\u6765\u6e90: \u5168\u7403\u5ba2\u5bb6\u540d\u4eba\u5802<\/p>\n
\u5ba2\u540d\u541b\u6309\uff1a\u8fd1\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u6885\u5dde\u4e94\u534e\u00b7\u5143\u5751\u9057\u5740\u666f\u533a16\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u5ba2\u540d\u541b\u6b63\u597d\u5bf9\u6885\u5dde\u8db3\u7403\u5386\u53f2\u6709\u6240\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\u5728\u6b64\u539f\u521b\u5206\u4eab\u3002\u5728\u300a\u5bfb\u5473\u5ba2\u5bb6\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u6587\u5316\u5c4a\u670b\u53cb\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u806a\u6167\u535a\u5b66\uff0c\u624d\u534e\u6a2a\u6ea2\uff0c\u582a\u79f0\u901a\u624d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u6709\u7740\u575a\u5b9a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u7518\u5f53\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f7f\u8005\uff0c\u5230\u6700\u8d2b\u56f0\u6700\u504f\u8fdc\u6700\u5371\u9669\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u53bb\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u7267\u5e08\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u300a\u7b80\u00b7\u7231\u300b\u91cc\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5723\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u3002\u800c\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u5317\u65b9\u5357\u6e21\u540e\uff0c\u88ab\u903c\u4ec4\u5230\u91ce\u517d\u51fa\u6ca1\u3001\u5c71\u591a\u5730\u5c11\u7684\u5d07\u5c71\u5cfb\u6797\u4e4b\u95f4\u6216\u8005\u98d8\u6d0b\u8fc7\u6d77\u5230\u5357\u6d0b\u8c0b\u751f\u3002\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u4ee5\u6df3\u6734\u7684\u5584\u610f\u548c\u5305\u5bb9\uff0c\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e86\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4f53\u80b2\uff09\uff0c\u8ba9\u9971\u53d7\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u51b3\u5b9a\u5148\u4ece\u5ba2\u5bb6\u5730\u533a\u5f00\u59cb\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u5ba2\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u5728\u7ca4\u4e1c\u7684\u5c71\u533a\u5947\u7279\u5730\u4ea4\u6c47\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u5bfb\u5473\u5ba2\u5bb6\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bb2\u8db3\u7403\u4e4b\u4e61\u6885\u5dde\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5176\u4e2d\u7531\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u56fe\u7247\uff0c\u5ba2\u540d\u541b\u90fd\u4e00\u4e00\u8ddf\u745e\u58eb\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u786e\u8ba4\u7248\u6743\u3002\u5728\u8ddf\u8be5\u4f1a\u590d\u4fe1\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5ba2\u540d\u541b\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6587\u732e\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u4e8b\uff08\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u628a\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u7684\u6587\u732e\u90fd\u770b\u4e86\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u770b\u4e0d\u61c2\u7684\u5fb7\u6587\u6587\u732e\uff09\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5ba2\u540d\u541b\u7684\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u6709\u6839\u6709\u636e\u6709\u8da3\u6709\u6599\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
19\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u4e94\u534e\u5143\u5751\u521b\u529e\u7684\u4e2d\u4e66\u9662\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8349\u576a\u8db3\u7403\u573a\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f53\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u4f20\u6388\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e2015\u5e7411\u6708\u5f97\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u80b2\u603b\u5c40\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5143\u5751\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u6709\u7740\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6b22\u4e50\u00a0 \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u81ea\u65b0\u534e\u7f51<\/p>\n
\u6885\u5dde\u4e94\u534e\u00b7\u5143\u5751\u9057\u5740\u666f\u533a\u590d\u5efa\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e66\u9662\u3001\u539f\u8db3\u7403\u573a\u3001\u73af\u5c71\u8dd1\u9053\u7b49\u65e7\u5740\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u4e4b\u8def\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u6587\u5316\u542f\u8499\u56ed\u7b49\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002\u9879\u76ee\u4e8e2017\u5e7412\u6708\u5f00\u5de5\uff0c2020\u5e7412\u6708\u7ae3\u5de5\uff0c2021\u5e741\u6708\u5f00\u653e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76f8\u5173\u4e13\u5bb6\u4ece\u5927\u91cf\u5386\u53f2\u7167\u7247\u548c\u53f2\u7c4d\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u627e\u5bfb\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u6837\u5f0f\u3001\u683c\u5c40\u548c\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u6700\u7ec8\u65bd\u5de5\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4ee5\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6062\u590d\u539f\u8c8c\u3002\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e94\u534e\u4ee5\u201c\u65e7\u5740\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2d\u5f00\u53d1\u201d\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u8db3\u7403\u6587\u5316\u201d\u6f14\u7ece\u201c\u6587\u5316\u8db3\u7403\u201d\u4e3a\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5c06\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u6253\u9020\u6210\u96c6\u8db3\u7403\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5065\u8eab\u4f11\u95f2\u548c\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u8db3\u7403\u6587\u5316\u65c5\u6e38\u80dc\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5143\u5751\u4fef\u77b0\u56fe\u00a0 \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u81ea\u65b0\u534e\u7f51<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u6885\u5dde\u4e94\u534e\u7684\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u3002\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u5e26\u5230\u5143\u5751\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5df4\u8272\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u4eca\u745e\u58eb\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u57ce\u201c\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u201d\uff08Basel\uff09\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u79f0\uff0c\u6a2a\u8de8\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u4e24\u5cb8\uff0c\u5904\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u745e\u58eb\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u4ea4\u754c\u5904\u3002\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b0\u6559\u5dee\u4f1a\uff0c1815\u5e749\u670825\u65e5\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e\u745e\u58eb\u5317\u90e8\u5fb7\u8bed\u533a\u7684\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u5e02\uff0c\u5c5e\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u5fb7\u56fd\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5df4\u8272\u5dee\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Basel Mission\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5dee\u9063\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u81f3\u5404\u56fd\u5e03\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7ecf\u7531\u6df1\u5733\u548c\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u6885\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5174\u529e\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u6559\u4e60\u897f\u65b9\u4f53\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u6821\u56ed\u8db3\u7403\u4e5f\u7531\u6b64\u8bde\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u82f1\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff081842\u5e74\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u7f8e\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff081844\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u6cd5\u9ec4\u57d4\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff081844\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff081858\u5e74\u3001\u300a\u5317\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff081860\u5e74\uff09\u7b49\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5176\u624b\u6bb5\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee5\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e3a\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u6309\u7167\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u4f20\u9053\u5fc5\u662f\u83b7\u534e\u4eba\u4e4b\u5c0a\u656c\uff0c\u6700\u5584\u4e4b\u8bed\uff0c \u83ab\u82e5\u6e10\u4ee5\u5b66\u672f\u6536\u63fd\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u4eba\u5fc3\u5373\u9644\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5fc5\u5b9a\u968f\u4e4b\u3002\u201d\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u786e\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c \u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u7cbe\u901a\u90a3\u4e9b\u968f\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fbe\u5230\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u79ef\u6781\u5174\u529e\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5b66\u6821\u4f53\u80b2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6e05\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6c99\u7687\u66fe\u7ecf\u6d3e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u501f\u4f20\u6559\u4e3a\u540d\uff0c\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fdb\u884c\u641c\u96c6\u60c5\u62a5\u7684\u95f4\u8c0d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4f01\u56fe\u963b\u6b62\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u796d\u7956\u796d\u5b54\u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d88\u9664\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u654c\u89c6\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u62b5\u89e6\u5fc3\u91cc\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4ece\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u5bf9\u5e78\u798f\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u7ecf\u4e16\u81f4\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u8f89\u714c\u707f\u70c2\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u63ed\u53bb\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u9762\u7eb1\u800c\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u66fe\u529b\u963b\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u5883\u5185\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7701\u653f\u5e9c\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u534e\u5357\u5730\u533a\u5b97\u6559\u6863\u6848\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4ece19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u670929\u4e2a\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u534e\u5357\u5730\u533a\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5305\u62ec\u4f26\u6566\u5144\u5f1f\u4f1a\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u4f1a\u3001\u957f\u8001\u4f1a\u548c\u5df4\u8272\u6559\u4f1a\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u4ece1847\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d3e\u9063\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u5df4\u8272\u6559\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1815\u5e74\u745e\u58eb\u5df4\u8272\u57ce\u3002\u4ece\u6210\u7acb\u81f3\u4eca\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6559\u4f1a\u4f1a\u4f17\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f4d\u4e8e\u745e\u58eb\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u6559\u5802\u6240\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6559\u4f1a\u90fd\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u5728\u534e\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u6b64\u5df4\u8272\u6559\u4f1a\u4ece1871\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u9010\u6e10\u6d3e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4ece\u9999\u6e2f\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u5733\u7684\u674e\u6717\u3001\u6cb3\u6e90\u7684\u8001\u9f99\u3001\u9010\u6e10\u5230\u8fbe\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u6885\u5dde\uff09\u3002\u6e05\u672b\u7684\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u662f\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u7684\u96c6\u805a\u5730\u3002\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u662f\u534e\u5357\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f53\u65f6\u7ca4\u4e1c\u7684\u5c71\u533a\uff0c\u5d07\u5c71\u5cfb\u5cad\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u51f6\u9669\u7684\u3001\u5e38\u5e38\u6cdb\u6ee5\u6210\u707e\u7684\u6cb3\u9053\u3002\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u9a91\u7740\u9a6c\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u5bb6\u7737\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u7ffb\u5c71\u8d8a\u5cad\u3001\u8dcb\u5c71\u6d89\u6c34\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8fd8\u5e26\u4e86\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u76ae\u7403\u3002\u6240\u5230\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u771f\u82e6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8d8a\u82e6\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8d8a\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u4e94\u534e\u4eba\u8d70\u5728\u6728\u6865\u4e0a\uff0c\u53c8\u9ad8\u53c8\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u88ab\u5927\u6c34\u51b2\u65ad\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e4b\u540e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6839\u636e\u9999\u6e2f\u5d07\u771f\u5c0f\u5b66\u66a8\u5e7c\u7a1a\u56ed\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5df4\u8272\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u9ece\u529b\u57fa\uff08Rudolf Christian Friedrich Lechle\uff0c1824-1908\uff09\u4e8e1847\u5e743\u670819\u65e5\u5230\u8fbe\u9999\u6e2f\u3002\u4ed6\u97e9\u5c71\u660e\uff08Theodore Hamberg\uff0c1819-1854\uff09\u5728\u5e7f\u4e1c\u6cbf\u6d77\u5cb8\u5f00\u59cb\u5e03\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n
\u97e9\u5c71\u660e1851\u5e74\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5802\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u9999\u6e2f\u7684\u548c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\uff08\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u6885\u5dde\u5e02\uff09\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u9ece\u529b\u57fa\u4e8e1855\u5e74\u7f16\u8f91\u4e86\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8bdd\u7f57\u9a6c\u6ce8\u97f3\u5b57\u5178\uff0c1857\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u9999\u6e2f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6240\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u6559\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u548c\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u95f4\u5802\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b66\u6821\u30021866\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u58eb\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\uff08\u73b0\u6885\u5dde\u5e02\uff09\u7684\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u5143\u5751\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u957f\u5e03\u9547\uff09\u8bbe\u70b9\u4f20\u9053\uff0c1873\u5e74\u5728\u6b64\u5efa\u7acb\u6885\u5dde\u7684\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6240\u6559\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u4f53\u80b2\u5fd7\u8bb0\u8f7d\u8fd9\u91cc\u66fe\u7ecf\u5f00\u8bbe\u4f53\u80b2\u8bfe\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6559\u6388\u8db3\u7403\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5927\u7684\u8db3\u7403\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u591a\u6b21\u88ab\u6c11\u4f17\u62b5\u5236\u6216\u88ab\u6e05\u5ef7\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u571f\u532a\u6253\u52ab\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6027\u547d\u4e0d\u4fdd\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u800c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u6d3b\u5316\u77f3\u201d\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u795e\u7075\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u7956\u5148\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\uff0c\u5176\u4fe1\u4ef0\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u793c\u656c\u548c\u5305\u5bb9\u5929\u4e0b\u795e\u660e\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e3a\u63a5\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u4e0e\u529e\u5b66\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u6247\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u52b3\u788c\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u5973\u5b50\uff08\u665a\u6e05\u7167\u7247\uff09<\/p>\n
\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u5fb7\u7c4d\u7267\u5e08\u4e4b\u5b50\u9ece\u529b\u57fa\uff08RudolfChristian Friedrich Lechle\uff0c1824-1908\uff09\u5728\u76d0\u7076\u4f20\u6559\u65f6\u5c31\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u9999\u6e2f\u540e\u4e0e\u745e\u5178\u822a\u6d77\u5bb6\u4e4b\u5b50\u97e9\u5c71\u660e\uff08Theodore Hamberg\uff0c1819-1854\uff09\u548c\u97e6\u6c38\u798f\u7267\u5e08\uff08Rev. Philpp Winnes\uff0c\u97e6\u7267\u5e08\u4e8e1852\u5e74\u5230\u6e2f\uff09\u5546\u8ba8\u65e5\u540e\u5ba3\u6559\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4e09\u4eba\u51b3\u610f\u5148\u96c6\u4e2d\u5411\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u4f20\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n
1924\u5e74\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u6539\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u5d07\u771f\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u5d07\u5c1a\u771f\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ea4\u7ed9\u534e\u4eba\u3002\u9999\u6e2f\u5d07\u771f\u4f1a\u53ca\u53f0\u6e7e\u5d07\u771f\u4f1a\uff0c\u7686\u662f\u4ee5\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u6559\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u57281846\u5e74\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u65b0\u5b89\uff08\u4eca\u6df1\u5733\u5b9d\u5b89\uff09\u548c\u9999\u6e2f\u5ba2\u5c5e\u5730\u5730\u533a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f20\u6559\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5728\u957f\u4e50\u53bf\uff08\u4eca\u6885\u5dde\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\uff09\u5c5e\u7684\u6a1f\u6751\uff081864\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u957f\u5e03\u9547\u7684\u5143\u5751\u6751\uff081865\u5e74\uff09\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4f20\u6559\u6839\u636e\u5730\uff08\u533a\u5802\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
1866\u5e74\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u5728\u957f\u5e03\u5143\u5751\u5f00\u529e\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u7b2c\u4e00\u95f4\u897f\u5f0f\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u540e\u589e\u8bbe\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\uff08\u4eca\u521d\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u7b2c\u4e00\u6240\u4e2d\u5b66\u30021873\u5e74\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u5fb7\u7c4d\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6bd5\u5b89\u3001\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u5728\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u957f\u5e03\u9547\u5143\u5751\u521b\u529e\u4e2d\u4e66\u9662\uff08\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u521d\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u8db3\u7403\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u6885\u5dde\u8db3\u7403\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u95e8\u5f92\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5bf9\u5185\u5730\u6765\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u52a0\u4ee5\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5dee\u56de\u8001\u5bb6\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u53d7\u8bad\u7684\u591a\u540d\u4fe1\u5f92\u90fd\u662f\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u6c5f\u89c9\u4ec1\u3001\u5f20\u590d\u5174\u3001\u5f90\u590d\u5149\u3001\u66fe\u5174\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u548c\u5f20\u5f69\u5ef7\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4fe1\u5f92\u5192\u7740\u751f\u547d\u5371\u9669\u63a5\u53d7\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u6c5f\u89c9\u4ec1\u548c\u5f20\u590d\u5174\u662f\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e24\u4f4d\u534e\u4eba\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u5143\u5751\uff0c\u5df4\u8272\u5dee\u4f1a\u897f\u7267\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\uff08\u6444\u4e8e1881-1910\uff09<\/p>\n
\u65e9\u57281852\u5e74\uff0c\u5f20\u590d\u5174\u5c31\u5df2\u6df1\u5165\u5230\u6545\u4e61\u2014\u2014\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u957f\u4e50\u53bf\uff08\u4eca\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\uff09\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u5927\u7530\u6a1f\u6751[6]\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u7ca4\u4e1c\u5317\u5c71\u533a\u4f20\u6559\u529e\u5b66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ad9\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u5f20\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u5fd7\u975e\u5e38\u575a\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5ba3\u9053\u5f88\u6709\u8c0b\u7565\u7684\u4e94\u534e\u4eba\uff08\u9b4f\u58eb\u66fc \u7ed8\u4e8e\u665a\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u534e\uff0c\u53f2\u79f0\u957f\u4e50\uff0c\u5317\u5b8b\u7199\u5b81\u56db\u5e74\uff081071\uff09\u7f6e\u53bf\uff0c\u79f0\u957f\u4e50\u53bf\u3002\u53e4\u957f\u4e50\u53bf\u4ece\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u8d77\u662f\u767e\u8d8a\u5730\uff0c\u79e6\u6c49\u4e09\u56fd\u664b\u65f6\u5f52\u5c5e\u5357\u6d77\u90e1\u9f99\u5ddd\u53bf\u5730\u3002\u66fe\u7ecf\u7684\u9f99\u5ddd\u53bf\u4ee4\u3001\u540e\u6765\u7684\u201c\u5357\u8d8a\u738b\u201d\u8d75\u4f57\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d195\u5e74\uff08\u6c49\u9ad8\u7956\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff09\u7387\u884c\u90e8\u6253\u730e\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u4e94\u534e\u5c71\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u5c31\u662f\u5f7c\u65f6\u5f7c\u5730\uff0c\u6c49\u9ad8\u9063\u6c49\u4f7f\u9646\u8d3e\u5949\u65e8\u5c01\u8d75\u4f57\u4e3a\u201c\u5357\u8d8a\u738b\u201d\uff0c\u8d75\u4f57\u4e3a\u4e86\u671d\u62dc\u6c49\u5ba4\u53ca\u6388\u5c01\u201c\u5357\u8d8a\u738b\u201d\uff0c\u9042\u7b51\u53f0\u4e8e\u4e94\u534e\u5c71\u4e0b\uff0c\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u957f\u4e50\u53f0\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u957f\u4e50\u53f0\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u5730\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u957f\u4e50\u9547\u3002\u4e1c\u664b\u65f6\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5b98\u90e1\u5174\u5b81\u53bf\u5730\uff0c\u5357\u9f50\u65f6\u5c5e\u9f50\u660c\u53bf\uff0c\u6881\u521d\u5e9f\u9f50\u660c\u53bf\uff0c\u5c5e\u5174\u5b81\u53bf\u3002\u968b\u671d\u65f6\u5c5e\u5faa\u5dde\uff0c\u6cbb\u5f52\u5584\u53bf\uff08\u4eca\u60e0\u5dde\u5e02\u4e1c\uff09\u3002\u6c11\u56fd3\u5e74\uff081914\uff09\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0e\u798f\u5dde\u7684\u957f\u4e50\u53bf\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u7528\u8d75\u4f57\u53d7\u5c01\u7684\u4e94\u534e\u5c71\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u4e94\u534e\u201d\u30021949\u5e74\u540e\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u5c5e\u6885\u5dde\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u534e\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e1c\u6c5f\uff0c\u4e0e\u9999\u6e2f\u6709\u5b9d\u5b89\u3001\u4e1c\u839e\u3001\u60e0\u9633\u3001\u7d2b\u91d1\u56db\u53bf\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u8def\u9014\u9065\u8fdc\uff0c\u4f46\u5f20\u590d\u5174\u5fe0\u5fc3\u4e3b\u9053\uff0c\u4e0d\u754f\u8270\u82e6\uff0c\u7fcc\u5e74\u5c31\u5f15\u5bfc\u540c\u4e61\u5f90\u56db\u4f2f\u5230\u9999\u6e2f\u6d17\u793c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd4\u4e61\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6e10\u6210\u6c14\u5019\uff0c\u7387\u5148\u5728\u4e94\u534e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u57fa\u5730\u30021852\u5e74\uff0c\u5143\u5751\u4eba\u5f90\u590d\u5149\u4ece\u6a1f\u6751\u7684\u5f20\u590d\u5174\u90a3\u91cc\u8046\u542c\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u4e8e1853\u5e74\u5728\u6df1\u5733\u53d7\u6d17\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u5143\u5751\u6559\u4f1a<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u534e\u6a1f\u6751\u4eba\u5f20\u590d\u5174\u5efa\u7684\u5143\u5751\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f20\u590d\u5174\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ed9\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u6392\u5fe7\u89e3\u96be\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf4\u670d\u4ed6\u4eec\u5165\u6559\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u5d07\u5c1a\u5112\u91ca\u9053\uff0c\u674e\u60e0\u5802\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u62dc\u5b54\u5b50\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6765\u5230\u5ba2\u5bb6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5f88\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u6291\u5b54\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u79cd\u672c\u5730\u5316\u7684\u5174\u5b66\u52a9\u5b66\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5b66\u8d77\u4e86\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8bdd\uff0c\u7a7f\u8d77\u4e86\u4e2d\u5f0f\u957f\u888d\uff0c\u7528\u6bdb\u7b14\u5199\u5b57\u3002\u8fd9\u5951\u5408\u4e86\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u5d07\u6587\u91cd\u6559\u7684\u4e60\u6027\u3002\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u79c9\u6301\u4e2d\u539f\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5d07\u62dc\u7956\u5148\uff0c\u5d07\u62dc\u5929\u5730\u795e\u660e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u770b\u5f97\u89c1\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u795e\u7075\u4fdd\u6301\u656c\u754f\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff08\u591a\u795e\u5d07\u62dc\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u5d07\u62dc\uff09\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u4fdd\u6301\u656c\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n
1855\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u5f90\u590d\u5149\u6765\u5230\u5143\u5751\u4f20\u6559\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u5728\u5143\u5751\u3001\u7c98\u5751\u3001\u732a\u5751\u7b49\u5730\u9010\u6e10\u4f20\u64ad\u5f00\u6765\u30021862\u5e74\uff0c\u97e6\u6c38\u798f\u6765\u5230\u6a1f\u6751\uff0c\u5143\u5751\u533a\u767e\u4f59\u540d\u4fe1\u5f92\u8dcb\u5c71\u6d89\u6c3440\u91cc\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u6a1f\u6751\u63a5\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\u30021863\u5e74\uff0c\u9ece\u7267\u5e08\u5728\u5143\u5751\u4e0b\u5c4b\u80cc\u5efa\u8d77\u6559\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\uff081832-1901\uff0c1862\u5e74\u62cd\u6444\uff09<\/p>\n
\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\uff0c1862\u5e74\u53d7\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u6d3e\u9063\u6765\u534e\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u5f20\u590d\u5174\u5f00\u62d3\u7684\u6559\u533a\uff0c\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u4e8e1864\u5e74\u9996\u5148\u5165\u9a7b\u6a1f\u6751\u4f20\u6559\u30021865\u5e74\u6bd5\u5b89\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u6a1f\u6751\u6559\u533a\uff0c\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u5219\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u8ddd\u6a1f\u675140\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u957f\u5e03\u9547\u5143\u5751\u6751\u6559\u5802\u4f20\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5143\u5751\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u5143\u5751\u91cc\uff0c\u80cc\u4f9d\u6d77\u62d41318\u7c73\u7684\u4e03\u76ee\u5d82\uff0c\u76f8\u90bb\u6a1f\u6751\u7ea640\u91cc\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e94\u534e\u957f\u5e03\u3002\u98ce\u666f\u4f18\u7f8e\u3001\u7fa4\u5c71\u73af\u62b1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u4e03\u76ee\u5d82\u201d\u4e3a\u5f53\u5730\u80dc\u666f\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u5929\u9ad8\u4e91\u6de1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5c71\u9876\u4e00\u76ee\u671b\u89c1\u4e03\u53bf\uff0c\u6545\u540d\u201c\u4e03\u76ee\u5d82\u201d\u30021865\u5e74\uff0c\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u5728\u4e94\u534e\u957f\u5e03\u5143\u5751\u6751\u5c3d\u5934\u7684\u534a\u5c71\u5c97\u4e0a\u7b79\u5efa\u4e86\u5802\u820d\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u7b79\u5efa\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u8bed\u8a00\u5929\u8d4b\u3001\u5df2\u719f\u7ec3\u638c\u63e1\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8bdd\u7684\u6bd5\u5b89\u6d3e\u5230\u4e86\u5143\u5751\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u8f6e\u6d41\u5728\u6559\u5802\u5ba3\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6bd5\u5b89\u4e8e1864\u5e74\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5df4\u8272\u5dee\u4f1a\u6d3e\u9063\u6765\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u5174\u5b66\u5e03\u9053\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u52301884\u5e74\u624d\u56de\u6cd5\u56fd\u30021864\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u5176\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u6d2a\u6c34\u548c\u5175\u71f9\u4e4b\u4e2d\u30027\u6708\u6885\u6c5f\u53d1\u6d2a\u6c34\uff0c\u6c34\u4f4d\u8fbe\u523080.34\u7c73\u30028\u6708\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u5eb7\u738b\u6c6a\u6d77\u6d0b\u5c5e\u4e0b\u6797\u6b63\u626c\u90e8\u653b\u5360\u957f\u4e50\u53bf\u57ce\u300210\u6708\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u4f8d\u738b\u674e\u4e16\u8d24\u3001\u5eb7\u738b\u6c6a\u6d77\u6d0b\u7b49\u7387\u90e8\u653b\u9677\u5927\u57d4\u540e\uff0c\u8fdb\u636e\u798f\u5efa\u6c40\u5dde\u3001\u6f33\u5dde\uff0c\u4e49\u519b\u6d3b\u8dc3\u95fd\u7ca4\u8fb9\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u524d7\u5e74\uff0c\u6bd5\u5b89\u4e3b\u8981\u548c\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u642d\u6863\u5728\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u4f20\u6559\u529e\u5b66\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u628a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u5236\u5f15\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7814\u7a76\u5ba2\u5bb6\u6587\u5316\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6bd5\u5b89\u559c\u6b22\u9605\u8bfb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u7f16\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u5ba2\u5bb6\u6e90\u6d41\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u300b\u7b49\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5ba2\u5bb6\u6e90\u6d41\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u201c\u50cf18\u4e2a\u7701\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u5c45\u6c11\u4e00\u6837\u662f\u6c49\u65cf\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5b50\u5b59\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6bd5\u5b89\u6709\u7740\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5929\u8d4b\uff0c\u6765\u534e3\u5e74\u5c31\u719f\u7ec3\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8bdd\u3002\u6bd5\u5b89\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8db3\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u4e0e\u9ece\u529b\u57fa\u4e00\u8d77\u8bd1\u5b8c\u5ba2\u8bed\u7f57\u9a6c\u5b57\u65b0\u7ea6\u5168\u4e66\uff0c\u8bd1\u5370\u6c49\u5b57\u5ba2\u8bed\u65b0\u7ea6\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6c49\u5b57\u5ba2\u8bed\u65e7\u7ea6\uff0c\u8fd8\u7f16\u8457\u6709\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u98ce\u4fd7\u3001\u5dee\u4f1a\u300b\uff08La chines sa religion, ses moeurs, ses missions\uff09\uff081902\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\uff0c\u8db3\u89c1\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u6bd5\u5b89\u4e3a\u4f20\u6559\u548c\u5174\u5b66\u60f3\u5c3d\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4f4d\u201c\u5ba2\u5bb6\u901a\u201d\uff0c\u7528\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8bdd\u8bfb\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u4f7f\u6587\u5316\u5c42\u6b21\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bfb\u61c2\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6bd5\u5b89\u8fd8\u517c\u4efb\u8fc7\u6df1\u5733\u674e\u6717\u5b58\u771f\u4e66\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u7b2c\u4e00\u6240\u7528\u5ba2\u5bb6\u65b9\u8a00\u6388\u8bfe\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u795e\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6df1\u5733\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u95f4\u5927\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n
1865\u5e74\uff0c\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u5927\u9965\u8352\uff0c\u7a0b\u4e61\u761f\u75ab\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u8def\u65c1\u65f6\u6709\u6b7b\u8005\uff0c\u590f\u5929\u5929\u6c14\u9177\u70ed\uff0c\u6c14\u6e29\u9ad8\u8fbe40.5\u2103\u30029\u6708\uff0c\u6e05\u95fd\u6d59\u603b\u7763\u5de6\u5b97\u68e0\u7edf\u5927\u5175\u7531\u95fd\u5357\u4e0b\u9a7b\u9632\u5927\u57d4\uff0c\u5728\u4e09\u6cb3\u8bbe\u4e86\u70ae\u8239\u5341\u6570\u8258\u300212\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u5de6\u5b97\u68e0\u90e8\u4e0e\u5eb7\u738b\u6c6a\u6d77\u6d0b\u90e8\u4f1a\u6218\u4e8e\u7a0b\u4e61\u57ce\u4e1c\u5854\u5b50\u51f9\uff0c\u5eb7\u738b\u5f53\u665a\u91cd\u4f24\u727a\u7272\u5728\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u57ce\u3002\u5055\u738b\u8c2d\u4f53\u5143\u7387\u4f59\u90e8\u4e8e12\u670822\u65e5\u665a\u7a81\u56f4\uff0c24\u65e5\u5728\u4e30\u987a\u53bf\u767d\u6c99\u575d\u906d\u6e05\u519b\u4f0f\u51fb\uff0c\u88ab\u6e05\u519b\u6536\u964d\u548c\u65a9\u6740\u7684\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u5c06\u58eb\u8ba16.6\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6c5f\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n
1866\u5e743\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u6bd5\u5b89\u7267\u5e08\u51b3\u5b9a\u5230\u5143\u5751\u7684\u65b0\u6559\u5802\u5e38\u9a7b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5143\u5751\u6559\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u524d\u6765\u63a5\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\u7684\u4eba\u7edc\u7ece\u4e0d\u7edd\uff0c\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u4fbf\u4ece\u5143\u5751\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u9f99\u5ddd\u3001\u7d2b\u91d1\u3001\u6885\u53bf\u3001\u5174\u5b81\u7b49\u5730\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u504f\u50fb\u7684\u5143\u5751\u5c71\u811a\u4f9d\u7136\u77d7\u7acb\u7740\u4e00\u5ea7\u6559\u5802\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u5438\u5f15\u6c11\u4f17\u5165\u6559\uff0c1866\u5e74\u6bd5\u5b89\u5174\u529e\u4e86\u4e1c\u6885\u4e24\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u7b2c\u4e00\u6240\u5c0f\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u5143\u5751\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u5efa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6240\u897f\u5f0f\u5c0f\u5b66\u3002\u968f\u7740\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u60ca\u559c\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u89c6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u7838\u9505\u5356\u94c1\u4e5f\u8981\u8ba9\u5b69\u5b50\u8bfb\u4e66\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u5b50\u5f1f\u80fd\u591f\u63a5\u53d7\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5165\u6559\u3002\u5143\u5751\u6559\u5802\u4e00\u7247\u5174\u65fa\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5185\u5730\u6700\u65e9\u3001\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6559\u5802\u4e4b\u4e00\u30021868\u5e74\u6bd5\u5b89\u6269\u5efa\u4e86\u5b97\u6e90\u4e66\u5ba4\uff08\u521d\u7b49\u5c0f\u5b66\uff09\u3001\u517b\u6b63\u4e66\u5ba4\uff08\u9ad8\u7b49\u5c0f\u5b66\uff09\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u53e4\u6587\u9009\u3001\u56db\u4e66\u3001\u7b97\u672f\u3001\u73e0\u7b97\u3001\u8bd7\u6b4c\u3001\u4e66\u6cd5\u3001\u4f53\u64cd\u7b49\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u7b79\u529e\u4e86\u5973\u6821\uff0c\u4ee5\u5438\u5f15\u5973\u6559\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u6444\u4e8e1881-1910\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5143\u5751\u5973\u6821\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u7eba\u7ec7<\/p>\n
\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5f53\u5730\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2d\u5b66\uff0c\u6bd5\u5b89\u5411\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u7b79\u5efa\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece1868\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u7b79\u5907\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u589e\u52a0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u597d\u611f\uff0c\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u628a\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u6d3e\u9063\u8fd4\u56de\u5143\u5751\uff0c\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u64c5\u957f\u8e22\u8db3\u7403\u3002<\/p>\n
\u636e1947\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u5fd7\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u6e05\u7a46\u5b97\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u53731873\u5e74\uff0c\u6bd5\u5b89\u548c\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u5728\u957f\u5e03\u9547\u5143\u5751\u6559\u4f1a\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u79f0\u201c\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8db3\u7403\u52a0\u5165\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u5fd7\u4e0a\u8bb0\u8f7d\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u6559\u5b66\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u7684\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u5728\u4e94\u534e\u5143\u5751\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u5b66\u6821\u4f9d\u5c71\u800c\u5efa\uff0c3\u680b\u6821\u820d\u9519\u843d\u6709\u81f4\u3002\u5b66\u6821\u5de6\u8fb9\u5c71\u8170\u4fee\u5efa\u4e00\u6761\u5bbd3\u7c73\u3001\u957f400\u7c73\u7684\u73af\u5c71\u8dd1\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u53f3\u8fb9\u5c71\u7a9d\u5904\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8349\u576a\u8db3\u7403\u573a\u2026\u2026\u201d\u8db3\u7403\u573a\u957f50\u7c73\uff0c\u5bbd32\u7c73\uff0c\u4e24\u7aef\u7528\u6728\u6599\u642d\u6210\u7403\u95e8\uff0c\u7531\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u6559\u6388\u5b66\u751f\u8e22\u8db3\u7403\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u5143\u5751\u6559\u5802\u548c\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u53f3\u8fb9\u5c71\u7a9d\u7684\u7403\u573a\u63a9\u6620\u5728\u6811\u6797\u95f4\uff08\u5c40\u90e8\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ed8\u4e8e1905\u5e74\u524d\uff09<\/p>\n
1962\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e94\u534e\u4e61\u571f\u8ff0\u6797\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u4e0a\u8bfe\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u201c\u9ad8\u5c0f\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u6821\u5b66\u751f,\u4e8e\u8bfe\u4f59\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u591a\u6210\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4e0b\u8bfe\uff0c\u949f\u58f0\u65b9\u6b47\uff0c\u7403\u573a\u4e0a\u5df2\u817e\u8d77\u4e00\u7247\u6253\u7403\u4e89\u593a\u55a7\u95f9\u4e4b\u58f0, \u6545\u8db3\u3001\u7bee\u3001\u6392\u7403\u6280\u672f\u6c34\u51c6\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u9020\u8be3\u751a\u9ad8\uff0c\u800c\u4f53\u683c\u5f3a\u5065\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
1991\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u5fd7\u300b\u5219\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u201c\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff081873\uff09\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u745e\u58eb\u5df4\u8272\u4f20\u9053\u4f1a\u5728\u957f\u5e03\u533a\u5143\u5751\u4e61\u5f00\u529e\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4f53\u80b2\u8bfe\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5355\u53cc\u6760\u53ca\u4f53\u64cd\u3001\u7403\u7c7b\u7b49\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u7bee\u7403\u573a\u3001\u8db3\u7403\u573a\u8bbe\u65bd\u201d\u3002\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u6821\u820d\u662f\u6b27\u5f0f\u5efa\u7b51\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u53ca\u5f53\u5730\u6751\u6c11\u7528\u7ea2\u7816\u780c\u6210\u6697\u6da7\uff0c\u518d\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u9676\u74f7\u7684\u6750\u6599\u505a\u6210\u7ba1\u9053\u628a\u5c71\u6cc9\u6c34\u5f15\u81f3\u5c71\u4e0a\u7684\u53a8\u623f\u548c\u5bbf\u820d\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u81ea\u6765\u6c34\u4f9b\u5e94\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u6781\u5927\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u5e73\u9762\u56fe<\/p>\n
\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8db3\u7403\u4e5f\u968f\u7740\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u8db3\u8ff9\uff0c\u4ece\u6cbf\u6d77\u5411\u5185\u9646\u666e\u53ca\u30021881\u5e74\u5317\u6d0b\u6c34\u5e08\u5b66\u5802\u7684\u4f53\u80b2\u8bfe\u5f00\u59cb\u8bbe\u6709\u8db3\u7403\u9879\u76ee\u30021895\u5e74\u5723\u7ea6\u7ff0\u4e66\u9662\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b2c\u4e00\u652f\u8db3\u7403\u961f\uff0c\u4eba\u79f0\u201c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u8fab\u5b50\u519b\u201d\u30021898\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5c71\u96c5\u5404\u5728\u53a6\u95e8\u9f13\u6d6a\u5c7f\u521b\u529e\u82f1\u534e\u4e66\u9662\uff0c\u521d\u671f\u867d\u672a\u8bbe\u4f53\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u8bfe\u5916\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ee5\u8db3\u7403\u4e3a\u6700\u76db\uff0c\u8fd8\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u82f1\u534e\u8db3\u7403\u961f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u80cc\u9760\u4e03\u76ee\u5d82\uff0c\u548c\u8fdc\u65b9\u7684\u77f3\u9a6c\u5c71\u9065\u76f8\u5bf9\u671b\uff0c\u5c71\u4e0b\u662f\u7eff\u6cb9\u6cb9\u7684\u7a3b\u7530\u3002\u4e94\u534e\u4eba\u6e90\u81ea\u4e2d\u539f\uff0c\u5386\u6765\u5d07\u6587\u91cd\u6559\uff0c\u4e60\u6b66\u6210\u98ce\uff0c\u8c6a\u4fa0\u597d\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u50fb\u5c45\u5c71\u91ce\uff0c\u591a\u4ee5\u6253\u77f3\u3001\u6253\u94c1\u3001\u6491\u8239\u7b49\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u4ea7\u4e1a\u3002\u5ba2\u5bb6\u6709\u53e5\u8bdd\u53eb\u201c\u4e94\u534e\u4eba\uff0c\u786c\u6253\u786c\u201d\u3002\u636e\u300a\u957f\u4e50\u53bf\u5fd7\u300b\u8f7d\uff1a\u9091\u4eba\u591a\u8182\u529b\u3001\u5c1a\u52c7\uff0c\u8d1f\u7fbd\u4ece\u519b\u8005\u4f17\u3002\u660e\u6709\u4e00\u5236\u5e9c\u8c03\u5175\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u543e\u601d\u7528\u957f\u4e50\u4eba\u52b2\u52c7\u5fe0\u4e49\u4e4b\u6c14\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u5b8b\u7199\u5b81\u56db\u5e74\uff081071\uff09\u8bbe\u7f6e\u957f\u4e50\u53bf\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5728\u660e\u6e05\u4e24\u671d\uff0c\u6d8c\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u6b66\u4e3e\u4eba\u3001\u6b66\u8fdb\u58eb\u3002\u4e94\u534e\u6e05\u671d\u51fa\u8fc7\u5168\u56fd\u6b66\u72b6\u5143\u674e\u5a01\u5149\u3001\u699c\u773c\u66fe\u743c\u7432\u3001\u56db\u5ddd\u63d0\u7763\u6c5f\u7ae5\u8302\u3001\u5e7f\u4e1c\u63d0\u7763\u9b4f\u5927\u658c\u3001\u798f\u5efa\u63d0\u7763\u674e\u5357\u99a8\u7b49\u3002\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5730\u533a\u5c71\u591a\u7530\u5c11\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u56f0\u82e6\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u8bfb\u4e66\u624d\u662f\u201c\u51fa\u8def\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u89c6\u6587\u5316\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a5\u53d7\u826f\u597d\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5ba2\u5bb6\u7236\u6bcd\u4e0d\u8f9e\u52b3\u82e6\u4e5f\u8981\u4f9b\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u5b50\u5f1f\u5219\u80fd\u8010\u5b66\u4e60\u4e4b\u82e6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u628a\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f15\u5165\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e2\u5951\u5408\u4e86\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u7684\u52b2\u52c7\u4e60\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u7b26\u5408\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u91cd\u89c6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u5c31\u58f0\u540d\u9e4a\u8d77\u3002\u8fdc\u8fd1\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u7eb7\u7eb7\u628a\u5b69\u5b50\u9001\u6765\u5165\u6559\u4e0a\u5b66\uff0c\u8d1f\u7b08\u524d\u6765\u6c42\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u904d\u53ca\u4e1c\u6c5f\u3001\u6885\u6c5f\u5ba2\u5c5e\u5341\u6570\u53bf\u548c\u4e1c\u839e\u3001\u60e0\u9633\u3001\u5b9d\u5b89\u7b49\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e26\u7740\u5e72\u7cae\u4ece\u5174\u6885\u5404\u5730\u8d76\u6765\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u5ff5\u4e66\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4e03\u76ee\u5d82\u5c71\u4e0b\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8db3\u7403\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u5b09\u620f\uff0c\u88ab\u8f7d\u5165\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u6e05\u672b\u5e26\u4f19\u98df\u6765\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u8bfb\u4e66\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u5b50\u5f1f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8db3\u7403\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u96be\u5f97\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u5c31\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f<\/p>\n
\u4e2d\u4e66\u9662\u57f9\u80b2\u51fa\u4e86\u9b4f\u9526\u65b0\u3001\u6c5f\u7231\u5176\u3001\u9b4f\u7075\u5723\u3001\u674e\u4f1f\u5bb9\u3001\u674e\u534e\u745e\u3001\u674e\u5176\u7f8e\u3001\u674e\u5174\u6a2a\u3001\u674e\u6cd5\u6625\u7b49\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u66f4\u662f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u5728\u6885\u5dde\u5730\u533a\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u706b\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u9002\u5e94\u6559\u4f1a\u5174\u529e\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c1876\u5e74\uff0c\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u589e\u8bbe\u5e08\u8303\u73ed\uff0c\u57f9\u8bad\u8001\u5e08\u3002\u5143\u5751\u4e00\u65f6\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5df4\u8272\u4f1a\u5728\u4e1c\u3001\u6885\u4e24\u6c5f\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4eba\u6587\u835f\u8403\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u534e\u4fa8\u4ece\u6d77\u5916\u5bc4\u4fe1\u56de\u5bb6\u4e61\uff0c\u4fe1\u5c01\u4e0a\u53ea\u5199\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5143\u5751\u201d\uff0c\u4fe1\u4ef6\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u65e0\u8bef\u6536\u5230\u30021898\u5e74\uff0c\u6bd5\u5b89\u548c\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u53c8\u5728\u534e\u57ce\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u4e50\u80b2\u5c0f\u5b66\u548c\u4e50\u80b2\u4e2d\u5b66\uff08\u4eca\u534e\u57ce\u534e\u897f\u4e2d\u5b66\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u5ba2\u540d\u541b\u4ece\u51e0\u767e\u5f20\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u7684\u8001\u7167\u7247\u4e2d\u7ffb\u5230\u7684\u4e0b\u96ea\u7684\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u6821\u56ed<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u5f20\u7167\u7247\u770b\uff0c\u5b66\u5802\u82b1\u56ed\u5185\u6709\u79ef\u96ea\u3002\u5609\u5e94\u5dde\u5f88\u5c11\u4e0b\u96ea\uff0c\u6309\u300a\u6885\u5dde\u7eaa\u4e8b\u300b\u63a8\u6d4b\u5e74\u4efd\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u62cd\u6444\u4e8e1892\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u53f2\u8f7d\u5f53\u5e74\u4e0b\u4e86\u767e\u5e74\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u5927\u96ea\uff0c\u96ea\u539a3\uff5e4\u5bf8\uff0c\u5c71\u4e2d\u79ef\u96ea\u539a\u81f32\uff5e3\u5c3a\u3002<\/p>\n
1907\u5e74\uff0c\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u8fc1\u53e4\u7af9\uff0c\u517c\u529e\u5e08\u8303\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u6c14\u52bf\uff0c\u4ece\u4e4b\u540e\u6613\u540d\u4e3a\u8403\u6587\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u6821\u6b4c\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u7565\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u201c\u5dcd\u5ce8\u6d69\u8361\u8403\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e84\u4e25\u7480\u74a8\u8403\u4e2d\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5c71\u534a\uff0c\u56fe\u5f0f\u4eff\u6b27\u98ce\uff0c\u7fe0\u6339\u7434\u6c5f\uff0c\u79c0\u949f\u77f3\u9a6c\uff0c\u5982\u9192\u72ee\u731b\u864e\u7684\u8e72\u8e1e\uff0c\u6709\u4fef\u89c6\u4e00\u4e16\u4e4b\u96c4\u3002\u8fd9\u56ed\u5730\u771f\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u57a6\u533a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7ea2\u6843\u767d\u674e\u90fd\u53ef\u79fb\u6765\u79cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u5357\u5317\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u897f\u4e1c\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u5d2d\u65b0\u5b66\u5e9c\u3002\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3a\u5176\u7eb2\uff0c\u4e94\u80b2\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u8da3\u5473\u6d53\u3002\u770b\u770b\u5dcd\u5ce8\u6d69\u8361\u5e84\u4e25\u7480\u74a8\u53ef\u656c\u53ef\u7231\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u8403\u4e2d\uff0c\u6587\u660e\u79cd\u64ad\u56db\u65b9\uff0c\u6821\u8a89\u5782\u65e0\u7a77\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e24\u4f4d\u5916\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u719f\u6089\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8bdd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6bb5\u6821\u6b4c\u7528\u5ba2\u5bb6\u8bdd\u5ff5\u8bf5\u4f1a\u66f4\u663e\u6c14\u52bf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u7684\u6545\u4e61\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5f00\u5c55\uff0c\u9996\u5bb6\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u201c\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed11860\u201d\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u4e8e1860\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u5982\u96e8\u540e\u6625\u7b0b\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u5c06\u8db3\u7403\u5f15\u5165\u5143\u5751\u7684\u540c\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u53731873\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u660e\u6cbb\u516d\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u519b\u8230\u526f\u8230\u957f\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u53ca\u5176\u624b\u4e0b33\u540d\u519b\u4eba\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u95f2\u6687\u4e4b\u4f59\u4ee5\u201c\u7403\u620f\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5a31\u4e50\uff0c\u5c06\u8db3\u7403\u4f20\u5165\u65e5\u672c[8]\uff1b\u6b21\u5e74\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u8d56\u83ab\u00b7\u743c\u65af\u5c06\u8db3\u7403\u52a0\u5165\u65e5\u672c\u5de5\u90e8\u5927\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4e1c\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5de5\u5b66\u90e8\uff09\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5168\u9762\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u521d\u5177\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u96cf\u5f62\u7684\u8e22\u7403\u6e38\u620f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c1873\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e94\u534e\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u5c06\u8db3\u7403\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u4f53\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u6bd4\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u4e1c\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u5f15\u5165\u8db3\u7403\u8fd8\u8981\u65e9\u4e00\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n
1905\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u6bd5\u5b89\u7267\u5e08\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5a01\u98a0\u5c71\u75c5\u6545\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7470\u5c81\u3002\u800c\u8fb9\u5f97\u5fd7\u5219\u5230\u534e\u57ce\u7684\u4e50\u80b2\u5c0f\u5b66\uff08\u73b0\u534e\u897f\u4e2d\u5b66\uff09\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u52a8\u6559\u5b66\u548c\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e24\u4f4d\u9996\u6b21\u5c06\u8db3\u7403\u5f15\u8fdb\u4f53\u80b2\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u62c9\u5f00\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5e8f\u5e55\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c06\u7ade\u6280\u6e38\u620f\u4e0e\u6559\u5b66\u4e92\u76f8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e3a\u5ba2\u5bb6\u5730\u533a\u5b66\u6821\u6587\u4f53\u5e76\u91cd\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u9b4f\u58eb\u66fc\u5148\u751f\u753b\u7684\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u548c\u6821\u957f\u5ba4<\/p>\n
\u9b4f\u58eb\u66fc\u5148\u751f\u753b\u7684\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u548c\u7167\u7247\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u7b80\u76f4\u50cf\u7528\u5de5\u5177\u8f6f\u4ef6\u753b\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u624d\u80fd\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
1933\u5e74\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u64a4\u51fa\u5143\u5751\u65f6\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e00\u4f4d\u8fdc\u5ac1\u6a2a\u9642\u7684\u6559\u5f92\u62cd\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u7167\u7247\u3002\u7167\u7247\u4e0a\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e95\u7136\u7684\u6559\u5802\u548c\u6821\u820d\uff0c\u63a9\u6620\u5728\u7fe0\u8272\u7684\u4e1b\u6797\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8db3\u7403\u573a\u548c\u8dd1\u9053\u4e0a\u7684\u6b22\u58f0\u7b11\u8bed\u6210\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u62c6\u8fc1\u6821\u5740\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u8403\u6587\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u4e0d\u590d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
1905\u5e749\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u7956\u7c4d\u4e94\u534e\u9521\u5751\u7684\u674e\u60e0\u5802\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u8bde\u751f\u30021906\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u4e94\u534e\u9521\u5751\u7aef\u672c\u5b66\u6821\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u5927\u578b\u8db3\u7403\u573a\uff0c\u7531\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u4e66\u9986\u6bd5\u4e1a\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u62c5\u4efb\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4f20\u6388\u8db3\u7403\u6280\u827a\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5e26\u52a8\u4e86\u5b66\u6821\u5468\u8fb9\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5bf9\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u70ed\u7231\u3002\u674e\u60e0\u5802\u5341\u5c81\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u7236\u4eb2\u5b89\u6392\u4e0b\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u4e61\u9521\u5751\u63a5\u53d7\u4f20\u7edf\u5ba2\u5bb6\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u559c\u7231\u8db3\u7403\u7684\u674e\u60e0\u5802\u4ee5\u67da\u5b50\u5f53\u8db3\u7403\u7ec3\u4e60\u3002\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5c11\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f1a\u7684\u8d5b\u573a\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u671f\u7a7f\u957f\u888d\u8e22\u7403\u7684\u4eba\u4eec<\/p>\n
\u5143\u5751\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u5174\u6885\u5730\u533a\u62c5\u4efb\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6216\u8005\u6559\u5458\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u559c\u7231\u7684\u8db3\u7403\u8fd0\u52a8\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u5404\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5174\u6885\u5730\u533a\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e94\u534e\uff09\u7684\u8db3\u7403\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5143\u5751\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e94\u534e\u5404\u5b66\u6821\u7eb7\u7eb7\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u573a\u6240\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u7684\u53d1\u7965\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7403\u738b\u674e\u60e0\u5802\u7684\u5bb6\u4e61\uff0c\u4e94\u534e\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8db3\u7403\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e3e\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u7403\u91cd\u9547\u30021947\u5e74\u7701\u8fd0\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e94\u534e\u53bf\u8db3\u7403\u961f\u83b7\u5f97\u51a0\u519b\u30021964\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u7701\u4f53\u59d4\u5728\u4e94\u534e\u5efa\u7acb\u8db3\u7403\u8bad\u7ec3\u57fa\u5730\uff0c1979\u5e74\uff0c\u4e94\u534e\u88ab\u5217\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd16\u4e2a\u201c\u8db3\u7403\u4e4b\u4e61\u201d\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u6765\u6e90: \u5168\u7403\u5ba2\u5bb6\u540d\u4eba\u5802 \u5ba2\u540d\u541b\u6309\uff1a\u8fd1\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u73b0\u4ee3\u8db3\u7403\u53d1\u6e90\u5730\u6885\u5dde\u4e94\u534e\u00b7\u5143\u5751\u9057\u5740\u666f\u533a16\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5916\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u5ba2\u540d\u541b […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[10,13],"tags":[18211,273,18212,247],"views":163,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60852"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=60852"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60862,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60852\/revisions\/60862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=60852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=60852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=60852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}