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\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u4e8e\u65af\u3001\u957f\u4e8e\u65af\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u7737\u604b\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u3001\u4e0d\u62db\u5373\u6765\u3001\u523b\u9aa8\u94ed\u5fc3\u7684\u4e61\u6101\uff0c\u6050\u975e\u201c\u975e\u6d41\u4ea1\u8005\u201d\u6240\u80fd\u4f53\u5473\u3002\u8bda\u5982\u6d77\u6d85\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7231\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u76d1\u72f1\u82b1\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u76d1\u72f1\u91cc\u624d\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53ef\u8d35\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5230\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fb9\u5883\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5bf9\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u70ed\u7231\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u770b\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u65f6\u624d\u611f\u5230\u3002\u201d\u7956\u56fd\u8d8a\u662f\u4e0d\u5e78\uff0c\u6d41\u4ea1\u5728\u5916\u5bf9\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u70ed\u7231\u5374\u8d8a\u5f3a\u70c8\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u9a71\u4f7f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6781\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u6d77\u6d85\u5728\u4e4d\u9047\u540c\u80de\u65f6\u6c9b\u7136\u800c\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u611f\u6000\uff1a\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\u90fd\u201c\u53ef\u656c\u53ef\u7231\u201d\uff0c\u628a\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u7956\u56fd\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u60f3\u5bf9\u201c\u6d45\u8584\u504f\u7a84\u7684\u653f\u89c1\u8868\u793a\u548c\u89e3\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u201c\u548c\u7956\u56fd\u672c\u8eab\u63e1\u624b\u201d\u4ee5\u201c\u8868\u793a\u91cd\u65b0\u8a00\u5f52\u4e8e\u597d\u201d\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8981\u5c06\u7956\u56fd\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u4e0e\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4f5c\u51fa\u533a\u5206\u3002\u51b7\u9759\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6d77\u6d85\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u79fb\u5c45\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u8840\u6db2\u7684\u6d2a\u6d41\uff0c\u4ece\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u4f24\u53e3\u6eda\u6eda\u5730\u5411\u5916\u6d41\u2026\u2026\u201d\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u7956\u56fd\u201c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u8981\u6df1\u601d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u8c01\u7ed9\u7956\u56fd\u9020\u6210\u6df1\u521b\u5de8\u75db\uff0c\u4f7f\u7956\u56fd\u7559\u4e0b\u96be\u6108\u7684\u201c\u4f24\u53e3\u201d\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u6d77\u6d85\u53d7\u8fc7\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u6d17\u793c\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff08St.Augustine\uff09<\/p>\n

\u897f\u6b27\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u662f\u795e\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff08St.Augustine\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u6781\u5927\u7684\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u56fd\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4eba\u95f4\u4e4b\u56fd\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u53cc\u56fd\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u56fd\u201d\u5373\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5929\u5802\u6216\u5929\u56fd\uff0c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5149\u660e\u7684\u201c\u795e\u4e4b\u90fd\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u4eba\u95f4\u4e4b\u56fd\u201d\u662f\u9b54\u9b3c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u201c\u5730\u4e4b\u90fd\u201d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u56fd\u201d\u9ad8\u4e8e\u201c\u5730\u4e0a\u4e4b\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u6559\u6743\u9ad8\u4e8e\u738b\u6743\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u5fc5\u987b\u670d\u4ece\u4ee5\u6559\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u795e\u6743\u3002\u5728\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\uff08Thomas Aquinas\uff09\u5219\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u76ee\u7684\u8fd9\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u628a\u56fd\u5bb6\u201c\u795e\u5316\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u5929\u7136\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6b63\u662f\u9002\u5e94\u4eba\u7684\u5929\u6027\u9700\u8981\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u4eba\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u5929\u6027\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bf4\u53ea\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u624d\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\u548c\u6700\u9ad8\u4e3b\u5bb0\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4f7f\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u5feb\u4e50\u800c\u6709\u5fb7\u884c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u5fb7\u884c\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8fbe\u5230\u5347\u5165\u5929\u56fd\u3001\u4eab\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ece\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\u4e16\u4fd7\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5e94\u670d\u4ece\u6559\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u4ece13\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u8d77\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u523016\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5df2\u57fa\u672c\u6210\u719f\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u5ff5\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bba\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4f7f\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u6446\u8131\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u795e\u6743\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u541b\u6743\u795e\u6388\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9700\u8981\u521b\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u5f3a\u529b\u624d\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\uff08N.Machiavelli\uff09\u7684\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u800c\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u8005\uff0c\u5219\u662f16\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5e03\u4e39\uff08Jean Bodin\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e03\u4e39\u5728\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u516d\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u4ece\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5168\u9762\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u5bb6\u5ead\u8054\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bb6\u5ead\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u800c\u628a\u5bb6\u5ead\u56e2\u4f53\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u6218\u80dc\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u6218\u4e89\u6210\u4e3a\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u628a\u5404\u5c0f\u56e2\u4f53\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u5f62\u6210\u62e5\u6709\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u5951\u7ea6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec5\u6709\u66b4\u529b\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd8\u8981\u6709\u5404\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e3a\u4e86\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u5efa\u7acb\u5951\u7ea6\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u5171\u540c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u6743\u624d\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u66b4\u529b\u8bba\u548c\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u6df7\u5408\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u795e\u521b\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u57cb\u4e0b\u4f0f\u7b14\u3002\u800c\u5e03\u4e39\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\uff08sovereignty\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u9610\u53d1\u3002\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d85\u4e4e\u516c\u6c11\u548c\u5c45\u6c11\u3001\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9650\u5236\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u548c\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u638c\u63e1\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u8fdb\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u79cd\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u5373\u4e3b\u6743\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u653f\u4f53\u548c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e3b\u5f20\u541b\u4e3b\u96c6\u6743\u5236\uff0c\u4e3a\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u738b\u6743\u201d\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u53cd\u5bf9\u6559\u4f1a\u7279\u6743\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u5272\u636e\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e5f\u5e94\u5f97\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u79c1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u6743\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u662f\u5148\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u5219\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u7684\u66b4\u541b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5e03\u4e39\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Thomas Hobbes\uff09\u4e5f\u4ece\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8f83\u4e3a\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u8f6c\u79fb\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Thomas Hobbes\uff09<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5e03\u4e39\u548c\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u90fd\u4e3b\u5f20\u7edd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u6715\u5373\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u4ece\u4eba\u7684\u773c\u5149\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u795e\u7684\u773c\u5149\u770b\u5f85\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u628a\u56fd\u5bb6\u770b\u505a\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e16\u4fd7\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u795e\u5723\u6027\u3002\u4e3b\u6743\u8bba\u548c\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u540e\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u6c11\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u8bb8\u591a\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u5728\u6c11\u201d\u624d\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d1b\u514b\uff08John Locke\uff09\u4e0e\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u4e00\u6837\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\u8bf4\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u547d\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e0d\u53d7\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba2\u5951\u7ea6\u5f62\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6839\u672c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e5f\u662f\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u53c2\u52a0\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u53d7\u5951\u7ea6\u675f\u7f1a\uff0c\u5982\u5176\u8fdd\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u53d7\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u6709\u6743\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba2\u7ea6\uff0c\u53e6\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\uff08Voltaire\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u4eba\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5362\u68ad\uff08J.Rousseau\uff09\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u5e94\u8be5\u6c38\u8fdc\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u70b9\u4e00\u5411\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08Immanuel Kant\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e94\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81e3\u6c11\u5f7c\u6b64\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u4e09\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u627f\u62c5\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u6839\u672c\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n

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