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\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u534e\u8d38\u6613\u98de\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5230\u8fbe\u5e7f\u5dde\u7684\u5546\u8239\u5df2\u6709\u4e09\u56db\u5341\u8258\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6e05\u5ef7\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4f9d\u65e7\u6b62\u6b65\u4e0d\u524d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u674e\u4ee3\u6843\u50f5\u5730\u5c06\u5bf9\u82f1\u653f\u7b56\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u5341\u5206\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u6770\u6590\u900a\uff08Thomas Jefferson\uff09\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u534e\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u6d3e\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u56de\u56fd\u201c\u4f20\u9001\u6d88\u606f\u201d\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8ba4\u77e5\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u548c\u54c1\u683c\u201d\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u201c\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u770b\u5f85\u201d\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u8fd9\u4e00\u5916\u4ea4\u4e3e\u52a8\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u4efb\u4f55\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

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1814\u5e74\u82f1\u7f8e\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fc5\u901f\u58ee\u5927\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u52bf\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5176\u56fd\u529b\u540c\u6b65\u589e\u957f\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5e94\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u5f85\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e5f\u5728\u6084\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u5c48\u670d\u9010\u6e10\u8f6c\u5411\u5f3a\u786c\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u82f1\u7f8e\u5728\u534e\u8d38\u6613\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6469\u64e6\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u88ab\u5408\u4f5c\u6240\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u8ffd\u968f\u82f1\u56fd\u8d29\u5356\u9e26\u7247\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u7981\u4ee4\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u9010\u6b65\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f9d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u8d77\u6e05\u5ef7\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u300a\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u4ee3\u8868\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f55\u65f6\u7acb\u56fd\u3001\u4f55\u65f6\u6765\u534e\u901a\u5546\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e8c\u3001\u8d70\u4e0b\u795e\u575b\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\uff081840-1899\uff09<\/p>\n

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\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u56db\u6d32\u5fd7\u300b\u3001\u9b4f\u6e90\u8f91\u5f55\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u56fd\u56fe\u5fd7\u300b\u3001\u5f90\u7ee7\u756c\u7f16\u8457\u7684\u300a\u701b\u73af\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\u548c\u6881\u5ef7\u6960\u7f16\u8457\u7684\u300a\u5408\u7701\u56fd\u8bf4\u300b\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u7b2c\u4e00\u6ce2\u5f00\u773c\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e0b\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7f8e\u56fd\u6982\u51b5\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u738b\u7acb\u65b0\u6559\u6388\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u6709\u5173\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u548c\u89c1\u89e3\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u6b27\u7f8e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u300a\u56db\u6d32\u5fd7\u300b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u6fb3\u95e8\u548c\u5357\u6d0b\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u5916\u4eba\u62a5\u520a\uff0c\u800c\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u540e\u5728\u534e\u529e\u62a5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u58eb\u3002\u300a\u6d77\u56fd\u56fe\u5fd7\u300b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u9664\u5f55\u81ea\u300a\u56db\u6d32\u5fd7\u300b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u6b27\u7f8e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u88e8\u6cbb\u6587\uff08Elijah Coleman Bridgman\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e1838\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u7406\u54e5\u56fd\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\u3002\u800c\u5f90\u7ee7\u756c\u7f16\u8457\u7684\u300a\u701b\u73af\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u5219\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u96c5\u88e8\u7406\uff08David Abeel\uff09\u3001\u7518\u660e\uff08W .H . Gummings\uff09\u548c\u5728\u53a6\u95e8\u82f1\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u8bbf\u8c08\u5f97\u6765\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u524d\u4e09\u90e8\u4ee5\u7f16\u64b0\u201c\u5937\u56fd\u5937\u8bed\u201d\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u300a\u5408\u7701\u56fd\u8bf4\u300b\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6709\u5173\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u6881\u5ef7\u6960\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u88e8\u6cbb\u6587\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u7406\u54e5\u56fd\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff0c\u5373\u300a\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5229\u683c\u5408\u7701\u56fd\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5f00\u773c\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u897f\u4eba\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u5411\u56fd\u4eba\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u4e66\u7c4d\u300a\u7f8e\u7406\u54e5\u56fd\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u5f00\u773c\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5c06\u6709\u5173\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u901a\u8fc7\u8bd1\u8457\u7f16\u8457\u4f20\u64ad\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7b49\u897f\u4eba\u8457\u8ff0\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e00\u5473\u5730\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u76d8\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u79f0\u9882\u5176\u201c\u8d24\u8f9f\u201d\u4e4b\u653f\uff0c\u201c\u65e0\u5f0a\u201d\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\uff0c\u5374\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5176\u4fb5\u534e\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u7b49\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u786e\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d8\u6210\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u66f4\u5173\u6ce8\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6539\u9020\u4e0e\u201c\u63d0\u5347\u201d\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u901a\u201d\u8d39\u6b63\u6e05\uff08John King Fairbank\uff09\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u7280\u5229\u5730\u8bc4\u4ef7\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4e3a\u5f97\u5230\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6761\u7ea6\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e72\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u4f53\u9762\u7684\u52fe\u5f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u4fbf\u4eab\u6709\u4e86\u8fdb\u884c\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u6539\u53d8\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u6211\u60f3\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6000\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f0f\u7684\u51b2\u52a8\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u627f\u62c5\u653f\u6cbb\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u6d77\u519b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u70ae\u8230\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e03\u9053\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u89c2\u4ece\u201c\u5316\u5916\u86ee\u5937\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u8f6c\u5411\u201c\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5236\u5ea6\u6beb\u4e0d\u541d\u556c\u7684\u8d5e\u626c\u548c\u9a71\u9664\u201c\u5937\u60a3\u201d\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u5e26\u6709\u601d\u60f3\u542f\u8499\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u89c2\u65f6\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u4e3b\u52a8\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5bf9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u95ed\u5173\u9501\u56fd\u6839\u6e90\u4e8e\u5b64\u964b\u5be1\u95fb\u548c\u591c\u90ce\u81ea\u5927\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u7684\u72ed\u9698\u548c\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5316\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6700\u7ec8\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u62ef\u6551\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\u8981\u628a\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u53d1\u660e\u548c\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u6700\u4e30\u7855\u679c\u5b9e\u201d\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f20\u64ad\u7ed9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u7528\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u70ae\u201d\u8f70\u5f00\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e4b\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65f6\u81f31860\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u6b21\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u63a5\u8fde\u6218\u8d25\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6d0b\u52a1\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u5df2\u7ecf\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5148\u8fdb\u3002\u7528\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u65e5\u5f31\uff0c\u5916\u4eba\u65e5\u9a84\u2026\u2026\u82e5\u4e0d\u81ea\u5f3a\uff0c\u5219\u4e8b\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\u201d\u3002\u6d0b\u52a1\u6d3e\u5e0c\u671b\u501f\u52a9\u897f\u65b9\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u201c\u5e08\u5937\u957f\u6280\u4ee5\u5236\u5937\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u8d77\u4e00\u573a\u201c\u4e2d\u4f53\u897f\u7528\u201d\u7684\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u6df1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u516c\u4f7f\u84b2\u5b89\u81e3\u7ed9\u6d0b\u52a1\u6d3e\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u826f\u597d\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u4ed6\u57281861~1867\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u516c\u4f7f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u52a1\u537f\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u897f\u534e\u5fb7\uff08William Henry Seward\uff09\u7684\u6307\u793a\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u6cd5\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f00\u5c55\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u6d3b\u52a8\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u201c\u6b66\u529b\u5916\u4ea4\u201d\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u5360\u9886\u79df\u754c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5a01\u80c1\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9886\u571f\u5b8c\u6574\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u597d\u611f\u548c\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5378\u4efb\u540e\uff0c\u84b2\u5b89\u81e3\u5f97\u5230\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u9996\u4efb\u5168\u6743\u4f7f\u8282\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u51fa\u4f7f\u7f8e\u3001\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u3001\u4fc4\u4e94\u56fd\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u9996\u6b21\u5916\u4ea4\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u84b2\u5b89\u81e3\u4f7f\u56e2\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63a8\u52a8\u4e2d\u56fd\u8d70\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u7279\u6b8a\u5173\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5411\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u878d\u5165\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6e34\u671b\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u597d\u611f\u548c\u4fe1\u8d56\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u84b2\u5b89\u81e3\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u84b2\u5b89\u81e3\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u7559\u5b66\u751f\u8d74\u7f8e\u7559\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u6cb3\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u5b98\u8d39\u7559\u7f8e\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u5e74\u9f84\u53ea\u670912\u5c81\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7559\u7f8e\u5e7c\u7ae5\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u63a5\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8fc7\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u6821\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7c\u4f7c\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u56de\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u5206\u6563\u5230\u653f\u754c\u3001\u519b\u754c\u3001\u5b9e\u4e1a\u754c\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u5404\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u665a\u6e05\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u6d0b\u52a1\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u521d\u8877\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u4f53\u897f\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u501f\u7528\u897f\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u5bcc\u5f3a\u4e4b\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u81ea\u5f3a\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u5728\u674e\u9e3f\u7ae0\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6d3e\u9063\u5e7c\u7ae5\u8d74\u7f8e\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u519b\u653f\u3001\u8239\u653f\u3001\u6b65\u7b97\u3001\u5236\u9020\u8bf8\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u6c42\u6d0b\u4eba\u64c5\u957f\u4e4b\u6280\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u8c0b\u6c42\u81ea\u5f3a\u3001\u62b5\u5fa1\u5916\u8fb1\u7684\u6839\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u4e09\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u7231\u6068\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\uff081899~1949\uff09<\/p>\n

20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5370\u8c61\u4e0e\u5916\u4ea4\u5173\u7cfb\u66f4\u4e3a\u7d27\u5bc6\u5730\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u7f8e\u897f\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e00\u8dc3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f3a\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u534e\u5916\u4ea4\u4e5f\u5f7b\u5e95\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u642d\u82f1\u56fd\u4fbf\u8f66\u7684\u8ddf\u73ed\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u57281899\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u95e8\u6237\u5f00\u653e\u201d\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u968f\u540e\u7684\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9010\u6e10\u53d6\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u8fdc\u4e1c\u821e\u53f0\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee5\u53ca\u601d\u60f3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u968f\u4e4b\u8fbe\u5230\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff0c\u4ee520\u4e16\u7eaa40\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6297\u6218\u7ed3\u76df\u4e3a\u9876\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6551\u56fd\u56fe\u5f3a\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5185\u5728\u9700\u6c42\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5229\u7528\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u5728\u534e\u63a8\u5e7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u6587\u5316\u6709\u7740\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u8054\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u53d8\u5f97\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u5d07\u656c\u5176\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5148\u8fdb\uff0c\u53c8\u618e\u6068\u5176\u5bf9\u534e\u5916\u4ea4\u4e2d\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u505a\u6d3e\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u7231\u6068\u4ea4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n

19\u300120\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5fe7\u5916\u60a3\uff0c\u5371\u673a\u6108\u6df1\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6446\u8131\u843d\u540e\u6328\u6253\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4ec1\u4eba\u5fd7\u58eb\u7eb7\u7eb7\u63d0\u51fa\u6548\u6cd5\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u9769\u548c\u9769\u547d\u6c42\u5f97\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u5bcc\u5f3a\u3002\u6b64\u524d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bcc\u9976\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8273\u7fa1\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u66f4\u8feb\u5207\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u8eab\u4e0a\u60f3\u8981\u5b66\u5230\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u3001\u6881\u542f\u8d85<\/p>\n

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\u4e00\u6218\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b98\u65b9\u5ba3\u4f20\u673a\u6784\u2014\u2014\u516c\u5171\u4fe1\u606f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Committee on Public Information\uff09\u2014\u2014\u627f\u62c5\u4e86\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u64ad\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u9a6c\u5c3c\u62c9\uff08Erez Manela\uff09\u6559\u6388\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u516c\u5171\u4fe1\u606f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u9645\u90ae\u9012\u3001\u65e0\u7ebf\u7535\u62a5\u6d3e\u53d1\u65b0\u95fb\u548c\u64ad\u653e\u7535\u5f71\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6f14\u8bb2\u7a3f\u548c\u58f0\u660e\u2014\u2014\u5341\u56db\u70b9\u539f\u5219\u30011918\u5e742\u6708\u7684\u5341\u56db\u70b9\u539f\u5219\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c7\u67084\u65e5\u5728\u8292\u7279\u5f17\u519c\uff08Mount Vernon\uff09\u7684\u8bb2\u6f14\u7b49\u7b49\u201d\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u5bf9\u5916\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u88ab\u8f6c\u53d1\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc71918\u5e74\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u9a7b\u534e\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\uff0c\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u4e0a\u3002\u516c\u5171\u4fe1\u606f\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fd8\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u672c\u5730\u62a5\u520a\u5206\u53d1\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u7a3f\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u62b5\u8fbe\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u4f17\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u5ba3\u4f20\u884c\u52a8\u7acb\u523b\u8ba9\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5f20\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u6218\u540e\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u5bb6\u55bb\u6237\u6653\u3002<\/p>\n

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19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u7a81\u98de\u731b\u8fdb\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0b\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u590d\u5174\u8fd0\u52a8\u6380\u8d77\u6d77\u5916\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff1a\u4ee5\u5e74\u8f7b\u5927\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5fd7\u613f\u6d77\u5916\u4f20\u6559\u8fd0\u52a8\u5174\u8d77\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u662f\u65b0\u4e00\u6ce2\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d77\u5916\u4f20\u6559\u7684\u91cd\u4e2d\u4e4b\u91cd\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u6d8c\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5230\u4e00\u6218\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d85\u8fc7\u82f1\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5728\u534e\u4f20\u6559\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u521b\u529e\u7684\u201c\u96c5\u793c\u534f\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Yale-in-China\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f20\u6559\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u5730\u5927\u529b\u63a8\u884c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5728\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u80e1\u7f8e\uff08Edward Hume\uff09\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u63a8\u884c\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u201d\u3002\u800c\u6240\u8c13\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u5c31\u662f\u6309\u7167\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u516c\u6c11\u201d\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u63a8\u884c\u897f\u5f0f\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6539\u53d8\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u8fbe\u5230\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u7b26\u5408\u56fd\u9645\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u516c\u6c11\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u96c5\u793c\u534f\u4f1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u957f\u6c99\u8036\u9c81\u8bca\u6240\u3001\u201c\u6e58\u96c5\u201d\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u533b\u9662\u3001\u96c5\u793c\u4e2d\u5b66\u3001\u62a4\u58eb\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5e76\u57281923\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u7740\u624b\u7ec4\u5efa\u5927\u5b66\u548c\u533b\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u601d\u8003\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u91cd\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c31\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u600e\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6768\u7389\u5723\u6559\u6388\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7559\u7f8e\u5b66\u751f\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5177\u6709\u8fc7\u6e21\u6027\u53cc\u91cd\u4eba\u683c\u201d\u7684\u201c\u8fb9\u9645\u4eba\uff08Marginal Man\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7559\u7f8e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u89c2\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7559\u7f8e\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u63a8\u6ce2\u52a9\u6f9c\u5730\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u201c\u5fb7\u5148\u751f\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u8d5b\u5148\u751f\u201d\u8bf7\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5224\u65ad\u663e\u7136\u662f\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

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