fd9\u573a\u7b79\u9977\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u603b\u5802\u76df\u957f\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u3002\u4ed6\u57281904\u5e74\u4e3a\u7b79\u9977\u6e38\u8d70\u4e8630\u591a\u4e2a\u5927\u4e2d\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5386\u65f6\u534a\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe11\uff1a\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u53f0\u5c71\u53bf\u56db\u4e5d\u9547\u573e\u6f6d\u4e61\u4e1c\u5934\u6751\u4eba\uff0c1863\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d2b\u82e6\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u53ea\u8bfb\u8fc7\u4e09\u5e74\u79c1\u587e\u30021878\uff0c\u90a3\u5e74\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb715\u5c81\u3002\u5411\u4eb2\u621a\u501f\u51e0\u5341\u5757\u94b1\u51fa\u56fd\u95ef\u201c\u91d1\u5c71\u201d\uff08\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u8fc7\u77ff\u5de5\u3001\u6d17\u8863\u5de5\u3001\u8fd8\u7ec3\u5c31\u4e00\u8eab\u597d\u6b66\u827a\u30021883\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u52a0\u4eba\u4e86\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u30021897\u5e74\uff0c34\u5c81\u7684\u4ed6\u88ab\u63a8\u4e3e\u4e3a\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u76df\u957f\u3001\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u603b\u7406\u3002\u4eba\u79f0\uff02\u6d2a\u95e8\u5927\u4f6c\uff02\u30021946\u5e7410\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u4e0e\u4e16\u957f\u8f9e\u3002\u4e07\u4eba\u9001\u846c\uff0c\u961f\u4f0d\u957f\u8fbe\u5341\u91cc[52, 53]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53f8\u5f92\u7f8e\u5802\u662f\u7f8e\u6d32\u5c5e\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u5b89\u826f\u5802\u4fa8\u9886\uff0c\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u7684\u603b\u7406\u3002\u5f53\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb71904\u5e74\u4e3a\u7b79\u9977\u6e38\u8d70\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7ed9\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u53f8\u5f92\u7f8e\u5802\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u5fe0\u5b9e\u8ffd\u968f\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u534e\u4fa8\u9886\u8896\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ece\u4eba\u529b\u3001\u8d22\u529b\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u652f\u6301\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb741\u5c81\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c7138\u5c81\uff0c\u53f8\u56fe\u7f8e\u580236\u5c81\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe12\uff1a\u53f8\u5f92\u7f8e\u5802\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5f00\u5e73\u4eba\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5e74\u5e7c\u5bb6\u8d2b\uff0c1882\u5e743\u6708\u4e58\u4e0a\u9a76\u5f80\u5927\u6d0b\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u8239\u53ea\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u65b0\u5927\u9646\u5bfb\u6c42\u751f\u673a\u300217\u5c81\u65f6\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u3002\u53f8\u5f92\u7f8e\u58021955\u5e74\u75c5\u901d\u4e8e\u5317\u4eac\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u4e3a\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u5ba3\u4f20\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6539\u7ec4\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u673a\u5173\u62a5\u300a\u5927\u540c\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u7ae0\u7a0b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u662f\u201c\u9a71\u9664\u9791\u864f\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u4e2d\u534e\uff0c\u521b\u7acb\u6c11\u56fd\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u5730\u6743\u201d\u3002\u5212\u6e05\u4e86\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u4e0e\u4fdd\u7687\u4f1a\u7684\u754c\u9650 [49]\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece1906\u5e74\u52301907\u5e74\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9769\u547d\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5927\u8fa9\u8bba\u540e\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u534e\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u5411\u652f\u6301\u9769\u547d\u515a\u3002\u800c\u5927\u8fa9\u8bba\u662f\u4ee5\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6d3e\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u62a5\u300b\u5bf9\u6297\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u548c\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4fdd\u7687\u7acb\u5baa\u6539\u826f\u6d3e\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u6c11\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\u3002[54]<\/p>\n

1907\u5e74\uff0c\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u7b79\u5f97\u76847000\u591a\u7f8e\u91d1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u9547\u5357\u5173\u8d77\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\u3002\u540c\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u542c\u53d6\u4e86\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u540e\uff0c\u628a\u6e29\u54e5\u534e\u3001\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u591a\u4f26\u591a\u7b49\u57e0\u7684\u5206\u5802\u697c\u5b87\u53d8\u5356\u6216\u6309\u62bc\uff0c\u7b79\u5f97\u5de8\u6b3e\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u7f8e\u91d1\uff0c\u4f9b\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4f5c\u9769\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\u7ecf\u8d39\u3002 [53]<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe13\uff1a\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u4e3a\u65b0\u4eba\u9ec4\u793c\u666e\u5f00\u5177\u7684\u6536\u5230\u201c\u5e95\u94f6\u5341\u5927\u5458\u201d\u7684\u6d2a\u95e8\u9986\u7968\u636e\uff08\u201c\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u91d1\u5c71\u6b63\u57e0\u201d\uff09\u3002\u4e2d\u90e8\u4e3a\u7531\u6d2a\u95e8\u6807\u5fd7\u548c\u6d2a\u95e8\u6697\u8bed\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56fe\u6848\u3002\u65e5\u671f\u662f1908\u5e742\u670829\u65e5\uff08\u5929\u8fd0\u620a\u7533\u5e74\u5409\u6708\u5eff\u516b\u65e5\uff09\u3002\u65b0\u4eba\u5165\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8d39\u4e3a\u4e24\u5143\uff0c\u6b64\u7968\u6350\u989d\u6bd4\u89c4\u5b9a\u9ad8\u51fa\u516b\u5143\uff0c\u662f\u989d\u5916\u4e49\u6350\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

1911\u5e743\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u5230\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u4e0e\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4f1a\u8c08\u3002\u8c08\u8bdd\u95f4\u9769\u547d\u515a\u4eba\u9ec4\u5174\u6765\u7535\uff0c\u544a\u77e5\u5e7f\u5dde\u8d77\u4e49\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u4e3a\u89e3\u6551\u9003\u5f80\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\uff0c\u6025\u9700\u6b3e\u987910\u4e07\u6e2f\u5e01\u3002\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u9a6c\u4e0a\u8fd4\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u5e02\uff0c\u53ec\u5f00\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u5404\u53d4\u7236\uff08\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u9886\u5bfc\uff09\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u7b79\u8db3\u6b3e\u9879 [49]\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fe14\uff1a\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e0e\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u6210\u5458\u5408\u5f71\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4e86\u914d\u5408\u9769\u547d\u5e76\u53ca\u65f6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c1911\u5e74\u590f\u5b63\uff0c\u6d2a\u95e8\u7b79\u9977\u5c40\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u6731\u4e09\u8fdb\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u7f57\u6021\u4e3a\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u9ec4\u4efb\u8d24\u3001\u5173\u7f09\u537f\u3001\u5218\u83ca\u53ef\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6587\u4e66\u8bb0\uff0c\u5510\u743c\u660c\u3001\u9ec4\u4f2f\u8000\u4e3a\u82f1\u6587\u4e66\u8bb0\uff0c\u674e\u516c\u4fa0\u4e3a\u53f8\u5e93\uff0c\u9ec4\u4e09\u5fb7\u4e3a\u603b\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u6d2a\u95e8\u7b79\u9977\u5c40\u53f7\u53ec\u534e\u4fa8\u8e0a\u8dc3\u6350\u8d44\uff0c\u5168\u7f8e\u6d32\u5404\u5730\u5206\u5802\u8ba4\u6350\u3002[55]<\/p>\n

\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u591a\u6b21\u8d77\u4e49\u5931\u8d25\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u534e\u4eba\u5728\u6d2a\u95e8\u81f4\u516c\u5802\u7684\u5e26\u9886\u4e0b\u7ee7\u7eed\u6350\u6b3e\u652f\u6301\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u63d0\u4f9b\u7ecf\u8d39\u652f\u63f4\u9769\u547d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u8fd8\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u4e61\u5efa\u7acb\u9769\u547d\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e3a\u5341\u6708\u6b66\u660c\u8d77\u4e49\u51fa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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