{"id":58468,"date":"2025-09-24T04:32:43","date_gmt":"2025-09-23T20:32:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=58468"},"modified":"2025-09-24T04:32:43","modified_gmt":"2025-09-23T20:32:43","slug":"%e5%88%98%e9%92%9d%ef%bc%9a%e5%88%ab%e6%a0%b7%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e7%89%9b%e4%ba%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=58468","title":{"rendered":"\u5218\u949d\uff1a\u201c\u522b\u6837\u201d\u79d1\u5b66\u725b\u4eba"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u6765\u6e90: \u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u00a0 \u00a0 \u64b0\u6587: \u5218\u949d\uff08\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7cfb\u7279\u8058\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u53e4\u4eca\u4e2d\u5916\u7684\u5927\u4eba\u7269\u591a\u6709\u6807\u51c6\u50cf\u3002\u6807\u51c6\u8005\u201c\u9ad8\u5927\u4e0a\u201d\u4e4b\u5c5e\uff0c\u5982\u671b\u6cf0\u5c71\uff0c\u5982\u4e34\u5317\u6d77\uff0c\u9ebb\u5b50\u75ae\u75a4\u5168\u88ab\u8102\u7c89\u63a9\u76d6\u5f97\u4e0d\u89c1\u8e2a\u5f71\u3002\u201c\u522b\u6837\u201d\u5219\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u672c\u662f\u6c49\u8bed\u56fa\u6709\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5883\u5916\u4e00\u5bb6\u6d77\u6dd8\u516c\u53f8\u76ef\u4e0a\u5c0f\u8d44\u4eec\u7684\u94b1\u5305\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8d4b\u4e88\u201c\u8d85\u80dc\u201d\uff08beyond\uff09\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4f17\u591a\u79d1\u5b66\u5927\u5e08\u7684\u9020\u50cf\u65e0\u4e0d\u6b63\u895f\u5371\u5750\uff0c\u5a01\u4e25\u4e2d\u900f\u7740\u777f\u667a\u4e0e\u7075\u5149\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u4e5f\u4e50\u4e8e\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u501f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u51e0\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u725b\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u522b\u6837\u201d\u4e2d\u63a2\u8d5c\uff08z\u00e9\uff09\u7d22\u9690\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7a81\u7834\u56fa\u6709\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff0c\u62ab\u9732\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u7ecf\u5386\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u9762\u76f8\uff0c\u987a\u4fbf\u4e5f\u6652\u6652\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u4eba\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u89d2\u843d\u3002<\/p>\n<section>\n<section class=\"\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><strong>\u201c\u5c0f\u9752\u679c\u201d\u725b\u987f<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u725b\u987f\uff08Isaac Newton\uff0c1642\/43-1726\/27\uff09\u65f6\u4ee3\u6ca1\u6709\u7167\u76f8\u672f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u5bb6\u55bb\u6237\u6653\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u751f\u524d\u4e0d\u5c11\u77e5\u540d\u753b\u5bb6\u90fd\u66fe\u4e3a\u4ed6\u9020\u50cf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u51e0\u5e45\u51fa\u81ea\u5f53\u65f6\u9876\u5c16\u8096\u50cf\u753b\u5bb6\u5185\u52d2\uff08Godfrey Kneller\uff0c1646-1723\uff09\u4e4b\u624b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u5f20\u4f5c\u4e8e1689\u5e74\u7684\u8096\u50cf\uff0c\u6b63\u9022\u725b\u987f\u76db\u5e74\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u65f6\u671f\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u8bae\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u65e8\u5728\u9650\u5236\u738b\u6743\u7684\u300a\u6743\u5229\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u524d\u5219\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u201c\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e24\u5e74\u524d\u725b\u987f\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5212\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5de8\u8457\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c46\u5c81\u7684\u725b\u987f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u529b\u5b66\u3001\u5149\u5b66\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u8d85\u51e1\u8131\u4fd7\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u4ed6\u76ee\u5149\u70f1\u70c1\u3001\u82f1\u6c14\u903c\u4eba\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u662f\u4e00\u5e45\u201c\u9ad8\u5927\u4e0a\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-e5fabc401b39d230b0e50ac27bd856d8_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u52d2\u300a\u725b\u987f\u50cf\u300b\uff081689\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u5c5e\u725b\u987f\u540e\u4eba\u3002 \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u52d2\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5e45\u4f5c\u54c1\u540c\u6837\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\uff0c\u7ed8\u4e8e1702\u5e74\u3002\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u725b\u987f\u4f9d\u7136\u7cbe\u529b\u5145\u6c9b\u3001\u82f1\u59ff\u52c3\u53d1\u3002\u65f6\u5e7459\u5c81\u7684\u4ed6\u6b63\u62c5\u4efb\u7687\u5bb6\u9020\u5e01\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\u7684\u5b98\u5dee\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u540e\u53c8\u88ab\u4e3e\u4e3a\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic3.zhimg.com\/v2-5fbc9560bd2f217b7ee3196fc9da3c5e_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u52d2\u300a\u725b\u987f\u50cf\u300b\uff081702\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u8096\u50cf\u9986<\/p>\n<p>\u725b\u987f\u4e4b\u540e\u7ea6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bd7\u4eba\u517c\u753b\u5bb6\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\uff08William Blake\uff0c1757-1827\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u5bf9\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u9ad8\u626c\u7406\u6027\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u6301\u6000\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u54c1\u5145\u6ee1\u5b97\u6559\u542f\u793a\u5f55\u5f0f\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u9996\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u5632\u7b11\u5427\uff0c\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\uff0c\u5362\u68ad\u300b\u7684\u5c0f\u8bd7\u4e2d\u4ed6\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<section>\n<section class=\"\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"\">\n<section>\n<section><strong>\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u5229\u7279\u7684\u539f\u5b50\uff0c<\/strong><strong>\u725b\u987f\u7684\u5149\u7c92\u5b50\uff0c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u90fd\u662f\u7ea2\u6d77\u5cb8\u8fb9\u7684\u6c99\u5b50\uff0c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u90a3\u91cc\u95ea\u8000\u7740\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u5e10\u7bf7\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u738b\u4f50\u826f\u8bd1\u6587\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Atoms of Democritus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>And Newton&#8217;s Particles of light<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Are sands upon the Red sea shore<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Where Israel&#8217;s tents do shine so bright.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>1795\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u725b\u987f\u7684\u300a\u539f\u7406\u300b\u51fa\u7248108\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u753b\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u5f69\u8272\u94a2\u7b14\u753b\uff0c\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u7684\u725b\u987f\u8d64\u8eab\u88f8\u4f53\uff0c\u5168\u795e\u8d2f\u6ce8\u5730\u76ef\u7740\u5706\u89c4\u548c\u7eb8\u4e0a\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u3002\u753b\u5bb6\u7684\u672c\u610f\u662f\u5632\u8bbd\u725b\u987f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u8bba\u5b87\u5b99\u56fe\u666f\u53ea\u662f\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u7684\u5e7b\u50cf\uff0c\u5168\u7136\u6f20\u89c6\u5e7f\u88a4\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u95ea\u70c1\u7740\u795e\u6027\u7684\u65e0\u5c3d\u5c18\u57c3\u4e0e\u6c99\u7c92\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-e4d30b5cce0e03e367aa7e7b3050846a_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u300a\u725b\u987f\u300b\uff081795\uff09\uff0c\u5f69\u58a8\u94a2\u7b14\u753b\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u4f26\u6566\u6cf0\u7279\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/p>\n<p>1995\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u5373\u5c06\u8fc1\u51fa\u5927\u82f1\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u7684\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u9c8d\u6d1b\u5947\uff08Eduardo Paolozzi\uff0c1924-2005\uff09\u6839\u636e\u5e03\u83b1\u514b\u7684\u56fe\u7a3f\u5236\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u5c0a\u73b0\u4ee3\u94dc\u96d5\uff0c\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u5728\u5c24\u65af\u987f\u8def\uff08Euston Road\uff09\u65b0\u9986\u5740\u7684\u5c0f\u5e7f\u573a\u4e2d\u592e\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u96d5\u50cf\uff0c\u5c06\u539f\u6765\u5e26\u6709\u6f2b\u753b\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u725b\u987f\u9020\u578b\u8d4b\u4e88\u65b0\u4e49\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u8d34\u8fd1\u4ed6\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5730\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u501f\u52a9\u6570\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u4e2d\u5965\u79d8\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-4143da6837f987591cfb3ea8353e5576_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9c8d\u6d1b\u5947\u300a\u725b\u987f\u300b\uff081995\uff09\uff0c\u94dc\u96d5\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u6b63\u95e8\u524d<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u56fe\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u5e45\u73b0\u4ee3\u5ba3\u4f20\u753b\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5728\u7f51\u4e0a\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u884c\u5e76\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u6d89\u53ca\u725b\u987f\u7684\u8bfb\u7269\u3001\u5e7f\u544a\u3001\u7eaa\u5ff5\u54c1\u3001\u5c55\u89c8\u4f1a\u7b49\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u7b14\u8005\u8fd8\u6ca1\u627e\u5230\u5176\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0e\u521b\u4f5c\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u5b83\u53d7\u5230\u9752\u7750\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u3001\u96c6\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u725b\u987f\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u300a\u539f\u7406\u300b\u3001\u5149\u7684\u89e3\u6790\u3001\u4e07\u6709\u5f15\u529b\u3001\u4e09\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u6708\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u6f6e\u6c50\u6210\u56e0\u3001\u53cd\u5c04\u5f0f\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic4.zhimg.com\/v2-083803195334fe7e3e05fa01f500879f_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u725b\u987f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u300b\uff0c\u5ba3\u4f20\u753b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u53ca\u51fa\u5904\u4e0d\u8be6<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u56fe\u540c\u6837\u6765\u5386\u4e0d\u660e\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8bb2\u201c\u522b\u6837\u201d\u7684\u725b\u987f\u7f3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c8c\u4f3c\u70bc\u91d1\u672f\u58eb\u7684\u4eba\u51dd\u89c6\u7740\u718a\u718a\u71c3\u70e7\u7684\u7089\u706b\uff0c\u4e00\u624b\u62ff\u7740\u7ea2\u82f9\u679c\uff0c\u4e00\u624b\u63e1\u7740\u9b54\u6756\uff0c\u7089\u65c1\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\u4eea\uff0c\u706b\u7130\u7684\u4e0a\u65b9\u53ef\u89c1\u8fdc\u53e4\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u6b8b\u9ab8\u548c\u70e7\u74f6\uff0c\u74f6\u4e2d\u7684\u6db2\u4f53\u5df2\u7ecf\u6cb8\u817e\uff1b\u6b64\u4eba\u8eab\u540e\u662f\u4e00\u5806\u4e71\u4e03\u516b\u7cdf\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5668\u5177\u2014\u2014\u952e\u76d8\u3001\u64cd\u7eb5\u6746\u3001\u5c4f\u5e55\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5168\u88ab\u7089\u706b\u6620\u5f97\u901a\u7ea2\uff1b\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u58c1\u53f0\u6446\u7740\u6d51\u4eea\u3001\u6c34\u6676\u7403\u548c\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\uff0c\u5899\u4e0a\u5219\u6302\u6ee1\u4e86\u5f62\u5f62\u8272\u8272\u7684\u56fe\u753b\uff0c\u7d27\u9760\u58c1\u53f0\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u5185\u52d21702\u5e74\u753b\u7684\u90a3\u5e45\u725b\u987f\u50cf\u3002\u753b\u4e2d\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u725b\u987f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u51ef\u6069\u65af\uff08John Keynes\uff0c1883-1946\uff09\u90a3\u7bc7\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u300a\u725b\u987f\u5176\u4eba\u300b\u6240\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u7279\u7684\u7075\u9b42\uff1a\u4ed6\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u9b54\u9b3c\u7684\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56f4\u5899\u4e4b\u5185\u89e3\u51b3\u5982\u6b64\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u5229\u7528\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u529b\u91cf\u5c31\u80fd\u7834\u89e3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u6240\u6709\u79d8\u5bc6\u2500\u2500\u96c6\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u4e0e\u6d6e\u58eb\u5fb7\u4e8e\u4e00\u8eab\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-0510e8ab7fcb44565fd0ec92c4494f63_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u9b54\u6cd5\u5e08\u725b\u987f\u300b\uff0c\u5361\u901a\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u51fa\u5904\u4e0d\u8be6<\/p>\n<p>\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u7267\u5e08\u65af\u8fea\u514b\u96f7\uff08William\u00a0Stukeley\uff0c1687-1765\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u53e4\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5de8\u77f3\u9635\u7b49\u53f2\u524d\u9057\u5740\u7684\u5f00\u62d3\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u51fa\u540d\uff0c1718\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4f1a\u957f\u725b\u987f\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u7c89\u4e1d\uff0c\u591a\u5e74\u540e\uff081752\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u725b\u987f\u5df2\u6b81\uff09\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u300a\u4f0a\u8428\u514b\u00b7\u725b\u987f\u7235\u58eb\u751f\u5e73\u8ffd\u5fc6\u300b\uff08<em>Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton&#8217;s Life<\/em>\uff09[\u9898\u5916\u8bdd\uff1a\u4e5f\u53ef\u79f0\u4f0a\u8428\u514b\u7235\u58eb\u6216\u4f0a\u8428\u514b\u7235\u58eb\u725b\u987f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u79f0\u725b\u987f\u7235\u58eb]\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u4eb2\u8033\u542c\u5230\u725b\u987f\u8bb2\u8ff0\u81ea\u5df1\u76ee\u7779\u82f9\u679c\u843d\u5730\u5f15\u51fa\u7075\u611f\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u65b0\u53861726\u5e744\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u725b\u987f\u901d\u4e16\u524d\u7ea6\u4e00\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u5730\u70b9\uff08\u4f26\u6566\u80af\u8f9b\u987f\u725b\u987f\u5b85\uff09\u90fd\u8a00\u4e4b\u51ff\u51ff\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u524d\u76841720\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u597d\u4e8b\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u540c\u4e8b\u753b\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u6709\u5173\u725b\u987f\u7684\u7d20\u63cf\uff0c\u753b\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u591a\u4e73\u5973\u795e\u5750\u5728\u5730\u7403\u4e0a\uff0c\u624b\u6367\u7740\u7684\u6708\u7403\u8868\u9762\u7ed8\u6709\u725b\u987f\u5934\u50cf\uff0c\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u8fd8\u53ef\u770b\u89c1\u5317\u6597\u4e03\u661f\u4e0e\u4e24\u9897\u5f57\u661f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/v2-2dff46059c938768ee5957f934d23c0f_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u8fea\u514b\u96f7\u300a\u725b\u987f\u300b\uff08c.1720\uff09\uff0c\u7d20\u63cf\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6309\u963f\u5c14\u5fd2\u5f25\u65af\uff08Artemis\uff09\u662f\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u72e9\u730e\u548c\u6708\u4eae\u5973\u795e\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u7684\u795e\u5e99\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5c0a\u963f\u5c14\u5fd2\u5f25\u65af\u5973\u795e\u7684\u9ed1\u6728\u96d5\u50cf\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u662f\u80f8\u524d\u957f\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e73\u623f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f62\u8c61\u4e0e\u57c3\u53ca\u795e\u8bdd\u4e2d\u7684\u4e30\u4ea7\u5973\u795e\u4f0a\u897f\u65af\uff08Isis\uff09\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u63ed\u5f00\u963f\u5c14\u5fd2\u5f25\u65af-\u4f0a\u897f\u65af\u9762\u7eb1\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u96bd\u6c38\u800c\u5185\u6db5\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5176\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u5c31\u662f\u63ed\u793a\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u3002\u4e0b\u56fe\u4e3a\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u5fd2\u5f25\u65af\u5973\u795e\u50cf\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u4ee3\u590d\u5236\u54c1\uff1b\u518d\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u8377\u5170\u751f\u7406\u4e0e\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e03\u83b1\u4fee\u65af\uff08Gerhard Blasius\uff0c1627-1682\uff09\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u300b\uff08<em>Anatome animalium<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u5377\u9996\u63d2\u56fe\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee3\u8868\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5973\u5b50\u6b63\u5728\u63ed\u5f00\u4ee3\u8868\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u5fd2\u5f25\u65af-\u4f0a\u897f\u65af\u8138\u4e0a\u7684\u9762\u7eb1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/v2-02ee04733d5cbc9d14d01043b3f11933_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u5c14\u5fd2\u5f25\u65af\u5973\u795e\u50cf\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u590d\u5236\u54c1\uff08\u516c\u51431\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u8003\u53e4\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/v2-dcb2b9de7e48beaa2e34f70cff0fb915_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5e03\u83b1\u4fee\u65af\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u300b\uff081681\uff09\uff0c\u5377\u9996\u63d2\u56fe<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u4e24\u5c0a\u96d5\u50cf\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u725b\u987f\u6bcd\u6821\u4e09\u4e00\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u793c\u62dc\u5802\u524d\u5385\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u4e00\u8fdb\u95e8\u5c31\u80fd\u770b\u89c1\u3002\u96d5\u50cf\u5e95\u5ea7\u725b\u987f\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u884c\u62c9\u4e01\u6587<em>Qui genus humanum ingenio superavit<\/em>\uff0c\u51fa\u81ea\u7f57\u9a6c\u8bd7\u4eba\u5362\u514b\u83b1\u4fee\u300a\u7269\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u6240\u5f15\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81\u7684\u683c\u8a00\uff0c\u5927\u610f\u662f\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u667a\u529b\u4e0a\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u4eba\u7c7b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic3.zhimg.com\/v2-04c471894e1e18ae6c656d2109e7ac42_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u4e09\u4e00\u5b66\u9662\u793c\u62dc\u5802\u5185\u7684\u725b\u987f\u96d5\u50cf\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u8d3e\u946b\u6444<\/p>\n<p>\u5251\u6865\u4e0e\u725b\u6d25\u5386\u6765\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u65f6\u745c\u4eae\u7684\u7eb7\u4e89\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u6bcf\u5e74\u4e00\u5ea6\u6cf0\u6664\u58eb\u6cb3\u4e0a\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u5212\u8247\u7ade\u8d5b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5956\u676f\u65f6\u5e38\u5728\u4e24\u6821\u95f4\u8f6e\u6362\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8c08\u5230\u725b\u987f\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5927\u795e\uff0c\u5251\u6865\u5904\u5904\u90fd\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u8eab\u5f71\uff0c\u725b\u6d25\u5374\u597d\u50cf\u656c\u800c\u8fdc\u4e4b\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5916\u85cf\u8eab\u4e8e\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u751a\u8d77\u773c\u7684\u89d2\u843d\u91cc\u7acb\u7740\u4e00\u5c0a\u77f3\u96d5\uff0c\u521a\u4ece\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u672c\u79d1\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\u725b\u987f\u5de6\u624b\u6301\u4e66\uff0c\u53f3\u624b\u6258\u816e\uff0c\u51dd\u795e\u671b\u7740\u811a\u4e0b\u7684\u5c0f\u82f9\u679c\uff0c\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u601d\u7d22\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9760\u4ec0\u4e48\u6765\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u725b\u6d25\u4eba\u7684\u521d\u8877\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8fd8\u662f\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5c0f\u9752\u679c\u201d\u725b\u987f\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u5251\u6865\u4e09\u4e00\u5b66\u9662\u90a3\u5c0a\u9ad8\u5927\u4e0a\u5982\u795e\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u77f3\u96d5\u5f88\u80fd\u6253\u52a8\u4eba\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic4.zhimg.com\/v2-10d6aa970530dbd6c30c7502f21fce01_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u725b\u6d25\u81ea\u7136\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5185\u7684\u725b\u987f\u96d5\u50cf\u00a0 \u00a0\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/p>\n<section>\n<section class=\"\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><strong>\u201c\u7ea8\u7ed4\u201d\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587<\/strong><\/section>\n<section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u5e0c\u671b\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6597\u58eb\u4e0d\u8981\u4e00\u89c1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u9898\u5c31\u66b4\u8df3\u5982\u96f7\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u5f62\u5f62\u8272\u8272\u7684\u795e\u521b\u8bba\u4fe1\u5f92\u522b\u5fd9\u7740\u5e78\u707e\u4e50\u7978\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u6a21\u4eff\u6807\u9898\u515a\u4eba\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e00\u70b9\u201c\u522b\u6837\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5251\u6865\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u5168\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5c31\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u80fd\u4e0e\u725b\u987f\u6bd4\u80a9\u7684\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff08Charles Darwin\uff0c1809-1882\uff09\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u751f\u524d\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u7167\u76f8\u672f\u5df2\u7ecf\u76f8\u5f53\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u4ece\u4e00\u4e9b\u73cd\u8d35\u7167\u7247\u4e2d\u4e00\u7779\u5176\u771f\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8001\u6210\u6301\u91cd\u3001\u535a\u5b66\u777f\u667a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u82f1\u56fd\u7ec5\u58eb\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u8096\u50cf\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u5357\u90ca\u4ed6\u665a\u5e74\u7684\u5c45\u6240\u5510\u6069\u5c0f\u7b51\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f26\u6566\u6797\u5948\u5b66\u4f1a\u91cc\u90fd\u6709\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u662f\u5176\u751f\u524d\u7ed8\u5236\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53bb\u4e16\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u8096\u50cf\u753b\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u79d1\u5229\u5c14\uff08John Maler Collier\uff0c1850-1934\uff09\u4e3a\u4ed6\u753b\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u8096\u50cf\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u672c\u4eba\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u4eba\u90fd\u76f8\u5f53\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5176\u957f\u5b50\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u4f0a\u62c9\u65af\u8c1f\uff08William Erasmus Darwin\uff0c1839-1914\uff09\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u79d1\u5229\u5c14\u53c8\u5bf9\u753b\u4f5c\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fee\u6539\u3002\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u76ee\u5149\u6df1\u9083\u3001\u795e\u60c5\u51dd\u91cd\uff0c\u8eab\u62ab\u5927\u6c05\uff0c\u624b\u6301\u8f6f\u6cbf\u5e3d\uff0c\u82b1\u767d\u7684\u53d1\u987b\u4e0e\u6df1\u8272\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\uff0c\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6c14\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/v2-5e39f362eb7ef68e329e26571993365a_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u79d1\u5229\u5c14\u300a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u50cf\u300b\uff081883\uff09\uff0c\u6cb9\u753b\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u8096\u50cf\u9986<\/p>\n<p>1859\u5e74\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u5c31\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5f15\u8d77\u8f69\u7136\u5927\u6ce2\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u4e07\u7269\u7684\u4fe1\u6761\u6096\u9006\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u751f\u524d\u4e0e\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5a92\u4f53\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u5927\u91cf\u6709\u5173\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53ca\u5176\u751f\u7269\u6f14\u5316\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u6f2b\u753b\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u5e26\u6709\u5632\u8bbd\u6316\u82e6\u610f\u5473\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6076\u610f\u7684\u6b6a\u66f2\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u8868\u8fbe\u5584\u610f\u7684\u5e7d\u9ed8\u56fe\u753b\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u6f2b\u753b\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u65e0\u5f62\u4e2d\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5b66\u8bf4\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u4e2d\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u7b28\u62d9\u300b\uff08<em>Punch<\/em>\uff09\u6742\u5fd7\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u4e3a\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u4ee5\u8bbd\u523a\u5e7d\u9ed8\u56fe\u753b\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5468\u520a\uff0c\u4ece1861\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u520a\u53d1\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u5173\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u6f2b\u753b\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5b83\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u300a\u4e50\u8da3\u300b\uff08<em>Fun<\/em>\uff09\u4e5f\u8fc5\u901f\u8ddf\u8fdb\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u4ee5\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a\u5671\u5934\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7528\u5938\u5f20\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u63cf\u753b\u4eba\u4e0e\u733f\u7334\u7684\u4eb2\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd8\u8f83\u5c11\u5bf9\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e2a\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u653b\u51fb\u30021871\u5e742\u6708\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7531\u6765\u53ca\u6027\u9009\u62e9\u300b\uff0c\u5f53\u5e743\u6708\u53f7\u7684\u300a\u5927\u9ec4\u8702\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u5c31\u520a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u5e45\u6f2b\u753b\uff0c\u9898\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5e84\u91cd\u7684\u7329\u7329\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u53f2\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u201d\uff08<em>Venerable Orang-outang: a contribution to unnatural history<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684unnatural\u65e2\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u201c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u201d\u4e5f\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u201c\u4e0d\u8fd1\u4eba\u60c5\u7684\u201d\u3002\u753b\u9762\u4e0a\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u957f\u7740\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8111\u888b\u7684\u7329\u7329\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u628a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u753b\u6210\u517d\u7c7b\u7684\u6a21\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic3.zhimg.com\/v2-968a53e77bc0151b9e70ae30fdfe84e4_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u517d\u7c7b\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u300a\u5927\u9ec4\u8702\u300b\u6742\u5fd71871\u5e743\u6708\u53f7<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u56fe\u662f1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u5df4\u9ece\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5c0f\u6708\u4eae\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u6f2b\u753b\uff1a\u4e00\u53ea\u8138\u90e8\u50cf\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u5355\u81c2\u540a\u5728\u7ed3\u6ee1\u679c\u5b9e\u7684\u6811\u679d\u4e0a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u53ea\u624b\u630e\u7740\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u957f\u5c3e\u5df4\uff0c\u6811\u5e72\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u884c\u6cd5\u6587\u5b57\u662f\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u6811\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-885c92faf4762086b96cca675d2592a8_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u540a\u5728\u6811\u4e0a\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff0c\u300a\u5c0f\u6708\u4eae\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c1870\u5e74\u4ee3<\/p>\n<p>1872\u5e74\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u300b\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5f88\u5feb\u53c8\u6210\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u4f5c\u806a\u660e\u7684\u6f2b\u753b\u5bb6\u7684\u5632\u8bbd\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e0b\u56fe\u662f\u300a\u4e50\u8da3\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u520a\u767b\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u9898\u4e3a\u201c\u53c8\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7334\u5b50\u4e3a\u96be\u4e86\u201d\uff08<em>That troubles our monkey again<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u6f2b\u753b\uff1a\u4eba\u8138\u7334\u8eab\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8e72\u5728\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u5999\u9f84\u5c11\u5987\u53f7\u8109\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u5b50\u88ab\u4eba\u51dd\u89c6\u65f6\u8138\u7ea2\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8840\u6db2\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5728\u7537\u5973\u4ea4\u5f80\u5341\u5206\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u753b\u9762\u6765\u5632\u8bbd\u4e00\u4f4d\u8001\u5e74\u7ec5\u58eb\u7b97\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u4e0d\u656c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/v2-a0118491e881edc325c59fccf66f8285_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8bca\u65ad\u5c11\u5973\u7684\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u300a\u4e50\u8da3\u300b\u6742\u5fd71872\u5e7411\u6708\u53f7<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u9762\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6b63\u89c4\u7684\u8096\u50cf\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6076\u4f5c\u5267\u7684\u8bbd\u523a\u753b\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u8001\u5e74\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u5e7c\u5e74\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u957f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6a21\u6837\uff1f\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5973\u753b\u5bb6\u590f\u666e\u91cc\u65af\uff08Ellen Wallace Sharples\uff0c1769-1849\uff09\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5b9d\u8d35\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u5f20\u53cc\u4eba\u8096\u50cf\uff0c\u753b\u4e2d\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u4e03\u5c81\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u548c\u6bd4\u4ed6\u5c0f15\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u59b9\u59b9\u827e\u7c73\u4e3d\u00b7\u51ef\u745f\u7433\uff08Emily Catherine Darwin\uff0c1810-1866\uff09\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u662f\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0a\u9762\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u59d0\u59d0\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u54e5\u54e5\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u59b9\u59b9\u51ef\u745f\u7433\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5bf9\u5c0f\u5144\u59b9\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9d\u8d1d\u3002\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u5144\u59b9\u957f\u76f8\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5065\u5eb7\u6d3b\u6cfc\uff0c\u840c\u5473\u5341\u8db3\u3002\u5c11\u5e74\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u6367\u7740\u4e00\u76c6\u82b1\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u7ec5\u58eb\u822c\u4f5c\u5355\u819d\u4e0b\u8dea\u72b6\uff0c\u663e\u5f97\u6dd8\u6c14\u53c8\u53ef\u7231\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic4.zhimg.com\/v2-94b373800abe5a73b4a2a607eb2cdebd_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u590f\u666e\u91cc\u65af\u300a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u548c\u59b9\u59b9\u827e\u7c73\u4e3d\u300b\uff081816\uff09\u6c34\u7c89\u753b\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u5904\u4e0d\u8be6<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u56fe\u662f\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u753b\u50cf\uff0c\u7ed8\u4e8e1830\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5728\u4e58\u5750\u201c\u5c0f\u730e\u72ac\u201d\u53f7\u5de1\u6d0b\u8230\u5b8c\u6210\u73af\u7403\u8003\u5bdf\u4e4b\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u3002\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7ed9\u4eba\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u6700\u6df1\u5370\u8c61\u662f\u5bbd\u5927\u7684\u989d\u5934\u4e0e\u70af\u70c1\u7684\u53cc\u773c\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u968f\u610f\u7684\u7740\u88c5\u63a9\u9970\u4e0d\u4f4f\u4ed6\u7684\u9ad8\u8d35\u6c14\u8d28\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u65f6\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u5708\u5df2\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u666e\u901a\u516c\u4f17\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u753b\u5bb6\u540d\u53eb\u91cc\u5947\u8499\u5fb7\uff08George Richmond\uff0c1809-1896)\uff0c\u662f\u7687\u5bb6\u7f8e\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic4.zhimg.com\/v2-b2fc5e3db4b86f401285a4a3378f730b_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u91cc\u5947\u8499\u5fb7\u300a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u50cf\u300b\uff081830\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\uff09\uff0c\u6c34\u5f69\u753b\uff0c\u6536\u85cf\u5904\u4e0d\u8be6<\/p>\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u51fa\u8eab\u671b\u65cf\uff0c\u5bb6\u5883\u5bbd\u88d5\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u5e7c\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0a\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u59d0\u59d0\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u54e5\u54e5\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u751f\u4ed6\u90a3\u5e74\u5df2\u7ecf44\u5c81\u4e86\u3002\u8fbe\u5c14\u658716\u5c81\u65f6\u88ab\u7236\u4eb2\u9001\u5230\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u533b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u7ed9\u4e09\u59d0\u82cf\u73ca\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u81ea\u79f0\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u8fc7\u7740\u82b1\u5929\u9152\u5730\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\uff0c\u5f53\u533b\u751f\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u4e0d\u65ad\u6536\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u82b1\u5c0f\u94b1\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u201d\u5bc4\u6765\u7684\u8d26\u5355\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u524d\u7a0b\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4e2d\u751f\u6c14\u5730\u8d23\u5907\u4ed6\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4e0d\u505c\u6b62\u76ee\u524d\u653e\u4efb\u81ea\u6d41\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f60\u7684\u5b66\u4e1a\u5c06\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u83b7\u3002\u201d\u5728\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e8e1827\u5e74\u8f6c\u5230\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u6539\u5b66\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u6ce8\u518c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\uff08Christ\u2019s College\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u8001\u7684\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7279\u522b\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u606a\u5b88\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u53ea\u6709100\u591a\u4e2a\u672c\u79d1\u751f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8d35\u65cf\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\u3002\u5b66\u9662\u91cc\u5145\u6ee1\u7740\u81ea\u6ee1\u800c\u5b89\u9038\u7684\u6c14\u6c1b\uff0c\u5f88\u9002\u5b9c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u94b1\u82b1\u53c8\u4e0d\u4e3a\u65e5\u540e\u5c31\u4e1a\u64cd\u5fc3\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\u6ce8\u518c\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5148\u5728\u5916\u9762\u6643\u8361\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u52301828\u5e74\u624d\u5e26\u7740\u5411\u7236\u4eb2\u548c\u59d0\u59d0\u4eec\u7d22\u8981\u7684\u793c\u7269\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u53ea\u5d2d\u65b0\u7684\u53cc\u7b52\u730e\u67aa\u548c\u51e0\u5341\u76d2\u7532\u866b\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u642c\u8fdb\u524d\u5ead\u5357\u9762\u4e8c\u5c42\u697c\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u95f4\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f18\u54c9\u6e38\u54c9\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<section>\n<section class=\"\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"\">\n<section>\n<section><strong>\u6211\u8fc7\u7740\u5f7b\u5934\u5f7b\u5c3e\u7684\u61d2\u6563\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c<\/strong><strong>\u8db3\u4ee5\u9ebb\u9189\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b98\u80fd\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6e05\u6668\u9a91\u9a6c\u3001\u6563\u6b65\uff0c\u591c\u91cc\u5728\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5c0f\u9986\u8c6a\u8d4c\u65e0\u5ea6\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u795e\u5b66\u548c\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u201c\u4ed6\u4ece\u65e0\u7406\u6570\u4e2d\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u7406\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u653b\u7565\u201c\u4e09\u8db3\u51f3\u201d\uff08tripos\uff0c\u7279\u6307\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u5b66\u8363\u8a89\u5b66\u4f4d\u8003\u8bd5\uff09\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c06\u5174\u8da3\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u7279\u522b\u949f\u60c5\u4e8e\u6355\u6349\u7532\u866b\u548c\u641c\u96c6\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6807\u672c\uff0c\u5bf9\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u4e0e\u5730\u8d28\u5b66\u4e5f\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u9752\u5e74\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fd8\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u4e66\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5fb7\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u6d2a\u5821\uff08Alexander von Humboldt\uff0c1769-1859\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u6d32\u65c5\u884c\u8bb0\u300b\uff08<em>Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America<\/em>\uff09\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8d6b\u6b47\u8033\uff08John Herschel\uff0c 1792-1871\uff09\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08<em>Preliminary Discourse on Natural Philosophy<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u82f1\u624d\u8f88\u51fa\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5230\u5904\u90fd\u662f\u540d\u4eba\u9057\u8ff9\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u6709\u7684\u540e\u751f\u5c0f\u5b50\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u540d\u4eba\u6d41\u8fde\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5f85\u4e86\u591a\u5e74\u8fd8\u6d51\u7136\u4e0d\u77e5\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u9010\u5e74\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8001\u724c\u5b66\u9662\u5f00\u59cb\u6253\u51fa\u77e5\u540d\u6821\u53cb\u7684\u65d7\u53f7\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u81ea\u7531\u8fdb\u51fa\u7684\u5ead\u9662\u6539\u6210\u4e86\u4ed8\u8d39\u53c2\u89c2\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c1441\u5e74\u7531\u4ea8\u5229\u4e03\u4e16\u9881\u4ee4\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4e0d\u60dc\u5c48\u5c0a\u5728\u540e\u82b1\u56ed\u91cc\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9614\u5c11\u7acb\u4e86\u5757\u954c\u523b\u7740\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd7\u53e5\u7684\u77f3\u7891\uff0c\u53ea\u56e0\u4ed6\u5728\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u201c\u7279\u522b\u751f\u201d\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5728\u6b64\u5730\u6df7\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5f15\u5f97\u4e2d\u56fd\u6e38\u5ba2\u8d8b\u4e4b\u82e5\u9e5c\u3002\u53cd\u8bbd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\u91cc\uff0c\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u7adf\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5b83\u6700\u9ad8\u8d35\u6821\u53cb\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u8e2a\u8ff9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2009\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u501f\u7740\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8bde\u8fb0200\u5468\u5e74\u548c\u300a\u7269\u79cd\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\u51fa\u7248150\u5468\u5e74\u7684\u4e1c\u98ce\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\u5148\u662f\u5728\u5b66\u9662\u95e8\u623f\u65c1\u8fb9\u7684\u5899\u4e0a\u88c5\u4e0a\u4e00\u5757\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5934\u50cf\u7684\u94dc\u724c\uff0c\u53c8\u4e8e\u5f53\u5e742\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u7531\u5f53\u65f6\u62c5\u4efb\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u7684\u5973\u738b\u4e08\u592b\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u516c\u7235\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e3b\u6301\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u5ead\u9662\u7684\u5c0f\u82b1\u56ed\u4e2d\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u9ec4\u94dc\u96d5\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-0450651ad215fcc43429c22bf02ccb35_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u5251\u6865\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u94dc\u50cf\u65c1\uff0c2013\u5e747\u670830\u65e5 \u5f90\u4e49\u4fdd\u6444<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u719f\u6089\u7684\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5f62\u8c61\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c0a\u94dc\u96d5\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u98ce\u6d41\u501c\u50a5\u7684\u82f1\u4fca\u5c0f\u751f\u6a21\u6837\uff0c\u8eab\u7a7f\u4e09\u4ef6\u5957\u6b63\u88c5\uff0c\u7cfb\u7740\u8774\u8776\u9886\u7ed3\uff0c\u811a\u8e6c\u957f\u7b52\u9a6c\u9774\uff0c\u624b\u91cc\u62ff\u7740\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u653e\u677e\u5730\u501a\u5750\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u957f\u6905\u7684\u6276\u624b\u4e0a\uff0c\u957f\u6905\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6563\u843d\u7740\u53e6\u5916\u51e0\u672c\u4e66\u3002\u4ece\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0e\u88c5\u675f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c0a\u96d5\u50cf\u5341\u5206\u7b26\u5408\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4e0e\u6587\u732e\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u9762\u8c8c\u4e5f\u6709\u51e0\u5206\u795e\u4f3c\u3002\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\u90a3\u51e0\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u53f3\u624b\u62ff\u7740\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u6d2a\u5821\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u6d32\u65c5\u884c\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u538b\u5728\u6700\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u662f\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u65af\uff08James Francis Stephens\uff0c1792-1852\uff09\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u6606\u866b\u56fe\u5fd7\u300b\uff08<em>Illustrations of British Entomology<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u662f\u8d6b\u6b47\u8033\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u6700\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u90a3\u672c\u5219\u662f\u5e15\u7d2f\uff08William Paley\uff0c1743-1805\uff09\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u795e\u5b66\u300b\uff08<em>Natural Theology<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u9752\u5e74\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u5728\u5251\u6865\u6c42\u5b66\u65f6\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4ed6\u65e5\u540e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u751f\u6daf\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-2c51bbb0e4b32f35d51c4617ae36e33e_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5251\u6865\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u96d5\u50cf\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u6d2a\u5821\u300a\u7f8e\u6d32\u65c5\u884c\u8bb0\u300b \u00a0\u5218\u949d\u6444<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pica.zhimg.com\/v2-b5fb8e12593be49eb8005c96c42df378_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5251\u6865\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u96d5\u50cf\u8eab\u65c1\u7684\u8d6b\u6b47\u8033\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b49 \u00a0 \u5218\u949d\u6444<\/p>\n<p>\u94dc\u50cf\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\u8005\u65af\u5bc6\u65af\uff08Anthony Smith\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6821\u53cb\u548c\u6797\u5948\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u4ed6\u82b1\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\u65f6\u95f4\u4ece\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u540e\u624d\u52a8\u624b\u5236\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u53c2\u8003\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u91cc\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u9752\u5e74\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fd8\u6709\u91cc\u5947\u8499\u5fb7\u7684\u90a3\u5e45\u6c34\u5f69\u753b\u3002\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c0a\u96d5\u50cf\u7684\u9762\u5bb9\u4e0e\u88c5\u675f\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u9752\u5e74\u65f6\u4ee3\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u90a3\u5e45\u753b\u5341\u5206\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002<\/p>\n<section>\n<section class=\"\">\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><strong>\u201c\u5973\u9b54\u6cd5\u5e08\u201d\u591a\u841d\u897f\u4e0e\u201c\u5916\u661f\u4eba\u201d\u970d\u91d1<\/strong><\/section>\n<section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u8096\u50cf\u9986\u91cc\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5e45\u82f1\u56fd\u5f53\u4ee3\u5973\u753b\u5bb6\u53ca\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u54c8\u59c6\u5e03\u6797\uff08Maggi Hambling\uff09\u7684\u5947\u7279\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1a\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u5b50\u6b63\u5728\u4e00\u5f20\u8d85\u5927\u7684\u5199\u5b57\u53f0\u524d\u5fd9\u788c\u7740\uff0c\u53f0\u9762\u4e0a\u6446\u6ee1\u4e86\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u56fe\u8868\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8eab\u540e\u7684\u4e66\u67b6\u4e0a\u88c5\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e66\u7c4d\u548c\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u5934\u53d1\u5938\u5f20\u5730\u98d8\u6563\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u8eab\u524d\u7684\u56db\u53ea\u624b\u540c\u65f6\u5e72\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a\u4e00\u624b\u63e1\u7b14\u4e66\u5199\uff0c\u4e00\u624b\u62ff\u653e\u5927\u955c\uff0c\u4e00\u624b\u4e3e\u7740\u56fe\u7247\uff0c\u4e00\u624b\u6307\u5411\u94fa\u5728\u53f0\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8868\u3002\u6d3b\u8131\u8131\u4e00\u4e2a\u5973\u9b54\u6cd5\u5e08\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff01<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic4.zhimg.com\/v2-f7f7211ddcd1334a78fee3ea9bfc5dd5_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u54c8\u59c6\u5e03\u6797\u300a\u5973\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u591a\u841d\u897f\u00b7\u970d\u5947\u91d1\u300b\uff081985\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u8096\u50cf\u9986<\/p>\n<p>\u753b\u4e2d\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u30011964\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5316\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u591a\u841d\u897f\u00b7\u970d\u5947\u91d1\uff08Dorothy Hodgkin\uff0c1910-1994\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u753b\u5f53\u5e74\u5979\u5df275\u5c81\u3002\u6309\u7167\u753b\u5bb6\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff1a\u201c\u5979\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u548c\u6700\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u753b\u9762\u4f20\u8fbe\u5979\u7684\u6c14\u8d28\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\u5979\u51e0\u4e4e\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5236\u9020\u9b54\u6cd5\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u70bc\u91d1\u58eb\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5e45\u753b\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5199\u5b9e\u7684\u63cf\u7ed8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c06\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4fee\u8fb9\u5e45\u3001\u4e0d\u98df\u4eba\u95f4\u70df\u706b\u7684\u6210\u89c1\u4f5c\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5938\u5f20\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u5934\u6563\u4e71\u7684\u5934\u53d1\u4e0e\u539a\u539a\u7684\u773c\u955c\u7247,\u4f46\u662f\u591a\u841d\u897f\u672c\u4eba\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6775\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u591a\u841d\u897f\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7aef\u5e84\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u4e4b\u5916\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u3001\u53cb\u60c5\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u62c5\u5f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u841d\u897f\u539f\u59d3\u514b\u52b3\u798f\u7279\uff08Crowfoot\uff09\uff0c1910\u5e74\u751f\u4e8e\u5f00\u7f57\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6559\u80b2\u5b98\u5458\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5317\u975e\u5929\u6c14\u708e\u70ed\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u590f\u79cb\u4e24\u5b63\u591a\u841d\u897f\u90fd\u4f1a\u968f\u540c\u7236\u6bcd\u56de\u5230\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5c45\u4f4f\u30021914\u5e74\u4e00\u6218\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u591a\u841d\u897f\u548c\u5979\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u59b9\u59b9\u88ab\u7559\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u540e\u5728\u7956\u7236\u6bcd\u548c\u4eb2\u621a\u4eec\u7684\u7167\u6599\u4e0b\u957f\u5927\u5e76\u8bfb\u4e66\u30021928\u5e74\u591a\u841d\u897f\u8003\u5165\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u53ea\u6536\u5973\u751f\u7684\u8428\u9ed8\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Somerville\uff09\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u4e60\u5316\u5b66\u30021932\u5e74\uff0c\u591a\u841d\u897f\u524d\u5f80\u5251\u6865\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u662f\u5973\u5b50\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u7ebd\u7eb3\u59c6\uff08Newnham\uff09\u6ce8\u518c\uff0c\u8ddf\u968f\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u4ec0\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08John Desmond Bernal\uff0c1901-1971\uff09\u4f5c\u535a\u58eb\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u662fX\u5c04\u7ebf\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0cX\u5c04\u7ebf\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u786e\u5b9a\u751f\u7269\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5173\u6ce8\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u70ed\u5fc3\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u82f1\u5171\u515a\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e8e\u5251\u6865\u3001\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u88ab\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5723\u54f2\u201d\uff08Sage\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u4ed6\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u592a\u8fc7\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6ca1\u80fd\u5728\u5927\u6709\u524d\u666f\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u4e0e\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u8fc8\u5f97\u66f4\u8fdc\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3001\u4e0b\u5c5e\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u4e2d\u51fa\u4e86\u591a\u4e2a\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7231\u5f92\u548c\u5973\u53cb\u591a\u841d\u897f\u3002\u4e0b\u56fe\u662f\u4e8c\u6218\u524d\u591a\u841d\u897f\u4e0e\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5408\u5f71\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u975e\u5e38\u4eb2\u5bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/v2-c5027ce80074a7733452327a7b3dddf5_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u841d\u897f\u4e0e\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c1937\u5e74\u8bfa\u4e01\u6c49 \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aFerry 1998<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0e\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u5173\u7cfb\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u591a\u841d\u897f\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u5ac1\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u52a0\u5165\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5979\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6bd4\u8f83\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u30021937\u5e74\uff0c\u591a\u841d\u897f\u5ac1\u7ed9\u4e0e\u5979\u540c\u5c81\u7684\u725b\u6d25\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u5947\u91d1\uff08Thomas Hodgkin\uff0c1910-1982\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u5171\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u50cf\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u90a3\u6837\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u591a\u841d\u897f\u4fdd\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u59d3\u957f\u8fbe12\u5e74\uff0c\u76f4\u52301949\u5e74\u56e0\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u524d\u8f88\u4e3b\u7f16\u6587\u96c6\u65f6\u4e00\u518d\u575a\u6301\u624d\u88ab\u8feb\u4f7f\u7528\u592b\u59d3\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u90a3\u4e00\u5929\u5979\u66fe\u5bf9\u5973\u513f\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u59d3\u201d\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u6587\u732e\u4e00\u822c\u79f0\u5979\u4e3a\u591a\u841d\u897f\u00b7\u970d\u5947\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u841d\u897f\u4e8e1947\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c1965\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u82f1\u56fd\u738b\u5ba4\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u52cb\u7ae0\uff08Order of Merit\uff09\u3002\u800c\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u591a\u841d\u897f\u56e0\u8bc1\u5b9e\u9752\u9709\u7d20\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7834\u8bd1\u7ef4\u751f\u7d20B12\u7ed3\u6784\u7b49\u6210\u5c31\u83b7\u5f971964\u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5316\u5b66\u5956\u3002\u83b7\u59565\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5979\u53c8\u7834\u8bd1\u4e86\u80f0\u5c9b\u7d20\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5229\u7528X\u5c04\u7ebf\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u5927\u5206\u5b50\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5148\u9a71\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic3.zhimg.com\/v2-aac8bd6ca97e3f44390f3288117d03d6_1440w.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u841d\u897f\u95fb\u8baf\u5165\u9009\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u540e\u4e0e\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u5408\u5f71\uff0c1947\u5e74 \u00a0\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aFerry 1998<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u841d\u897f\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u751f\u7269\u7269\u7406\u6240\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u6709\u8fc7\u5bc6\u5207\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u5979\u4e5f\u591a\u6b21\u51fa\u8bbf\u82cf\u8054\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u56fd\u6218\u673a\u8f70\u70b8\u4e0b\u7684\u8d8a\u5357\u5317\u65b9\uff0c\u5f53\u8fc7\u52a0\u7eb3\u72ec\u7acb\u540e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u6069\u514b\u52aa\u9a6c\u7684\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u4ece1976\u5e74\u52301988\u5e74\uff0c\u5979\u62c5\u4efb\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53cd\u6218\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e15\u683c\u6c83\u4ec0\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08Pugwash Conferences on Science and World 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1998<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u841d\u897f\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u8c10\uff0c\u4e0e\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u80b2\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u665a\u5e74\u5b50\u5b59\u6ee1\u5802\uff0c\u5176\u4e50\u878d\u878d\u3002\u5979\u8fd8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u6843\u674e\u6ee1\u5929\u4e0b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u5c31\u662f\u6492\u5207\u5c14\u592b\u4eba\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u6492\u5207\u5c14\u592b\u4eba\u5728\u4efb\u65f6\u5c06\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u753b\u50cf\u6302\u5728\u5510\u5b81\u8857\u9996\u76f8\u5b98\u90b8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d85\u8d8a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u4e3e\u52a8\u8d62\u5f97\u82f1\u56fd\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u666e\u904d\u8d5e\u626c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-92ed13d92552077093ac1b97e7078fb5_1440w.jpg\" 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