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\u6765\u6e90: \u300a\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b<\/p>\n

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\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a<\/p>\n

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\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u9b4f\u739b\u65f6\u4ee3\u88ab\u6392\u65a5\u5728\u201d\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6559\u6388\u534f\u4f1a\u201d\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u66f4\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5219\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u70ed\u60c5\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u57fa\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u5206\u6790\u548c\u4ee5\u56fd\u9645\u5316\u4e3a\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u88ab\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u201d\u9ea6\u52a0\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4e5f\u5bf9\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f(Alfred Weber)\u548c\u57c3\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u96f7\u5fb7\u52d2(Emil Lederer)\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5bf9\u79d1\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u5728\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u5c14\u68ee(Hans Kelsen)\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u52a9\u624b\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u80e1\u62c9(Erich Hula)\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u7ed9\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7559\u4e0b\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u5370\u8c61\u7684\u662f\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u90a3\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u578b\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u6db5\u76d6\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u5bbd\u5ea6\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f53\u4e2d\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6279\u8457\u540d\u4eba\u7269\uff1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\u6d77\u59c6(Karl Mennheim)\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u52d2\u97e6(Adolf L we)\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e13\u5bb6\u80e1\u6208\u00b7\u8f9b\u8328\u6d77\u9ed8(Hugo Sinzheimer)\u3001\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u6469\u6839\u7d22(Hans Morgenthau)\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6b27\u6839\u00b7\u963f\u7279\u8212\u5c14(Eugen Altschul)\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5f00\u653e\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6c1b\u56f4\u800c\u88ab\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u89c6\u4e3a\u201d\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u4e50\u610f\u4e3a\u5b83\u6295\u5165\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u4eba\u5927\u591a\u662f\u6709\u72b9\u592a\u8840\u7edf\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u987e\u8651\uff0c\u62c5\u5fc3\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4f1a\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u4e0a\u5f15\u8d77\u6d88\u6781\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u79cd\u56f0\u5883\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u5fb7\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u6709\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b83\u53c8\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8206\u8bba\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u82e5\u662f\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u8d44\u52a9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u840c\u82bd\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u57281933\u5e744\u6708\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u9a71\u9010\u6709\u72b9\u592a\u8840\u7edf\u3001\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u540e\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u8d2f\u63a8\u884c\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d44\u52a9\u653f\u7b56\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u9762\u5bf9\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6050\u6016\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff1f\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u5b83\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u627f\u62c5\u4e86\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5c1a\u6ca1\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u9a7b\u5df4\u9ece\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u533b\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u5965\u5e03\u91cc\u6069(Daniel O\u2019Brien)\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\u504f\u89c1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u957f\u5e74\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5965\u5e03\u91cc\u6069\u5374\u57284\u670811\u65e5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u6709\u5173\u5fb7\u56fd\u5c40\u52bf\u5b89\u5b9a\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u52a0\u63a9\u9970\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5bf9\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u201d\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\uff1a1918\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e\uff0c\u538b\u5012\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u638c\u4e86\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u90a3\u573a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f7b\u5e95\u53d8\u9769\u2026\u2026\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u5fd8\u8bb0\uff1a\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u768415\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u66fe\u5f97\u5230\u8fc7\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4fc3\u8fdb\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u88ab\u89e3\u8058\u8981\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u5373\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\u4e2d\u2019\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8d85\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u2019\u7684\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u72b6\u51b5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u4e1d\u6beb\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e00\u573a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5371\u9669\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a\u624d\u8d2f\u5f7b\u4e86\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u626b\u9664\u3002\u9a71\u9010\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u77ed\u671f\u6027\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a\u201d\u7b49\u5f85\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u5e76\u6beb\u4e0d\u52a8\u6447\u5730\u7ee7\u7eed\u8d2f\u5f7b\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e0b\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u897f\u514b\u52d2\u4e5f\u5411\u7ebd\u7ea6\u603b\u90e8\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u201d\u5e94\u53ea\u8d44\u52a9\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u89e3\u8058\u7684\u3001\u4ecd\u7559\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e7b\u89c9\uff1a\u201d\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u8058\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5916\u56fd\u8206\u8bba\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u91c7\u53d6\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u624b\u6bb5\u7ee7\u7eed\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a\u5e94\u4e50\u4e8e\u770b\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u4e0d\u5e94\u653e\u5f03\u8fc4\u4eca\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u5c06\u8d44\u52a9\u8f6c\u5411\u96be\u6c11\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u7ed9\u4eba\u7559\u4e0b\u8fd9\u79cd\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u5c31\u4eff\u4f5b\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u613f\u610f\u4e0e\u2019\u72b9\u592a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u2019\u5408\u4f5c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fde\u7f8e\u56fd\u7d27\u6025\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6d3e\u9a7b\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u53d1\u56de\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u62a5\u544a\u4e5f\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4ee5\u51b7\u6de1\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4ee5\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u7684\u8fd9\u573a\u89e3\u8058\u6f6e\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u663e\u7136\u611f\u67d3\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u5916\u56fd\u65b0\u95fb\u8bb0\u8005\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u540e\u6765\u6d41\u4ea1\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\u90fd\u66fe\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u8206\u8bba\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u63a7\u8bc9\uff1a\u201d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5916\u56fd\u8206\u8bba\u5b8c\u5168\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5728\u4e0e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u505a\u6597\u4e89\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u897f\u514b\u52d2\u751a\u81f3\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a\u201d\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\u578b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u88ab\u89e3\u8058\u540e\uff0c\u5e94\u7ee7\u7eed\u8d44\u52a9\u57fa\u5c14\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u603b\u90e8\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u57fa\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4ee5\u540e\u662f\u5426\u8fd8\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u90a3\u4e9b\u610f\u4e49\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u603b\u90e8\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u96f7\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7B. \u798f\u65af\u8fea\u514b(Raymond B. Fosdick)\u59d4\u6258\u745e\u5178\u7684\u201d\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u5b66\u6d3e\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5188\u7eb3\u00b7\u7c73\u5c14\u8fbe(Gunnar Myrdal)\u4e8e7\u670820\u65e5\u524d\u5f80\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b9e\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u5f53\u6b64\u4eba\u5bf9\u57fa\u5c14\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u65b0\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u4eba\u4e8b\u7684\u7eaf\u6d01\u6027\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u505a\u51fa\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u65f6\uff0c\u798f\u65af\u8fea\u514b\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u5230\uff0c\u201d\u6295\u5165\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u5e94\u88ab\u64a4\u56de\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff1a\u201d\u82e5\u7ee7\u7eed\u5728\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u627f\u62c5\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b14\u94b1\u53ea\u4f1a\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u5730\u6254\u5230\u7a97\u5916\u3002\u201d1933\u5e749\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u603b\u90e8\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u8ba1\u5212\u5730\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u64a4\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u8d39\u548c\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u5efa\u8bbe\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u8d44\u52a9\u524d\u5f80\u5916\u56fd\u4e3a\u671f\u4e24\u5e74\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b66\u8005\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u5411\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u63f4\u6551\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u65b0\u6295\u5165\u4e86141\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u91d1\u5f88\u5feb\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u57281933\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u8fc7\u8fd9\u5bb6\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u906d\u53d7\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6d41\u4ea1\u8005\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fc7\u53bb\u5c31\u4e0e\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5df4\u9ece\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u6709\u8fc7\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u57281933\u5e749\u6708\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u63f4\u52a9\u8d44\u91d1\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4eba\u9009\u300210\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u51717\u540d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8be5\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f53\u4e2d\u76842\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u57c3\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u96f7\u5fb7\u52d2\u3001\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u65bd\u4f69\u5c14(Hans Speier)\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u5b66\u9662\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed65\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u201d\u57fa\u5c14\u5b66\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u9996\u9886\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u52d2\u97e6\uff0c\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u96c5\u53ef\u5e03\u00b7\u9a6c\u590f\u514b(Jakob Marschak)\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\u6d77\u59c6\u3001\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6b27\u6839\u00b7\u963f\u7279\u8212\u5c14\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u9686\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u4e13\u5bb6\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u5c14\u68ee\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u63f4\u52a9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u5b8c\u5168\u51fa\u81ea\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u8fd9\u7b14\u9884\u7b97\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5408\u540c\u4e5f\u65e9\u5df2\u7b7e\u8ba2\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u968f\u7740\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4e00\u573a\u62a2\u6551\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u4e2d\u6781\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u6765\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5b89\u6392\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u9650\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5c97\u4f4d\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u751a\u81f3\u96be\u4ee5\u957f\u671f\u5b89\u7f6e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u65b0\u6295\u5165\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u8d44\u91d1\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u5c06\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u201d\u52301935\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5df2\u6709135\u540d\u906d\u53d7\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d34\u4eba\u5230\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c16\u4eba\u5230\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c18\u4eba\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u53e6\u670967\u4eba\u5230\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5360\u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u4ea1\u7f8e\u56fd\u768495\u540d\u5fb7\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u76842\/3\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u201d”\u800c\u52301939\u5e749\u6708\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u65f6\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fbe\u5230192\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d70\u4eba\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u7b49\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c122\u4eba\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f53\u4e2d\u670974\u540d\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c45\u540d\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c35\u540d\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c38\u540d\u533b\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u5b89\u7f6e\u8005\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ea\u5360\u6240\u6709\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u5c11\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u5404\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6d41\u5b66\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u63a5\u53d7<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u201d\u7d27\u6025\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u63f4\u52a9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bbe\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u7684\u201d\u5728\u5916\u56fd\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7d27\u6025\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u79cd\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e24\u5927\u6b27\u6d32\u63f4\u52a9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f80\u5f80\u80fd\u638c\u63e1\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6709\u5173\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u540d\u5355\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e09\u5927\u81ea\u53d1\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f88\u5feb\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u4e00\u79cd\u534f\u5546\u548c\u5206\u5de5\u3002\u201d\u7d27\u6025\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u8d1f\u8d23\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u63f4\u52a9\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u8d1f\u8d23\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6240\u5c5e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u201d\u7d27\u6025\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u66fe\u7ecf\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u90e8\u5206\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5230\u571f\u8033\u5176\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7531\u5b83\u6765\u8d1f\u8d23\u5728\u4e1c\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u5357\u7f8e\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u51cf\u8f7b\u5927\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d1f\u62c5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5916\uff0c\u201d\u7d27\u6025\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u548c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8fd8\u91c7\u53d6\u79cd\u79cd\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u6d88\u9664\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5b89\u7f6e\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u7b56\u7edd\u975e\u51fa\u4e8e\u535a\u7231\u548c\u4ec1\u6148\uff0c\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u4e3a\u4e2a\u522b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e2e\u52a9\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5949\u884c\u201d\u62ef\u6551\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u539f\u5219\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e00\u6d41\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u4e00\u5e74\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u62ff\u5230\u4e00\u7b144000\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u6d41\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u5e74\u80fd\u62ff\u523012000-15000\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u522b\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u9ad8\u6821\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u62b5\u5236\u60c5\u7eea\u9010\u6b65\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5316\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u5bf9\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u4e2d\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u6587\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u5b66\u9662\u201d\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u4e3a\u5438\u6536\u6d41\u4ea1\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u6240\u201d\u6d41\u4ea1\u5927\u5b66(University in Exil)\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b83\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u9662\uff0c\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u65b0\u5b66\u9662\u201d\u4ece\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6700\u591a\u7684\u907f\u96be\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u603b\u8ba1\u4e3a540235\u7f8e\u5143\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u6240\u201d\u6d41\u4ea1\u5927\u5b66\u201d\u80fd\u57281945\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u62ef\u6551180\u540d\u6b27\u6d32\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u53c2\u89c1Claus-Dieter Krohn, op. cit. , p. 40. \uff09\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u00b7\u5f17\u83b1\u514b\u65af\u7eb3(Abraham Flexner)\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3a\u5438\u6536\u6d41\u4ea1\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u201d\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u6240(Institute for Advanced Study)\u201d\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u66f4\u662f\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u6574\u4f53\u63a5\u7eb3\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9ad8\u6821\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6781\u5927\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5141\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u8131\u79bb\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u6559\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u4ece\u4e8b\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6307\u5bfc\u535a\u58eb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6781\u5c11\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u88ab\u201d\u7d27\u6025\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u548c\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u3001\u4e5f\u662f\u5206\u6563\u6027\u5730\u5b89\u7f6e\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9ad8\u6821\u91cc\uff0c\u4e00\u6240\u9ad8\u6821\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc73\u540d\uff0c\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u52301939\u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u65f6\uff0c122\u540d\u901a\u8fc7\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u5f97\u5230\u5b89\u7f6e\u7684\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u88ab\u5206\u6563\u572865\u6240\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u57281933-1945\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c335\u540d\u901a\u8fc7\u201d\u7d27\u6025\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u5f97\u5230\u5b89\u7f6e\u7684\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u88ab\u5206\u6563\u5728145\u6240\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ad8\u6821\u91cc\u3002\u53c2\u89c1Stephen Duggan and Betty Drury, op. cit. , p. 66. \uff09\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5b8c\u5168\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5c11\u6570\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u654c\u610f\u88ab\u6d88\u89e3\u6389\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u516d\u3001\u7ed3\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u573a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5343\u540d\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u96be\u6c11\u6f6e\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u6d41\u4ea1\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u6069\u91cc\u79d1\u00b7\u8d39\u7c73(Enrico Fermi)\u7684\u592b\u4eba\u52b3\u62c9\u00b7\u8d39\u7c73\uff0c\u66fe\u57281968\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u6d41\u4ea1\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u8fc7\u6d41\u4ea1\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4e0d\u82b1\u6210\u672c\u7684\u8d62\u5229\u3002\u636e\u5979\u4f30\u7b97\uff0c\u201d\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u57f9\u517b\u4e00\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5230\u4ed6\u80fd\u5f00\u59cb\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u4e3a\u6b62\u65f6\u7684\u8d39\u7528\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u898145000\u7f8e\u5143\uff0c\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u90a3700\u591a\u4f4d\u79fb\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u8282\u7ea6\u4e86\u5927\u7ea63200\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

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