{"id":62400,"date":"2025-12-29T10:05:50","date_gmt":"2025-12-29T02:05:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=62400"},"modified":"2025-12-29T10:05:50","modified_gmt":"2025-12-29T02:05:50","slug":"%e6%83%a0%e7%94%b7-%e4%b9%be%e9%9a%86%e5%b8%9d%e7%9a%84%e5%a4%a9%e6%9c%9d%e7%9c%9f%e7%9a%84%e9%97%ad%e5%a1%9e%e6%84%9a%e6%98%a7%e5%90%97%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=62400","title":{"rendered":"\u60e0\u7537: \u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d\u7684\u201c\u5929\u671d\u201d\u771f\u7684\u95ed\u585e\u611a\u6627\u5417\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6f8e\u6e43\u65b0\u95fb<\/p>\n<p>\u5929\u671d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f1793\u5e74\u9a6c\u621b\u5c14\u5c3c\uff08Lord George Marcartney\uff09\u4f7f\u56e2\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e2d\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d\uff081711\u20141799\uff09\u5728\u56de\u8986\u82f1\u738b\u4e54\u6cbb\u4e09\u4e16\uff08George \u2162, 1738\u20141820\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u8868\u793a\u81ea\u79f0\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u8bed\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u4e2d\u671f\u5bf9\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5370\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u5929\u671d\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u611a\u6627\u548c\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u662f\u95ed\u5173\u9501\u56fd\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d\u56ff\u4e8e\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u9a6c\u621b\u5c14\u5c3c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u9519\u5931\u4e86\u89e3\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u597d\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/9eea15bdd8e2b677\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u90ce\u4e16\u5b81\u7ed8 \u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d\u753b\u50cf<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba4\u8bc6\u9010\u6e10\u53d7\u5230\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u7a76\u7adf\u5bf9\u5916\u754c\u5f62\u52bf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e86\u89e3\u591a\u5c11\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff1a\u6b27\u6d32\u541b\u4e3b\u5982\u4f55\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u738b\u4f4d\u5982\u4f55\u7ee7\u627f\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u660e\u6e05\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u81ea\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\uff08Matteo Ricci, 1552\u20141610\uff09\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5927\u6279\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7eb7\u6c93\u800c\u81f3\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u827a\u672f\u6587\u5316\u4e5f\u5e26\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e2d\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u76f4\u63a5\u4f9b\u804c\u4e8e\u5bab\u5ef7\uff0c\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e3a\u7687\u5e1d\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u848b\u53cb\u4ec1\uff08P. 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1688\u20141766\uff09\u7684\u4e3e\u8350\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4e3b\u6301\u897f\u6d0b\u697c\u6c34\u6cd5\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u6d77\u664f\u5802\u7b49\u5904\u95fb\u540d\u4e8e\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u55b7\u6cc9\uff0c\u5747\u51fa\u81ea\u4ed6\u7684\u624b\u7b14\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u848b\u53cb\u4ec1\u8fd8\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u4e7e\u9686\u65f6\u671f\u8206\u56fe\u7684\u7ed8\u523b\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081760\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u624b\u7ed8\u7684\u300a\u5764\u8206\u5168\u56fe\u300b\u8fdb\u5448\u5fa1\u89c8\uff0c\u201c\u53d6\u65b0\u8f9f\u897f\u57df\u8bf8\u56fe\uff0c\u8054\u4ee5\u897f\u6765\u6240\u643a\u624b\u8f91\u7586\u57df\u6897\u6982\uff0c\u589e\u8865\u300a\u5764\u8206\u5168\u56fe\u300b\uff08\u5357\u6000\u4ec1\u7ed8\u5236\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4fee\u6539\u548c\u589e\u8865\uff0c\u88ab\u6536\u85cf\u5165\u5bab\u5ef7\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6c34\u51c6\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u4f9b\u7687\u5e1d\u6d4f\u89c8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img 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src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/7cca9401765d71f7\" 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Hastings\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u89e3\uff0c\u8bf7\u6c42\u4ed6\u64a4\u519b\uff0c\u800c\u54c8\u65af\u6c40\u65af\u5e0c\u671b\u501f\u673a\u4e0e\u897f\u85cf\u5efa\u7acb\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u8d38\u6613\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6d3e\u9063\u6ce2\u683c\u5c14\uff08George Bogle\uff09\u524d\u5f80\u624e\u4ec0\u4f26\u5e03\uff0c\u62dc\u8c12\u73ed\u7985\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u73ed\u7985\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u6ce2\u683c\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u901a\u5546\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u624e\u4ec0\u4f26\u5e03\u548c\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u5f00\u59cb\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u548c\u5f80\u6765\u3002\u82f1\u65b9\u751a\u81f3\u5e0c\u671b\u73ed\u7985\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u5e26\u5230\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u529d\u670d\u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1-\u85cf\u5f80\u6765\u7684\u6587\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aFarangi\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6ce2\u65af\u6587\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6587\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u79f0\u547c\uff0c\u5176\u85cf\u6587\u5f62\u5f0f\u5219\u662fPhe-rang\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u6f14\u53d8\u6210\u672c\u571f\u85cf\u6587\u7684phyi-gling\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e7e\u9686\u56db\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff081780\uff09\uff0c\u516d\u4e16\u73ed\u7985\u5317\u4e0a\u5e86\u8d3a\u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d\u7684\u4e03\u65ec\u5723\u5bff\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5374\u56e0\u5929\u82b1\u75c5\u6b7b\u5728\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4ed6\u5706\u5bc2\u540e\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u5de8\u989d\u8d22\u5bcc\u5f15\u5f97\u5176\u5f1f\u7ea2\u5e3d\u5587\u561b\u6c99\u739b\u5c14\u5df4\u7684\u89ca\u89ce\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5bfc\u706b\u7d22\uff081788\uff09\u3002\u4e7e\u9686\u4e94\u5341\u516d\u5e74\uff081791\uff09\uff0c\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u518d\u5ea6\u5165\u4fb5\u897f\u85cf\uff0c\u6d17\u52ab\u4e86\u624e\u4ec0\u4f26\u5e03\u5bfa\uff0c\u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d\u6d3e\u5175\u5165\u85cf\u53cd\u51fb\uff0c\u76f4\u6363\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u9996\u90fd\u52a0\u5fb7\u6ee1\u90fd\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6e05\u519b\u7edf\u5e05\u798f\u5eb7\u5b89\u4e8e1792\u5e742\u6708\u5230\u8fbe\u62c9\u8428\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u5411\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u4e0d\u4e39\u3001\u9521\u91d1\u548c\u62ab\u695e\u7b49\u90bb\u56fd\u53bb\u4fe1\u5bfb\u6c42\u519b\u4e8b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u6b64\u4e8b\u594f\u62a5\u7ed9\u4e7e\u9686\u5e1d\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u81e3\u5df2\u7ecf\u6a84\u8c15\u54f2\u5b5f\u96c4\u3001\u5b97\u6728\u3001\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u5df4\u3001\u4f5c\u6728\u6717\u548c\u5357\u7532\u5676\u513f\uff08\u6e90\u81ea\u85cf\u6587\u7684Rgya-gar\uff0c\u6307\u5370\u5ea6\uff09\u4e4b\u62ab\u695e\u7b49\u5904\uff0c\u534f\u529b\u5835\u622a\u2026\u5982\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u5df4\u3001\u62ab\u695e\u7b49\u5904\u4ea6\u9075\u5949\u6a84\u8c15\uff0c\u62fc\u529b\u5939\u653b\uff0c\u5219\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u4e1c\u897f\u5357\u4e09\u8def\u7686\u6709\u756a\u5175\u622a\u6740\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u62ab\u695e\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u62ab\u695e\u5c31\u662f\u6ce2\u65af\u6587Farangi\u7684\u85cf\u8bed\u5f62\u5f0fPhe-rang\u7684\u6c49\u8bd1\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u798f\u5eb7\u5b89\u5c1a\u4e0d\u77e5\u62ab\u695e\u4e0e\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u540c\u54f2\u5b5f\u96c4\uff08\u9521\u91d1\uff09\u3001\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u5df4\uff08\u4e0d\u4e39\uff09\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u798f\u5eb7\u5b89\u7387\u519b\u653b\u5165\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u540e\uff0c\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u56fd\u738b\u8bf7\u6c42\u548c\u8c08\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u4ee5\u5357\u7684\u201c\u5357\u7532\u5676\u5c14\u4e4b\u7b2c\u54e9\u5df4\u5bdf\uff08Delhi Padshah\uff09\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u5411\u601d\u62a2\u5360\u85cf\u5730\u201d\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u4e0e\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u603b\u7763\u5eb7\u6c83\u5229\u65af\uff08Charles Cornwallis\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\u5f80\u6765\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u62a5\uff0c\u798f\u5eb7\u5b89\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u4ee5\u5357\u5730\u533a\u540d\u4e3a\u7532\u5676\u513f\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u7b2c\u54e9\u5df4\u5bdf\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u7740\u62ab\u695e\uff08\u52a0\u5c14\u5404\u7b54\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e38\u5230\u5e7f\u5dde\u5730\u65b9\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u66a7\u6627\u6001\u5ea6\u53ca\u52a8\u673a\u611f\u5230\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u6000\u7591\u62ab\u695e\u6697\u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u519b\u961f\u30021793\u5e74\uff0c\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u6d3e\u9063\u8d21\u4f7f\u524d\u5f80\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u544a\u77e5\u4e7e\u9686\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u5eb7\u6c83\u5229\u65af\u6d3e\u5c11\u6821\u67ef\u514b\u5e15\u7279\u91cc\u514b\uff08Kirpatrick\uff09\u524d\u5f80\u52a0\u5fb7\u6ee1\u90fd\u67e5\u63a2\uff0c\u5ed3\u5c14\u5580\u5c06\u76f8\u5173\u60c5\u51b5\u6c47\u62a5\u7ed9\u4e86\u9a7b\u85cf\u5927\u81e3\u548c\u7433\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u77e5\u62ab\u695e\u5df2\u9063\u4f7f\uff08\u5373\u9a6c\u621b\u5c14\u5c3c\u4f7f\u56e2\uff09\u524d\u5f80\u5317\u4eac\u89d0\u89c1\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u521d\u5e76\u672a\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u9a6c\u621b\u5c14\u5c3c\u4f7f\u56e2\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img 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