{"id":58485,"date":"2025-09-24T05:35:30","date_gmt":"2025-09-23T21:35:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=58485"},"modified":"2025-09-24T05:35:30","modified_gmt":"2025-09-23T21:35:30","slug":"%e7%85%a4%e3%80%81%e9%93%81%e3%80%81%e8%92%b8%e6%b1%bd%e4%b8%8e%e5%b7%a5%e4%b8%9a%e9%9d%a9%e5%91%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=58485","title":{"rendered":"\u7164\u3001\u94c1\u3001\u84b8\u6c7d\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span>\u64b0\u6587: \u5218\u949d\u00a0 \u00a0\u6765\u6e90: \u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/295\/w608h487\/20240212\/9420-4abf9c2cc9200cad816f20221eb9e570.png\" alt=\"\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aBBC\u00a0\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><span class=\"img_descr\">\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aBBC<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span>0<\/span><span>1<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u7164\u4e0e\u94c1<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7164\u548c\u94c1\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u8d2e\u85cf\u4e3a\u53d1\u7aef\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u66ff\u4ee3\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u690d\u7269\u71c3\u6599\u5e26\u6765\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u65b0\u80fd\u6e90\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e3a\u5927\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5c06\u4e8c\u8005\u8054\u7ed3\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u662f\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u4e0e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span>\u56fe1\u662f\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u82f1\u7c4d\u753b\u5bb6\u5362\u745f\u5821<\/span><span>\uff08Philip James de Loutherbourg, 1740-1812\uff09<\/span><span>\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u7164\u6eaa\u8c37\u4e4b\u591c\u300b\u3002\u201c\u7164\u6eaa\u8c37\u201d<\/span><span>\uff08Coalbrookdale\uff09<\/span><span>\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b57\u9762\u7684\u7cbe\u51c6\u610f\u8bd1\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u957f\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u585e\u6587\u6cb3<\/span><span>\uff08Severn River\uff09<\/span><span>\u6d41\u7ecf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e18\u9675\u5730\u5e26\uff0c\u5728\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u897f\u5317\u5927\u7ea640\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e26\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u7164\u94c1\u8d2e\u85cf\uff0c\u53c8\u5360\u5f97\u5185\u6cb3\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u753b\u9762\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u4e00\u5bb6\u53eb\u4f5c\u7164\u6eaa\u8c37\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u7194\u7089\u591c\u95f4\u51fa\u94c1\u7684\u60c5\u666f\uff1a\u4f46\u89c1\u4e2d\u5fc3\u94c1\u82b1\u56db\u6e85\uff0c\u94c1\u6c34\u5c06\u591c\u7a7a\u6620\u5f97\u901a\u7ea2\uff0c\u8fd1\u5904\u8fd8\u53ef\u770b\u89c1\u519c\u820d\u4e0e\u8fd0\u9001\u4ea7\u54c1\u548c\u539f\u6599\u7684\u9a6c\u8f66\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/162\/w586h376\/20240212\/9d1b-da363c81db6bbf15f9258ffdd934fb78.png\" alt=\"\u56fe1 \u5362\u745f\u5821\u300a\u7164\u6eaa\u8c37\u4e4b\u591c\u300b\uff081801\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u4f26\u6566\u79d1\u5b66\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u7164\u6eaa\u8c37\u4e0a\u7a7a\u7684\u6d53\u70df\u4e0e\u706b\u5149\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d88\u5931\u6b86\u5c3d\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e1779\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u94c1\u6865\u4f9d\u7136\u77d7\u7acb\uff0c\u6a2a\u8de8\u5728\u585e\u6587\u6cb3\u4e24\u5cb8\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u8bde\u751f\u5730\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u82e5\u5e72\u5e74\u524d\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u524d\u5f80\u63a2\u8bbf\uff0c\u6cbf\u7740\u6cb3\u8c37\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u77ff\u5c71\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u3001\u4ed3\u5e93\u7684\u9057\u8ff9\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u591a\u5f00\u8f9f\u6210\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u9644\u8fd1\u8fd8\u6709\u5c0f\u94c1\u9053\uff0c\u65e7\u5f0f\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u706b\u8f66\u642d\u8f7d\u6e38\u5ba2\u89c2\u89c8\u8c37\u4e2d\u7684\u7eee\u4e3d\u98ce\u5149\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"2\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/122\/w590h332\/20240212\/7224-11b94f892eadcdc43950c15dace24072.png\" alt=\"\u56fe2 \u5efa\u6210\u4e8e1779\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u94c1\u6865\uff08\u4f5c\u8005\u6444\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u900f\u7eb3<\/span><span>\uff08Joseph Mallord William Turner,1775\uff0d1851\uff09<\/span><span>\u662f\u82f1\u56fd19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u6700\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u98ce\u666f\u753b\u5bb6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u64c5\u957f\u6355\u6349\u5149\u7ebf\u4e0e\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u53d8\u5e7b\uff0c\u559c\u6b22\u63cf\u7ed8\u5927\u6c14\u4e0e\u6d77\u6d0b\u7684\u58ee\u4e3d\u666f\u8272\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6770\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u9690\u542b\u7740\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5982\u7b14\u8005\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u88ab\u62d6\u53bb\u89e3\u4f53\u7684\u65e0\u754f\u53f7\u6218\u8230\u300b<\/span><span>\uff081838\uff09<\/span><span>\u4e0e\u300a\u96e8\u3001\u84b8\u6c7d\u548c\u901f\u5ea6\u2014\u2014\u5927\u897f\u90e8\u94c1\u8def\u300b<\/span><span>\uff081844\uff09<\/span><span>\u3002\u56fe3\u662f\u900f\u7eb3\u7b14\u4e0b\u8fd0\u7164\u7801\u5934\u7684\u591c\u666f\uff0c\u6807\u9898Keelmen Heaving in Coals by Moonlight\u4e2d\u7684Keelmen\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u7279\u6307\u6cf0\u6069\u6cb3\u4e0a\u4e13\u95e8\u9a7e\u9a76\u5e73\u5e95\u8239\u8fd0\u8f93\u7164\u70ad\u7684\u8239\u5de5\uff0c\u8bd1\u6210\u300a\u6708\u5149\u4e0b\u7684\u7164\u6e2f\u300b\u5374\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u8bd7\u610f\u3002\u753b\u9762\u4e0a\u65b9\u4e00\u8f6e\u6e05\u6708\u9ad8\u6302\uff0c\u6708\u5149\u7a7f\u8fc7\u4e91\u5c42\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a2a\u8de8\u6cb3\u4e24\u5cb8\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u62f1\u9876\uff0c\u5149\u7ebf\u7684\u5206\u5c42\u4ee4\u591c\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e91\u6784\u6210\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6f29\u6da1\uff0c\u6e05\u51c9\u7684\u3001\u767d\u8272\u7684\u6708\u5149\u4e0e\u6e29\u6696\u7684\u3001\u9ec4\u8272\u548c\u6a59\u8272\u7684\u706b\u5149\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u53cd\u5c04\u7684\u5149\u4eae\u4f7f\u6ce2\u5149\u6f4b\u6edf\u7684\u6c34\u9762\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u3002\u753b\u9762\u53f3\u65b9\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u8bfa\u68ee\u4f2f\u5170\u548c\u8fbe\u52d2\u59c6\u9a76\u6765\u7684\u9ed1\u8272\u5e73\u5e95\u8fd0\u7164\u8239\uff0c\u6a59\u8272\u4e0e\u767d\u8272\u7684\u706b\u7130\u663e\u793a\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u591c\u95f4\u52b3\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fdc\u65b9\u4f9d\u7a00\u53ef\u89c1\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u70df\u7b52\uff0c\u8fd0\u7164\u8239\u4e0a\u65b9\u5347\u8d77\u7684\u9ed1\u70df\u8868\u660e\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"3\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/230\/w590h440\/20240212\/444c-d81b9036336eed1c6c3d9ee22c450de4.png\" alt=\"\u56fe3 \u900f\u7eb3\u300a\u6708\u5149\u4e0b\u7684\u7164\u6e2f\u300b\uff081835\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7279\u533a\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u6cf0\u6069\u6cb3\u7554\u7684\u7ebd\u5361\u65af\u5c14<\/span><span>\uff08Newcastle upon Tyne\uff09<\/span><span>\u662f\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u91cd\u9547\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u8d27\u8fd0\u96a7\u9053\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u767d\u70bd\u706f\u7167\u660e\u7684\u8857\u533a\uff0c\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u6717\u5175\u5de5\u5382\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u8230\u8239\u5927\u70ae\u6210\u4e86\u665a\u6e05\u6d0b\u52a1\u91cd\u81e3\u4eec\u7684\u5ba0\u7269\uff0c\u6cf0\u6069\u6cb3\u7554\u7684\u7801\u5934\u4e0d\u5206\u663c\u591c\u5730\u5c06\u539f\u6599\u8fd0\u8fdb\u53c8\u5c06\u4ea7\u54c1\u53d1\u5f80\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe4\u662f\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u8bd7\u4eba\u517c\u753b\u5bb6\u65af\u79d1\u7279\uff08William Scott,1811-1890\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u94c1\u4e0e\u7164\u300b\u3002\u753b\u5bb6\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u62c5\u4efb\u7ebd\u5361\u65af\u5c14\u5e02\u7acb\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u6821\u6821\u957f\u3002\u753b\u9762\u8fd1\u7aef\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u662f\u5728\u953b\u94c1\u7089\u524d\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u56db\u540d\u58ee\u6c49\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e09\u4eba\u8f6e\u756a\u6325\u821e\u5927\u9524\u953b\u6253\u94c1\u5757\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u8d1f\u8d23\u79fb\u52a8\u94c1\u5757\u5e76\u638c\u63a7\u8282\u594f\u7684\u5de5\u957f\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4eb2\u5386\u94c1\u5320\u4f5c\u574a\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u7ec6\u81f4\u5730\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u52a8\u611f\u5341\u8db3\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u573a\u9762\u3002\u8fdc\u666f\u662f\u4e00\u6d3e\u751f\u673a\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e0e\u8fd0\u8f93\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u666f\u8c61\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u884c\u9a76\u706b\u8f66\u7684\u9ad8\u67b6\u6865\u4e0e\u9ad8\u8038\u5165\u4e91\u7684\u5de5\u5382\u70df\u56f1\uff0c\u6865\u4e0b\u662f\u6cf0\u6069\u6cb3\u4e0e\u7e41\u5fd9\u7684\u7801\u5934\uff0c\u6cb3\u4e2d\u65e2\u6709\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5e06\u8239\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5192\u7740\u9ed1\u70df\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u8f6e\u8239\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"4\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/369\/w581h588\/20240212\/6a00-11daef8516af169568a6a91eb08c0b8d.png\" alt=\"\u56fe4 \u65af\u79d1\u7279\u300a\u7164\u4e0e\u94c1\u300b\uff081860\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u8bfa\u68ee\u4f2f\u5170\u90e1\u7684\u6c83\u6797\u987f\u5385\uff08Wallington Hall\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u753b\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u9887\u8010\u4eba\u5bfb\u5473\uff0c\u56db\u540d\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u8eab\u524d\u8eab\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u8d27\u6d41\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5750<\/span><span>\u5728\u5706\u6728\uff08\u6216\u94c1\u67f1\uff09<\/span><span>\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0f\u5973\u5b69\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6765\u81ea\u4e61\u4e0b\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u624b\u6301\u5f39\u7c27\u79e4\u7684\u7537\u7ae5\u5219\u50cf\u6cbf\u8857\u53eb\u5356\u7684\u5c0f\u8d29\u3002\u753b\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7801\u5934\u4e0a\u7a7a\u6709\u56db\u6839\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u7ebf\uff0c\u7ad6\u7acb\u7684\u76f4\u6746\u9644\u8fd1\u8fd8\u53ef\u89c1\u56db\u4e2a\u767d\u8272\u7684\u7edd\u7f18\u74f7\u5b50\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u731c\u6d4b\u8fd9\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u4f20\u8f93\u6709\u7ebf\u7535\u62a5\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u7535\u8bdd\u7ebf\u4e0e\u7535\u529b\u8f93\u9001\u7ebf\u7684\u94fa\u8bbe\u5e94\u8be5\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa70-80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec6\u8282\u6709\u4e9b\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u84b8\u6c7d\u4e3a\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u5927\u7ea6\u59cb\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u5230\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u5c31\u5df2\u5927\u529f\u544a\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u7535\u529b\u5373\u5c06\u767b\u573a\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"5\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/480\/w551h729\/20240212\/85bb-75b7b96ba99b2eab08e5891fe37624ec.png\" alt=\"\u56fe5 \u65af\u79d1\u7279\u300a\u7164\u4e0e\u94c1\u300b\u7ec6\u90e8\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>0<\/span><span>2<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u5c0f\u4f5c\u574a\u4e0e\u5927\u5de5\u5382<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5927\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u96cf\u5f62\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5c0f\u4f5c\u574a\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u7956\u5148\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u5320\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ff9\u8c61\u4ecd\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u3002\u56fe6\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u8d56\u7279<\/span><span>\uff08Joseph Wright,1734-1797\uff09<\/span><span>\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb6\u5ead\u94c1\u5320\u4f5c\u574a\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u666f\u8c61\uff0c\u9648\u65e7\u7684\u5c0f\u5c4b\uff0c\u7b80\u964b\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u4e0e\u540e\u6765\u5927\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u94a2\u94c1\u5382\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u94c1\u5320\u3001\u8001\u4eba\u3001\u5f92\u5f1f\u3001\u94c1\u5320\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u5973\u513f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bb6\u91cc\u7684\u5ba0\u7269\u90fd\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u753b\u9762\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u662f\u90a3\u5757\u521a\u88ab\u94b3\u51fa\u7194\u7089\u7684\u953b\u94c1\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5149\u4eae\u5168\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5b83\u3002\u8d56\u7279\u7ec8\u8eab\u90fd\u5728\u5fb7\u6bd4<\/span><span>\uff08Derby\uff09<\/span><span>\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u521b\u4f5c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u65e9\u671f\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u6d89\u53ca\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5149\u662f\u4ee5\u94c1\u5320\u548c\u953b\u94c1\u4e3a\u9898\u6750\u7684\u753b\u4f5c\u5c31\u6709\u597d\u51e0\u5e45\uff0c\u5dee\u522b\u53ea\u662f\u953b\u94c1\u7684\u989c\u8272\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u753b\u5bb6\u5bf9\u91d1\u5c5e\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5149\u8c31\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7ec6\u81f4\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"6\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/370\/w610h560\/20240212\/bdaa-5d54d64440fd1ba7a7dda1cc6cadbbe2.png\" alt=\"\u56fe6 \u8d56\u7279\u300a\u94c1\u5320\u4f5c\u574a\u300b\uff081772\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u4f26\u6566\u6cf0\u5fb7\u73b0\u4ee3\u827a\u672f\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"7\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/194\/w597h397\/20240212\/fbed-4de0b3b4173134bf1ee2c78bfa045f9f.png\" alt=\"\u56fe7 \u8d56\u7279\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u300a\u94c1\u5320\u4f5c\u574a\u300b\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u82f1\u56fd\u5fb7\u6bd4\u5e02\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u56fe8\u662f\u4e39\u9ea6\u753b\u5bb6\u514b\u6d1b\u8036<\/span><span>\uff08Peder Kr\u00f8yer,1851-1909\uff09<\/span><span>\u7684\u300a\u970d\u6069\u8d1d\u514b\u7684\u94c1\u5320\u300b\u3002\u970d\u6069\u8d1d\u514b<\/span><span>\uff08Hornbaek\uff09<\/span><span>\u662f\u4e39\u9ea6\u4e1c\u7aef\u4e0e\u745e\u5178\u9694\u6d77\u76f8\u671b\u7684\u5c0f\u9547\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6d77\u6ee8\u5ea6\u5047\u80dc\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"8\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/287\/w613h474\/20240212\/9d6f-2e5692882bdae035fa9cc92d299cc7e3.png\" alt=\"\u56fe8 \u514b\u6d1b\u8036\u300a\u970d\u6069\u5df4\u514b\u7684\u94c1\u5320\u300b\uff081875\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u54e5\u672c\u54c8\u6839\u5e0c\u65bd\u65af\u666e\u9f99\uff08Hirschsprung\uff09\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u5148\u5bfc\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u3001\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b49\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u4e5f\u5148\u540e\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5219\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\u594b\u8d77\u76f4\u8ffd\uff0c\u5230\u4e8619-20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6c99\u7687\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u90fd\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span>\u745e\u5178\u753b\u5bb6\u5e0c\u6d1b\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6<\/span><span>\uff08Pehr Hillestr\u00f6m,1732-1816)<\/span><span>\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u94c1\u5320\u4eec\u5219\u5448\u73b0\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u8d56\u7279\u4e0e\u514b\u6d1b\u8036\u753b\u4e2d\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u573a\u666f\u662f18\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u4e4c\u666e\u5170\u7701\u7d22\u5fb7\u798f\u65af<\/span><span>\uff08S\u00f6derfors\uff09<\/span><span>\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8239\u951a\u953b\u9020\u8f66\u95f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4ea7\u54c1\u8fdc\u9500\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5206\u5de5\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e1a\u573a\u9762\uff0c\u53f3\u7aef\u51e0\u4f4d\u8863\u7740\u534e\u4e3d\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5de5\u5382\u4e3b\u9886\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u5ba2\u4eba\u6216\u4e3b\u987e\u524d\u6765\u53c2\u89c2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"9\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/350\/w665h485\/20240212\/3692-2f66396bb63962e1923c6552f8e29b75.png\" alt=\"\u56fe9 \u5e0c\u6d1b\u65af\u7279\u7f57\u59c6\u300a\u7d22\u5fb7\u798f\u65af\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u594b\u529b\u953b\u9020\u94c1\u951a\u300b\uff081782\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u745e\u5178\u56fd\u7acb\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u95e8\u91c7\u5c14<\/span><span>\uff08Adolph Friedrich Menzel,1815-1905\uff09<\/span><span>\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u5fb7\u56fd\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u753b\u5bb6\uff0c\u7b14\u4e0b\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u666e\u901a\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u573a\u9762\u3002\u56fe10\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u6709\u540d\u7684\u6c34\u7c89\u753b\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u753b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u89d2\u843d\u91cc\uff0c\u753b\u9762\u4e2d\u592e\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u84b8\u6c7d\u9524\u524d\u7d27\u5f20\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u953b\u5de5\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"10\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/93\/w390h503\/20240212\/44cc-ddeca84a4aa4613cbb431cd501c53dcf.png\" alt=\"\u56fe10 \u95e8\u91c7\u5c14\u300a\u84b8\u6c7d\u9524\u524d\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0e\u6211\u300b\uff081872\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u5fb7\u56fd\u83b1\u6bd4\u9521\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u9898\u540d\u300a\u8f67\u94a2\u8f66\u95f4\u300b\u7684\u56fe11\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u540d\uff0c\u7ed8\u4e8e1875\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u4ee5\u84b8\u6c7d\u4e3a\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u5df2\u4ece\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u4e0e\u5317\u7f8e\u3002\u753b\u4e2d\u662f\u4e00\u6d3e\u70ed\u706b\u671d\u5929\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u666f\u8c61\uff0c\u51e0\u4f4d\u7089\u524d\u5de5\u4eba\u901a\u529b\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u7528\u94c1\u94b3\u5c06\u70e7\u5f97\u53d1\u51fa\u767d\u5149\u7684\u94a2\u952d\u9001\u8fdb\u8f67\u94a2\u673a\uff1b\u753b\u9762\u53f3\u7aef\u6709\u6b63\u5728\u559d\u6c34\u5403\u996d\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u8fde\u7eed\u751f\u4ea7\u8f6e\u73ed\u4f5c\u4e1a\u7684\u5b9e\u51b5\u3002\u753b\u9762\u8fdc\u7aef\uff0c\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u98de\u8f6e\u663e\u793a\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u8f66\u95f4\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"11\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/276\/w620h456\/20240212\/dd8a-8d2daa7d6b4bbfe844d7a0cb63b877a1.png\" alt=\"\u56fe11 \u95e8\u91c7\u5c14\u300a\u8f67\u94c1\u8f66\u95f4\u300b\uff081875\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u67cf\u6797\u8001\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u00a003<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u56fe12\u51fa\u4e8e\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u753b\u5bb6\u52b3\u5fb7\uff08James Lauder,1811-1869\uff09\uff0c\u753b\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u6784\u6545\u4e8b\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bd2\u51b7\u7684\u51ac\u591c\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u5de5\u5320\u74e6\u7279\uff08James Watt,1736-1819\uff09\u6b63\u5728\u6cb9\u706f\u4e0b\u7ed8\u56fe\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u706b\u7089\u4e0a\u58f6\u4e2d\u7684\u6c34\u6cb8\u817e\u4e86\uff0c\u84b8\u6c7d\u51b2\u5f00\u58f6\u76d6\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u7075\u611f\u7684\u5de5\u5320\u4e8e\u662f\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u3002\u4e0e\u725b\u987f\u5728\u82f9\u679c\u6811\u4e0b\u609f\u9053\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u540e\u4eba\u675c\u64b0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u672a\u5fc5\u771f\u6709\u5176\u4e8b\u5374\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u6559\u80b2\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e3a\u4eba\u6d25\u6d25\u4e50\u9053\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u65e9\u5728\u516c\u51431\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u91cc\u4e9a\u7684\u5e0c\u7f57\uff08Hero of Alexandria\uff09\u5c31\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u84b8\u6c7d\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\uff1b1678\u5e74\uff0c\u4f5b\u5170\u5fb7\u65af\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u6559\u58eb\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\uff08Ferdinand Verbiest,1623-1688\uff09\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u6e05\u5bab\u91cc\u4e5f\u5236\u6210\u8fc7\u4e00\u53f0\u84b8\u6c7d\u6da1\u8f6e\u673a\u8f66\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u786e\u5b9e\u8bde\u751f\u4e8e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u8428\u5f17\u91cc\uff08Thomas Savery,c.1650-1715\uff09\u3001\u7ebd\u53ef\u95e8\uff08Thomas Newcomen,1664-1729\uff09\u3001\u65af\u7c73\u987f\uff08John Smeaton,1724-1792\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u90fd\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u74e6\u7279\u7684\u529f\u52b3\u6700\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"12\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/285\/w673h412\/20240212\/d3e9-de09204709b8dac44ddb6a6409d113fd.png\" alt=\"\u56fe12 \u52b3\u5fb7\u300a\u74e6\u7279\u4e0e19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u66d9\u5149\u300b\uff081855\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u5bb6\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u74e6\u7279\u5bf9\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6539\u8fdb\u662f\u5c06\u6c7d\u7f38\u4e0e\u51b7\u51dd\u5668\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u53c8\u5f15\u5165\u55b7\u5c04\u51dd\u6c14\u8fde\u6746\u7b49\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u8bf4\u662f\u201c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u66d9\u5149\u201d\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u9053\u7406\u3002\u56fe13\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u5a01\u5ec9\u2022\u5e03\u6d1b\u8036\uff08William Bloye,1890-1975\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u9540\u91d1\u94dc\u50cf\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u77d7\u7acb\u5728\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u97f3\u4e50\u5385\u5916\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u5e7f\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u88ab\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u6635\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u5c0f\u91d1\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5ea7\u5de5\u4e1a\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u6807\u3002\u7fa4\u50cf\u4e2d\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u7269\u662f\u74e6\u7279\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u4e8b\u4e1a\u5408\u4f19\u4eba\u535a\u5c14\u987f\uff08Matthew Boulton,1728-1809\uff09\u4e0e\u9ed8\u591a\u514b\uff08William Murdoch,1754-1839\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u603b\u90e8\u5c31\u8bbe\u5728\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"13\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/185\/w544h441\/20240212\/6663-d9439da953dd8bef81ba34956fb302e2.png\" alt=\"\u56fe13 \u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5e7f\u573a\u7684\u535a\u5c14\u987f-\u74e6\u7279-\u9ed8\u591a\u514b\u9540\u91d1\u96d5\u50cf\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><span class=\"img_descr\">\u56fe13 \u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5e7f\u573a\u7684\u535a\u5c14\u987f-\u74e6\u7279-\u9ed8\u591a\u514b\u9540\u91d1\u96d5\u50cf<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span>\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u5728\u94a2\u94c1\u3001\u7eba\u7ec7\u3001\u91c7\u77ff\u548c\u6c34\u9646\u4ea4\u901a\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6539\u5584\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u9762\u8c8c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u6210\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u65e5\u5e38\u51fa\u884c\u4e0e\u8d27\u7269\u8fd0\u8f93\u5e26\u6765\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u706b\u8f66\u30021825\u5e749\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4e1c\u5317\u90e8\u8fde\u63a5\u65af\u6258\u514b\u987f\uff08Stockton\uff09\u4e0e\u8fbe\u7075\u987f\uff08Darlington\uff09\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u7ebf\u5efa\u6210\u901a\u8f66\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u5e02\u9547\u95f4\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8f66\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u516c\u5171\u4ea4\u901a\u7ebf\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u53ea\u662f\u7531\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8f66\u7275\u5f15\u8fd0\u7164\u8f66\uff0c\u8f7d\u5ba2\u5217\u8f66\u4ecd\u7136\u7528\u9a6c\u5339\uff0c1833\u5e749\u6708\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u7528\u4e8e\u8f7d\u5ba2\u65c5\u884c\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8f66\u3002\u56fe14\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u5e93\u5c3c\u5965\uff08Terence Cuneo,1907-1996\uff09\u6839\u636e\u5f53\u5e74\u62a5\u5bfc\u4e0e\u60f3\u8c61\u753b\u51fa\u7684\u901a\u8f66\u5f53\u65e5\u666f\u50cf\uff1a\u706b\u8f66\u53f8\u673a\u3001\u53f8\u7089\u72b9\u5982\u9a6c\u8f66\u592b\u4e00\u6837\u5728\u673a\u5934\u540e\u9762\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e58\u5ba2\u4eec\u5174\u9ad8\u91c7\u70c8\u5730\u7ad9\u6216\u5750\u5728\u655e\u9876\u8f66\u53a2\u91cc\u6b22\u547c\uff0c\u6cbf\u9014\u6c11\u4f17\u9a7e\u7740\u9a6c\u8f66\u3001\u9a91\u7740\u6bdb\u9a74\u8ffd\u9010\u5217\u8f66\uff0c\u6325\u821e\u7740\u56fd\u65d7\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u4e0e\u5c0f\u72d7\u62fc\u547d\u5730\u4e0e\u706b\u8f66\u8d5b\u8dd1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"14\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/295\/w608h487\/20240212\/9420-4abf9c2cc9200cad816f20221eb9e570.png\" alt=\"\u56fe14 \u5e93\u5c3c\u5965\u300a\u65af\u6258\u514b\u987f-\u8fbe\u7075\u987f\u94c1\u9053\u901a\u8f66\u5178\u793c\u300b\uff081949\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aBBC<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u56fe15\u662f1925\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65af\u6258\u514b\u987f-\u8fbe\u7075\u987f\u7ebf\u901a\u8f66\u767e\u5e74\u3001\u6a21\u4eff\u5f53\u5e74\u60c5\u666f\u7684\u7167\u7247\u3002\u56fe16\u662f\u4eca\u65e5\u8be5\u7ebf\u8def\u4e0a\u5217\u8f66\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u5ea7\u6db5\u6d1e\u6865\u7684\u666f\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"15\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/124\/w555h369\/20240212\/6da9-9457b29d6f0515d93a27772c830c5e92.png\" alt=\"\u56fe15 \u65af\u6258\u514b\u987f-\u8fbe\u7075\u987f\u94c1\u9053\u901a\u8f66\u767e\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u4eea\u5f0f\u73b0\u573a\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><span class=\"img_descr\">\u56fe15 \u65af\u6258\u514b\u987f-\u8fbe\u7075\u987f\u94c1\u9053\u901a\u8f66\u767e\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u4eea\u5f0f\u73b0\u573a<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span>\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aBBC<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"16\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/65\/w553h312\/20240212\/050e-30ad848520650d0175feb579b02032de.png\" alt=\"\u56fe16 \u4eca\u65e5\u65af\u6258\u514b\u987f-\u8fbe\u7075\u987f\u7ebf\u4e0a\u884c\u9a76\u7684\u706b\u8f66\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aBBC<\/p>\n<p><span>\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4f7f\u7528\u9700\u8981\u8017\u8d39\u7164\u70ad\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u9762\u540e\u679c\u662f\u7a7a\u6c14\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u73b0\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u5e38\u5e74\u88ab\u70df\u96fe\u7b3c\u7f69\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u8fd8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u201c\u96fe\u90fd\u201d\u7684\u7ef0\u53f7\u3002\u6e05\u672b\u540c\u6587\u9986\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u5f20\u5fb7\u5f5d\uff081847-1918\uff09\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u8bb0\u8ff0\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u6cbb\u4e94\u5e74\u56db\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u65e5\uff081866.6.7\uff09\u4ece\u725b\u6d25\u4e58\u706b\u8f66\u8d74\u4f2f\u660e\u7ff0\uff0c\u4f46\u89c1\u201c\u6cbf\u8def\u9020\u94c1\u5668\u4e4b\u5382\uff0c\u4e00\u671b\u65e0\u8fb9\u3002\u70df\u7b52\u4e1b\u7acb\uff0c\u9ad8\u7686\u6570\u4e08\uff0c\u9ed1\u70df\u51a5\u51a5\uff0c\u76f4\u51b2\u9704\u6c49\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e91\u76f8\u63a5\u201d\uff1b\u540c\u6cbb\u4e03\u5e74\u516b\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u65e5\uff081868.10.11\uff09\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u201c\u9ed1\u96fe\u5f25\u6f2b\uff0c\u54ab\u5c3a\u4e0d\u89c1\u4eba\uff0c\u51e1\u66f2\u5f84\u5c94\u8def\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u7686\u6709\u5de1\u5175\u963b\u6b62\u8f66\u9a6c\uff0c\u62a4\u9001\u884c\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u635f\u4f24\u201d\uff1b\u4e5d\u6708\u521d\u5341\u65e5\uff081868.10.25\uff09\u590d\u8bb0\u201c\u9634\u96e8\u7ec8\u671d\uff0c\u9ed1\u96fe\u5f25\u6f2b\uff0c\u8857\u5df7\u5bf9\u9762\u4e0d\u89c1\u4eba\uff0c\u5c4b\u4e2d\u71c3\u70db\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u5bf9\u4e8e19\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5370\u8c61\u6d3e\u753b\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u82f1\u4f26\u7684\u6d53\u96fe\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u6240\u672a\u89c1\u7684\u5927\u6c14\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u6355\u6349\u5149\u5f71\u8272\u5f69\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u5e26\u7ed9\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u5916\u793c\u7269\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u83ab\u5948\uff08Oscar-Claude Monet,1840-1926)\u591a\u6b21\u524d\u5f80\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u753b\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u5149\u7ebf\u8f89\u6620\u4e0b\u7684\u96fe\u666f\uff0c\u636e\u7edf\u8ba1\u4ec5\u6ed1\u94c1\u5362\u5927\u6865\u4e00\u666f\u4ed6\u5c31\u753b\u4e8641\u5e45\u3001\u67e5\u4ee4\u5341\u5b57\u5927\u6865\u753b\u4e8634\u5e45\u3001\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u753b\u4e8619\u5e45\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u753b\u5bb6\u7559\u7ed9\u540e\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"17\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/242\/w635h407\/20240212\/41dd-305d3827daf818486d4716c64255bada.png\" alt=\"\u56fe17 \u83ab\u5948\u300a\u6ed1\u94c1\u5362\u5927\u6865\uff0c\u96fe\u7684\u6548\u5e94\u300b\uff081903\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u51ac\u5bab<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"18\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/360\/w646h514\/20240212\/fcbe-bb2d4a2f6fc9c0079e80af2a9e3dc0d3.png\" alt=\"\u56fe18 \u83ab\u5948\u300a\u67e5\u4ee4\u5341\u5b57\u5927\u6865\uff0c\u6cf0\u6664\u58eb\u6cb3\u4e0a\u7684\u96fe\u300b\uff081903\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u73b0\u85cf\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\u70df\u96fe\u7f2d\u7ed5\u7684\u666f\u8c61\u5e76\u975e\u4f26\u6566\u72ec\u6709\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u5723\u62c9\u624e\u5c14\u706b\u8f66\u7ad9\u4e5f\u662f\u83ab\u5948\u559c\u6b22\u5149\u987e\u7684\u6253\u5361\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u9898\u7684\u753b\u4f5c\u6709\u591a\u5e45\u3002\u56fe19\u662f\u4ed61877\u5e74\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff1a\u753b\u4e2d\u4e00\u5217\u6765\u81ea\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u706b\u8f66\u521a\u521a\u9a76\u8fdb\u8f66\u7ad9\uff0c\u673a\u5934\u8fd8\u5728\u55b7\u6c7d\uff0c\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u72b6\u7684\u94a2\u6881\u7ed3\u6784\u73bb\u7483\u9876\u4e0b\u7b3c\u7f69\u7740\u84dd\u7d2b\u8272\u7684\u96fe\u56e2\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ad9\u53f0\u5916\u673a\u8f66\u55b7\u51fa\u7684\u767d\u8272\u84b8\u6c7d\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u900f\u8fc7\u84b8\u6c7d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u96fe\u56e2\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u9ad8\u697c\u4f9d\u7a00\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u706b\u8f66\u7684\u6c7d\u7b1b\u9e23\u53eb\u4e0e\u8f66\u8f6e\u7684\u5236\u52a8\u58f0\u538b\u8fc7\u4e86\u5608\u6742\u7684\u4eba\u58f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u83ab\u5948\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u4ea4\u54cd\u4e50\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"19\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/566\/w789h577\/20240212\/da4d-82bf47ad581e85b5dc301d4ad40d5ef0.png\" alt=\"\u56fe19 \u83ab\u5948\u300a\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u9a76\u6765\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u62b5\u8fbe\u5723\u62c9\u624e\u5c14\u300b\uff081877\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u73b0\u85cf\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u827a\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u9662<\/p>\n<p><span>\u00a004<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u5927\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u65c5\u5c45\u82f1\u4f26\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4ee5\u84b8\u6c7d\u52a8\u529b\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u53d6\u5f97\u8f89\u714c\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u74e6\u7279\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u5929\u624d\u8868\u73b0\u57281784\u5e744\u6708\u4ed6\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u4e13\u5229\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u6b8a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u628a\u5b83\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u5927\u5de5\u4e1a\u666e\u904d\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c1\u5377\u7b2c13\u7ae0\uff09\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u5f15\u7528\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5ba3\u79f0\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u7ec6\u7a76\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u201c\u673a\u5668\u4e0e\u5927\u5de5\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u53d9\u8ff0\uff0c\u65b9\u80fd\u7406\u4f1a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8bb2\u7684\u201c\u5927\u5de5\u4e1a\u666e\u904d\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u773c\u91cc\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u673a\u5668\u5e94\u7531\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u3001\u4f20\u52a8\u88c5\u7f6e\u548c\u5de5\u5177\u673a\uff08\u6216\u79f0\u5de5\u4f5c\u673a\uff09\u8fd9\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u63d0\u4f9b\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u4f20\u52a8\u88c5\u7f6e\u8c03\u8282\u4e0e\u4f20\u8f93\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5de5\u5177\u673a\u6293\u4f4f\u52b3\u52a8\u5bf9\u8c61\u5e76\u6309\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6765\u6539\u53d8\u5b83\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u673a\uff0c\u662f\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u6b63\u662f\u5de5\u5177\u673a\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e0e\u52b3\u52a8\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u90a3\u79cd\u5bb6\u5ead\u4f5c\u574a\u5728\u5927\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u65f6\u4ee3\u7834\u8d25\u51cb\u96f6\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u6280\u827a\u7684\u624b\u5de5\u4e1a\u827a\u4eba\u4e5f\u65e0\u7528\u6b66\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ea\u662f\u5145\u5f53\u7b80\u5355\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u673a\u5668\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u4eba\u8eab\u5265\u524a\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u5373\u6269\u5927\u8d44\u672c\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u5265\u524a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5265\u524a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u201d\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u201c\u5c31\u673a\u5668\u4f7f\u808c\u8089\u529b\u6210\u4e3a\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u673a\u5668\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4f7f\u7528\u6ca1\u6709\u808c\u8089\u529b\u6216\u8eab\u4f53\u53d1\u80b2\u4e0d\u6210\u719f\u800c\u56db\u80a2\u6bd4\u8f83\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f7f\u7528\u673a\u5668\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e3\u53f7\u662f\u5987\u5973\u52b3\u52a8\u548c\u513f\u7ae5\u52b3\u52a8\uff01\u201d\uff08\u540c\u4e0a\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u56fe20\u662f\u4f5b\u5170\u5fb7\u65af\u7248\u753b\u5bb6\u65af\u7279\u96f7\u7279\uff08Jan Van der Straet,1523-1605\uff09\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u56fe\uff1a\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a16\u4e16\u7eaa\u94f8\u70ae\u4f5c\u574a\u7684\u5185\u666f\uff0c\u6eda\u70eb\u7684\u94dc\u6db2\u4ece\u7194\u7089\u51fa\u53e3\u503e\u6cfb\u800c\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u7684\u5728\u88c5\u586b\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5728\u89c2\u5bdf\u6eb6\u6db2\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5728\u8c03\u6574\u6a21\u5177\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5728\u5bf9\u94f8\u597d\u7684\u70ae\u7b52\u8fdb\u884c\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u9576\u5d4c\u5728\u62f1\u6d1e\u4e2d\u7684\u56fe\u753b\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u7a97\u5916\u5219\u662f\u706b\u70ae\u8f70\u584c\u57ce\u5821\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002\u56fe21\u5219\u662f\u5927\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u65f6\u4ee3\u94f8\u70ae\u8f66\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f53\u529b\u52b3\u52a8\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"20\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/303\/w646h457\/20240212\/e959-5fed0f5e9d55ab1e33aa8f0e04042c6f.png\" alt=\"\u56fe20 \u65af\u7279\u96f7\u7279\u300a\u65b0\u53d1\u660e\uff1a\u94dc\u706b\u70ae\u300b\uff08c.1600\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<p><span>\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u8303\u666f\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"21\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/285\/w650h435\/20240212\/9693-add2063faf76e049195ed70966e99fb3.png\" alt=\"\u56fe21 1883\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u6717\u5175\u5de5\u5382\u7684\u94f8\u70ae\u8f66\u95f4\" \/><\/div>\n<p>\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u300a\u4f26\u6566\u65b0\u95fb\u753b\u62a5\u300b\uff081883\uff09<\/p>\n<p><span>\u7164\u4e0e\u94c1\uff0c\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ece\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u83b7\u5f97\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5927\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u5219\u662f\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u6210\u719f\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u6700\u540e\u4e3a\u8bfb\u8005\u5949\u4e0a\u51e0\u5e45\u82f1\u56fd19\u4e16\u7eaa\u63cf\u7ed8\u5927\u673a\u5668\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u4ea4\u901a\u8fd0\u8f93\u7684\u7248\u753b\uff0c\u56fe\u6e90\u5168\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e00\u672c\u6709\u540d\u7684\u753b\u62a5\u300a\u4f26\u6566\u65b0\u95fb\u753b\u62a5\u300b\uff08The Illustrated London News\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"22\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/239\/w656h383\/20240212\/9bbf-ad16300f60aaf62baf1c54a38bbab945.png\" alt=\"\u56fe22 \u5f17\u5185\u65af\u7684\u5df4\u7f57\uff08barrow-in-Furness\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u94a2\u94c1\u5382\uff081867\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><span class=\"img_descr\">\u56fe22 \u5f17\u5185\u65af\u7684\u5df4\u7f57\uff08barrow-in-Furness\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u94a2\u94c1\u5382\uff081867\uff09<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"23\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/306\/w657h449\/20240212\/f8a9-d8dafeeebcb885d12d6599304d49a934.png\" alt=\"\u56fe23 \u65af\u8482\u82ac\u5b59\uff08Stephenson\uff09\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8f66\u5236\u9020\u5382\uff081864\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><span class=\"img_descr\">\u56fe23 \u65af\u8482\u82ac\u5b59\uff08Stephenson\uff09\u7684\u84b8\u6c7d\u673a\u8f66\u5236\u9020\u5382\uff081864\uff09<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"24\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/232\/w654h378\/20240212\/b9b8-a9c4916b1b33b333f0bea8cc3239ceca.png\" alt=\"\u56fe24\u00a0\u4f26\u6566\u4e16\u535a\u4f1a\u671f\u95f4\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u7ec7\u5e03\u673a\uff081862\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><span class=\"img_descr\">\u56fe24\u00a0\u4f26\u6566\u4e16\u535a\u4f1a\u671f\u95f4\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u7ec7\u5e03\u673a\uff081862\uff09<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"25\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/686\/w637h849\/20240212\/f1bf-ded6f08547162c97e8ff8a0b88fcac7a.png\" alt=\"\u56fe25\u00a0\u74e6\u7075\u987f\uff08Warrington\uff09\u7684\u80a5\u7682\u5de5\u5382\u751f\u4ea7\u6d41\u7a0b\uff081886\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><span class=\"img_descr\">\u56fe25\u00a0\u74e6\u7075\u987f\uff08Warrington\uff09\u7684\u80a5\u7682\u5de5\u5382\u751f\u4ea7\u6d41\u7a0b\uff081886\uff09<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><img id=\"26\" src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/332\/w671h461\/20240212\/2dfd-195e0b27db76d14a04470f5fb4cce2f9.png\" alt=\"\u56fe26\u00a0\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4eb2\u738b\u4e0e\u738b\u5983\u53c2\u89c2\u8d1d\u585e\u9ea6\u70bc\u94a2\uff081875\uff09\" \/><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"img_wrapper\"><span class=\"img_descr\">\u56fe26\u00a0\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4eb2\u738b\u4e0e\u738b\u5983\u53c2\u89c2\u8d1d\u585e\u9ea6\u70bc\u94a2\uff081875\uff09<\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><img src=\"https:\/\/n.sinaimg.cn\/sinakd20240212s\/277\/w482h595\/20240212\/8d88-28159fb613aa58cbf5964d52a889057c.png\" alt=\"\u56fe27\u00a0\u7e41\u5fd9\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u8fd0\u8f93\uff081868\uff09\" 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