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<\/p>\n

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\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u591a\u4e2a\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b98\u65b9\u6218\u53f2\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u53c2\u6218\u8005\u7684\u91c7\u8bbf\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u90fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5185\u5e55\u6d88\u606f\u3002\u5728\u97e9\u56fd\u9759\u8c27\u7684\u7fa4\u5c71\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u9635\u5730\u4ecd\u6e05\u6670\u53ef\u8fa8\u3002\u6211\u6f2b\u6b65\u5176\u95f4\u5e76\u4ed4\u7ec6\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u987f\u609f\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u4eec\u4e3a\u4f55\u4f1a\u505a\u51fa\u90a3\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u53c2\u6218\u8001\u5175\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u3002\u5171300\u4f59\u540d\u8001\u5175\u5728\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e2d\u6216\u6765\u4fe1\u91cc\u5411\u6211\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7d20\u6750\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fc7\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u4e66\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u65e8\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u8981\u50f5\u6b7b\u5730\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u822c\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u8bb0\u5f55\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6307\u671b\u5728\u5176\u5b83\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5982\u6cd5\u5e94\u5bf9\u3002\u4f5c\u6218\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u6df7\u4e71\u800c\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e24\u6b21\u4f5c\u6218\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u4e24\u6b21\u884c\u52a8\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u53cc\u6d1e\u548c\u7825\u5e73\u91cc\u6218\u6597\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u6709\u534a\u6253\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u53ef\u4f9b\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5b98\u65b9\u516c\u62a5\u3001\u6218\u540e\u62a5\u544a\u90fd\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u63fd\u529f\u63a8\u8fc7\uff0c\u5bf9\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u4e27\u5931\u7684\u6218\u673a\u8f7b\u63cf\u6de1\u5199\uff0c\u6781\u529b\u63a8\u5378\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u5931\u8d25\u5e94\u8d1f\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u76ee\u51fb\u8005\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u610f\u4f5c\u5047\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u901d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u4fee\u6539\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u771f\u76f8\u201d\u3002\u9274\u6b64\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u8bb0\u5f55\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u8ddd\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u66f4\u4e3a\u5207\u8fd1\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5e76\u5c31\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u767e\u70bc\u6210\u94a2\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u662f1950\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6cbf\u5cb8\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eff\u6811\u6210\u836b\u7684\u519b\u8425\uff0c\u7b2c23\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u8fdb\u884c\u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u65b0\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821\u7387\u9886\u8be5\u56e2\u524d\u5f80\u8fdc\u4e1c\u3002\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u9632\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u7edd\u671b\u5f62\u52bf\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u4fbf\u4f7f\u8be5\u56e2\u5b98\u5175\u90fd\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6218\u6597\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u8fd9\u652f\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u66f4\u52a0\u56e2\u7ed3\u3002\u4ec1\u5ddd\u767b\u9646\u6210\u529f\u540e\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u540c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u519b\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u4e00\u9053\uff0c\u8be5\u56e2\u5411\u4e2d\u671d\u8fb9\u5883\u8fc5\u731b\u63a8\u8fdb\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u201c\u611f\u6069\u8282\u201d\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u519b\u961f\u53c8\u8feb\u4f7f\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u519b\u8fc5\u901f\u540e\u64a4\u3002<\/p>\n

1951\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c8\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u65b0\u6307\u6325\u5b98\uff0c\u5373\u9a6c\u4fee\u00b7B\u00b7\u674e\u5947\u5fae\u4e2d\u5c06\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e5f\u6d3e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b65\u5175\u8425\uff0c\u7531\u9887\u5177\u4f20\u5947\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u62c9\u5c14\u592b\u00b7\u8499\u514b\u62c9\u5c14\u4e2d\u6821\u7387\u9886\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u573a\u3002\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u91cc\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u8425\u548c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u6218\u6597\u53cb\u8c0a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6218\u6597\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u51e0\u4e4e\u65e0\u4e0e\u4f26\u6bd4\u30021\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u652f\u90e8\u961f\u5728\u53cc\u6d1e\u5730\u533a\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u519b\u961f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u6fc0\u70c8\u800c\u8270\u9669\u7684\u6218\u6597\u30022\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u7ea6\u4e24\u4e2a\u519b\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u519b\u961f\u5728\u7825\u5e73\u91cc\u5305\u56f4\u4e86\u7b2c23\u56e2\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u8425\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e09\u5929\u7684\u731b\u70c8\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4e00\u652f\u5766\u514b\u7279\u9063\u90e8\u961f\u7a81\u7834\u5305\u56f4\u5708\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e24\u652f\u90e8\u961f\u53ca\u5176\u6218\u6597\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u6210\u529f\u6216\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u4eec\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u827a\u672f\u3002\u5b83\u8fd8\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8270\u82e6\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u6218\u6597\u8005\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5f97\u4ee5\u5e78\u5b58\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5219\u5df2\u6b7b\u53bb\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5fcd\u8010\u529b\u53d1\u6325\u5230\u4e86\u6781\u9650\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u624d\u662f\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u7b2c23\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u548c\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e2d\u6821<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u6761\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u9700\u8c28\u8bb0\u5728\u5fc3\uff1a\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8981\u865a\u4f2a\u5730\u5bf9\u5f85\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u3002\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u4e00\u773c\u5c31\u4f1a\u770b\u7a7f\u4f60\u662f\u771f\u5fc3\u5b9e\u610f\u8fd8\u662f\u865a\u60c5\u5047\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u9646\u519b\u5143\u5e05\u57c3\u5c14\u6e29\u00b7\u9686\u7f8e\u5c14<\/p>\n

\u8c01\u8981\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ee5\u6b66\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u8981\u6bd4\u4ee5\u611f\u60c5\u94f8\u5c31\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u5c31\u72af\u4e86\u5927\u9519\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u6cf0\u4f26\u65af\uff08\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u5267\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7eaa\u5f8b\u5fc5\u987b\u5f3a\u8feb\uff0c\u5fe0\u8bda\u53ea\u80fd\u4e89\u53d6\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u76f8\u4e92\u5fe0\u8bda\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u5965\u5e03\u96f7\u00b7\u201c\u96f7\u5fb7\u201d\u00b7\u7ebd\u66fc\u5c11\u5c06<\/p>\n

\u57281950\u5e74\u708e\u70ed\u7684\u590f\u5b63\uff0c\u7b2c23\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u7684\u5b98\u5175\u4eec\uff0c\u8fd8\u6839\u672c\u60f3\u8c61\u4e0d\u5230\u5c06\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u906d\u9645\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u8be5\u56e2\u5c06\u8fde\u7eed\u4e24\u6b21\u8363\u83b7\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u90e8\u961f\u5609\u5956\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6388\u4e88\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u8363\u8a89\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5b98\u5175\u90fd\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u6388\u4e88\u6218\u6597\u82f1\u96c4\u7684\u5168\u5957\u52cb\u7ae0\u3002\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u6b7b\u540e\u88ab\u8ffd\u6388\u8fd9\u4e00\u6700\u9ad8\u8363\u8a89\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6050\u6016\u548c\u8363\u8000\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5168\u4f53\u5b98\u5175\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c23\u6b65\u5175\u56e2<\/p>\n

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\u7b2c23\u56e2\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u5317\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\uff0c\u8ddd\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\u4e3b\u8425\u533a\u5f88\u8fdc\u3002\u90e8\u961f\u4f4f\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u52a8\u5458\u65f6\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u6728\u5c4b\u91cc\uff0c\u8eb2\u5f00\u4e86\u5e08\u90e8\u53c2\u8c0b\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u4f4f\u5728\u4e3b\u8425\u533a\u7684\u7816\u623f\u91cc\u3002\u6309\u7167\u9646\u519b\u7684\u4fda\u8bed\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u7684\u5b98\u5175\u4eec\u201c\u79bb\u65d7\u6746\u5f88\u8fdc\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5728\u5b89\u6392\u65e5\u5e38\u6d3b\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u57f9\u517b\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5b98\u5175\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u522b\u4e8e\u5176\u5b83\u56e2\u961f\u3002\u5728\u5317\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u519b\u5b98\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u3001\u58eb\u5b98\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u548c\u58eb\u5175\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\uff0c\u90fd\u4ee5\u98df\u7269\u7cbe\u7f8e\u548c\u5a31\u4e50\u9ad8\u6863\u8457\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c23\u56e2\u4e0e\u201c\u666e\u901a\u201d\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u662f\u7b2c2\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u8be5\u5e08\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u552f\u4e00\u5e38\u5907\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u4e0a\u9a7b\u624e\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b0\u5175\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8bad\u7ec3\u5e08\u201d\u30021948\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7b2c2\u5e08\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u505a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u9646\u519b\u5728\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\u4e4b\u5916\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5bf9\u65b0\u5175\u8fdb\u884c\u519b\u4e8b\u57fa\u7840\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u9646\u519b\u5927\u5e45\u88c1\u51cf\u5175\u5458\uff0c\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u673a\u6784\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eaf\u5c5e\u6d6a\u8d39\u3002\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u519b\u8bad\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u73b0\u5f79\u9646\u519b\u5e08\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b0\u5175\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4e2a\u4e0d\u9519\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6548\u7387\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u9ad8\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bad\u7ec3\u5e08\u4e2d\u7684\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u884c\u961f\u5217\u3001\u5355\u5175\u548c\u73ed\u7ec4\u6b66\u5668\u7b49\u57fa\u672c\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u6267\u884c\u8bad\u7ec3\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u8981\u5c06\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u8bad\u7ec3\u6210\u4e00\u652f\u5177\u6709\u5185\u5728\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u6295\u5165\u6218\u6597\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\u3002\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u519b\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u804c\u4e1a\u519b\u58eb\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u56de\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u53bb\u8bad\u7ec3\u5e08\u4fbf\u90fd\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u7b2c2\u5e08\u3002\u5927\u591a\u6570\u58eb\u5175\u90fd\u5b81\u613f\u5446\u5728\u4e00\u652f\u8fdb\u884c\u96c6\u4f53\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u3002\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u5728\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u519b\u4e8b\u79d1\u76ee\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6781\u5176\u7262\u56fa\u7684\u6218\u53cb\u60c5\u8c0a\u3002<\/p>\n

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1949\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u7b2c2\u5e08\u4e0d\u518d\u8bad\u7ec3\u65b0\u5175\uff0c\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e3a\u5e38\u5907\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\uff0c\u8be5\u5e08\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee3\u53f7\u4e3a\u201c\u7c73\u57fa\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u8fdb\u884c\u4e24\u6816\u653b\u51fb\u6f14\u4e60\u3002\u51c6\u5907\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u6b64\u6b21\u6f14\u4e60\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5c06\u7b2c2\u5e08\u953b\u6210\u7eaf\u94a2\u7684\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4f7f\u5b98\u5175\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e13\u5fc3\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9e\u6218\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u867d\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u903c\u771f\u5730\u6a21\u4eff\u5b9e\u6218\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u9ad8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u7d27\u6025\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u79cd24\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e0d\u95f4\u65ad\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u8bad\u7ec3\u3001\u8270\u82e6\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u534f\u540c\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0e\u654c\u6211\u4e24\u519b\u771f\u5b9e\u4ea4\u6218\u5012\u4e5f\u76f8\u8ddd\u4e0d\u8fdc\u3002\u8fd9\u6b21\u6f14\u4e60\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u591a\u5175\u79cd\u8054\u5408\u4f5c\u6218\u80fd\u529b\u7279\u522b\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5373\u6b65\u5175\u3001\u5766\u514b\u548c\u70ae\u5175\u5728\u8fd1\u8ddd\u79bb\u7a7a\u4e2d\u652f\u63f4\u914d\u5408\u4e0b\u534f\u540c\u4f5c\u6218\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u58eb\u5175\u548c\u519b\u5b98\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u589e\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u660e\u767d\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u4fe1\u8d56\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u52a0\u5f3a\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u8d74\u671d\u4f5c\u6218\u524d\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u5175\u5927\u90fd\u79bb\u961f\uff0c\u4f46\u519b\u5b98\u548c\u519b\u58eb\u9aa8\u5e72\u90fd\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

1950\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u7b2c23\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u73ed\u3001\u6392\u3001\u8fde\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e0e\u70ae\u5175\u548c\u5766\u514b\u7684\u534f\u540c\u4f5c\u6218\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u8270\u82e6\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e3a\u519b\u5b98\u548c\u519b\u58eb\u4eec\u6253\u4e0b\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u652f\u591a\u5175\u79cd\u56e2\u961f\u534f\u540c\u4f5c\u6218\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u590f\u5a01\u5937\u6f14\u4e60\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u534f\u540c\u4f5c\u6218\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u7ecf\u5386\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5b9e\u6218\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5b98\u5175\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u7262\u56fa\u7ebd\u5e26\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u4f7f\u8be5\u5e08\u5b98\u5175\u56e2\u7ed3\u7d27\u5bc6\uff0c\u5927\u5927\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u56e2\u961f\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u610f\u4e49\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u5927\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b2c23\u56e2\u7684\u666e\u901a\u58eb\u5175\u867d\u7136\u4f18\u79c0\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u591a\u51fa\u8eab\u8d2b\u5bd2\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u591a\u5c11\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53c2\u519b\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b98\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5750\u7262\u4e0e\u53c2\u519b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f5c\u51fa\u6289\u62e9\u3002\uff08\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u6697\u6307\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u8f7b\u7f6a\u72af\u3002\uff09\u4e00\u540d\u519b\u5b98\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u6325\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u4e2d\u53ea\u67091%\u662f\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u96c6\u4f53\u8270\u82e6\u8bad\u7ec3\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7262\u56fa\u7ebd\u5e26\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5408\u529b\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u7b80\u5355\u76f8\u52a0\u7684\u603b\u548c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u8eab\u7740\u519b\u88c5\u7684\u5355\u4e2a\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u652f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5177\u6709\u751f\u547d\u529b\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u534f\u540c\u52a8\u4f5c\u4ee5\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6218\u6597\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f62\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u9887\u5177\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u66fe\u5c31\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u5982\u4e0b\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5e94\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u6218\u53cb\u60c5\u8c0a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u52aa\u529b\u514b\u670d\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4e00\u652f\u58eb\u6c14\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5b98\u5175\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u81ea\u89c9\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u5171\u540c\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u514b\u5236\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6218\u53cb\u60c5\u8c0a\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u72c2\u70ed\u2026\u2026\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u672c\u80fd\u5730\u6e34\u671b\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6c9f\u901a\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u5c34\u5c2c\u548c\u65e0\u52a9\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6781\u7aef\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u2014\u5982\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u6216\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u5371\u9669\u2014\u5374\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u540c\u6218\u53cb\u4eec\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u80fd\u591f\u6ee1\u8db3\u6211\u4eec\u672c\u80fd\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u975e\u5e38\u9057\u61be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ea\u8981\u4eba\u4eec\u613f\u610f\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u66f4\u4e3a\u79ef\u6781\u4e14\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u6050\u6016\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u81ea\u53e4\u81f3\u4eca\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5bcc\u6709\u9b45\u529b\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u90a3\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u6df1\u6e0a\u4e2d\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u6b22\u60a6\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u6218\u6597\u53ef\u4ee5\u57f9\u517b\u94a2\u94c1\u822c\u7262\u4e0d\u53ef\u7834\u7684\u6218\u53cb\u60c5\u8c0a\u3002[2]<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u6f14\u4e60\u98ce\u9669\u5c0f\uff0c\u80dc\u8d1f\u65e0\u5173\u5927\u5c40\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6548\u679c\u4e5f\u5f88\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u660e\u663e\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u91ce\u5916\u6f14\u4e60\u6765\u57f9\u517b\u56e2\u961f\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u5177\u6709\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

1950\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u7684\u7f16\u5236\u662f3781\u4eba\u3002\u6bcf\u56e2\u8f963\u4e2a\u6b65\u5175\u8425\uff0c\u6bcf\u8425\u7f16\u5236919\u4eba\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u5efa\u5236\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u6325\u90e8\u8fde\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8feb\u51fb\u70ae\u8fde\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u578b\u5766\u514b\u8fde\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u536b\u751f\u8fde\u3002[3]\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u4f5c\u6218\u5355\u4f4d\u4e2d\uff0c\u8981\u5584\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u5730\u9762\u4f5c\u6218\u6b66\u5668\u534f\u540c\u4f5c\u6218\u30021950\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56e2\u7ea7\u6218\u6597\u7fa4\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6307\u6325\u90e8\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5e08\u90e8\uff0c\u53ef\u6839\u636e\u4efb\u52a1\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u7ec4\uff0c\u4e3a\u5176\u914d\u5c5e\u989d\u5916\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ec4\u6210\u56e2\u7ea7\u6218\u6597\u7fa4\u3002\u6307\u6325\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5219\u7531\u8be5\u56e2\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002\u914d\u5c5e\u90e8\u961f\u4e00\u822c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e2a\u91ce\u70ae\u8425\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u70ae\u8fde\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6218\u6597\u5de5\u5175\u8fde\u3002\u5f53\u6267\u884c\u7279\u6b8a\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u914d\u5c5e\u989d\u5916\u7684\u6b65\u5175\u3001\u5766\u514b\u3001\u91cd\u70ae\u3001\u901a\u4fe1\u3001\u5baa\u5175\u548c\u6e38\u9a91\u5175\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u52a0\u5f3a\u7684\u56e2\u7ea7\u6218\u6597\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8981\u6bd4\u666e\u901a\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u591a\u4e24\u5343\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ef\u4f7f\u5404\u90e8\u961f\u76f8\u4e92\u4e86\u89e3\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u6280\u672f\u548c\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u58eb\u5175\u548c\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u53ef\u76f8\u4e92\u719f\u6089\u5e76\u4ea7\u751f\u4fe1\u4efb\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e2\u7ea7\u6218\u6597\u7fa4\u662f\u652f\u201c\u81ea\u529b\u66f4\u751f\u201d\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u706b\u529b\u548c\u673a\u52a8\u63a5\u8fd1\u654c\u519b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4fd8\u864f\u6216\u6467\u6bc1\u5bf9\u65b9\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u706b\u529b\u548c\u8fd1\u6218\uff0c\u51fb\u9000\u654c\u519b\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\u3002\u201d\u5b83\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5305\u62ec\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u706b\u529b\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5411\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u6240\u5728\u4f4d\u7f6e\u673a\u52a8\uff1b\u593a\u53d6\u5e76\u575a\u5b88\u67d0\u5730\uff1b\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u5f62\u6216\u5929\u6c14\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u673a\u52a8\uff1b\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u5766\u514b\u9632\u62a4\u548c\u652f\u63f4\uff1b\u63d0\u4f9b\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u9700\u7684\u901a\u8baf\u3001\u4fa6\u5bdf\u548c\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u8865\u7ed9\u548c\u7ef4\u4fee\u4fdd\u517b\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u56e2\u7ea7\u6218\u6597\u7fa4\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u53ef\u8131\u79bb\u4e0a\u7ea7\u6307\u6325\u90e8\u5355\u72ec\u884c\u52a8\u3002[4]<\/p>\n

1950\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u603b\u7edf\u51b3\u5b9a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c06\u4fdd\u536b\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u65f6\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7b2c23\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u9ab0\u5b50\u4fbf\u5df2\u63b7\u4e0b\u30021950\u5e747\u67089\u65e5\u5373\u5468\u65e5\u6e05\u6668\uff0c\u5728\u9053\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u963f\u745f\u4e0a\u5c06\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u9a7b\u671d\u9c9c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u519b\u603b\u53f8\u4ee4\u540e\u7684\u6b21\u65e5\uff0c\u4e94\u89d2\u5927\u697c\u547d\u4ee4\u7b2c2\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u8f6c\u5f52\u9ea6\u514b\u963f\u745f\u7684\u8fdc\u4e1c\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u6307\u6325\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a81\u7136\u53d8\u52a8\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53c2\u6218\u901a\u77e5\u4f1a\u4f7f\u90e8\u961f\u58eb\u6c14\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u7b2c23\u56e2\u800c\u8a00\u7edd\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8be5\u56e2\u8bb8\u591a\u804c\u4e1a\u58eb\u5175\u7684\u58eb\u6c14\u6781\u5ea6\u9ad8\u6da8\u3002\u5f53\u5b98\u5175\u4eec\u79ef\u6781\u51c6\u5907\u542f\u7a0b\u524d\uff0c\u8fdd\u7eaa\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e5f\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\u4e3a\u51c6\u5907\u542f\u7a0b\uff0c\u58eb\u5175\u4eec24\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u4f5c\u7740\u88c5\u5907\u548c\u4eba\u5458\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u5e08\u91cc\u8c23\u4f20\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b64\u6b21\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6bd4\u6f14\u4e60\u66f4\u7d27\u5f20\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u5b9e\u5f39\u6f14\u4e60\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5bf9\u65b9\u9876\u591a\u7b97\u652f\u4e8c\u6d41\u519b\u961f\u3002\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u5949\u547d\u5e26\u4e0a\u793c\u670d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u6218\u540e\u6267\u884c\u5360\u9886\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u8fd9\u70b9\u4e0e\u4e8c\u6218\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6b65\u5175\u4eec\u5728\u53c2\u6218\u65f6\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u8270\u96be\u56f0\u82e6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6218\u6b7b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fc7\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f7f\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u51c6\u5907\uff0c\u53bb\u9762\u5bf9\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u4e25\u5cfb\u5f62\u52bf\u3002[5]<\/p>\n

\u4e3a\u4f7f\u8be5\u56e2\u9f50\u88c5\u6ee1\u5458\uff0c\u5411\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u5f81\u53ec\u5fd7\u613f\u8005\u7684\u53f7\u53ec\u3002\u4ece\u522b\u7684\u5e08\u8fd8\u62bd\u8c03\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5175\u5458\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u53ea\u53d7\u8fc7\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u8865\u5145\u5175\u5458\u91cc\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u8001\u5175\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u66fe\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u5360\u9886\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u6839\u672c\u672a\u53d7\u8fc7\u6b65\u5175\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u5f88\u4e0d\u60c5\u613f\u5730\u4ece\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u6216\u5175\u79cd\u6765\u5230\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u8865\u5145\u5175\u5458\u8eab\u4f53\u7d20\u8d28\u4e0d\u4f73\uff0c\u8fbe\u4e0d\u5230\u666e\u901a\u6b65\u5175\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002[6]<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u540d\u58eb\u5175\u6765\u5230\u7b2c23\u56e2\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u524d\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4ece\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u5f81\u8c03\u6765\u8865\u5145\u7a7a\u989d\u7684\u3002\u5fc3\u6000\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u6218\u58eb\uff0c\u5bf9\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4e00\u7b49\u5175\u5361\u5c14\u987f\u00b7C\u00b7\u514b\u83b1\u514b\uff08Carlton C. Kluck\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u5f81\u8c03\u6765\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u6211\u662f\u88ab\u8fd0\u5175\u5217\u8f66\u4ece\u582a\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u7684\u96f7\u5229\u5821\uff08Fort Riley\uff09\u8fd0\u5230\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7b2c2\u5e08\u5728\u51fa\u5175\u6d77\u5916\u524d\u8865\u8db3\u7a7a\u989d\u3002\u90a3\u4f1a\u513f\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u4e00\u7b49\u5175\uff0c\u662f\u4e2a\u5766\u514b\u624b\u3002\u5728\u53bb\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5730\u5f62\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u671d\u9c9c\u7528\u4e0d\u7740\u5766\u514b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u6210\u4e86\u6b65\u5175\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u6211\u5f88\u4e0d\u6109\u5feb\uff0c\u6211\u57281948\u5e74\u53c2\u519b\u65f6\u5c31\u662f\u5766\u514b\u5175\u3002\u6211\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5e76\u4e0d\u9ad8\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u5f88\u591a\u8865\u5145\u5175\u5458\u90fd\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u7c7b\u4ee5\u586b\u8865\u7a7a\u7f3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6309\u7167\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6216\u53d7\u8fc7\u4f55\u79cd\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u5f84\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4f4e\u7ea7\u58eb\u5175\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u58eb\u5b98\u8eab\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

\u514b\u83b1\u514b\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u4ece\u672a\u53d7\u8fc7\u6b65\u5175\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u62b5\u8fbe\u671d\u9c9c\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u5468\u540e\u5373\u8d1f\u4f24\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u6765\u81ea\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u5f81\u8c03\u5175\u5458\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e8c\u7b49\u5175\u970d\u592b\u66fc\uff08D. W. Hoffman\uff09\u662f\u5fd7\u613f\u53c2\u6218\uff0c\u88ab\u5206\u914d\u5230\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\u7684\u5de5\u5175\u8425\u3002\u970d\u592b\u66fc\u9ad8\u4e2d\u9000\u5b66\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u53c2\u519b\uff0c\u65f6\u5e7419\u5c81\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8fde\u957f\u7ad9\u5728\u8425\u623f\u524d\u9762\u7684\u8857\u9053\u4e0a\uff0c\u53f7\u53ec\u5168\u8fde\u5b98\u5175\u5fd7\u613f\u53c2\u52a0\u7b2c2\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u3002\u5168\u8fde\u5171250\u4eba\uff0c\u6709200\u591a\u4eba\u5fd7\u613f\u53c2\u6218\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u970d\u592b\u66fc\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u613f\u53c2\u6218\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u62d6\u5bb6\u5e26\u53e3\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5c81\u6570\u592a\u5927\u4e0d\u5b9c\u4f5c\u6218\u3002\u4ed6\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a\u8fd8\u662f\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u53d1\u5e03\u52a8\u5458\u4ee4\u4e24\u5468\u540e\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u4fbf\u4ece\u666e\u5409\u7279\u6d77\u6e7e\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u767b\u4e0a\u4e86\u9a76\u5f80\u671d\u9c9c\u76847\u8258\u8fd0\u8f93\u8239\u3002\u6a2a\u6e21\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\u6ce2\u6f9c\u4e0d\u60ca\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u90e8\u961f\u4e3a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6b65\u5175\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e86\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u8239\u5c3e\u7ec3\u4e60\u5c04\u51fb\uff0c\u719f\u6089\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u7b49\u5175\u514b\u83b1\u514b\u5fc3\u91cc\u5f88\u4e0d\u75db\u5feb\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8bad\u7ec3\u6d3b\u52a8\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u56de\u5fc6\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u519b\u5b98\u4eec\u628a\u6728\u5757\u6254\u5230\u6d77\u91cc\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u8981\u5c04\u51fb\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u8c61\u662f\u4ece\u7535\u68af\u91cc\u671d\u53cd\u5411\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7535\u68af\u5c04\u51fb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u6309\u8231\u5ba4\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u88ab\u53eb\u5230\u8239\u5c3e\u7532\u677f\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u613f\u5f04\u810f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u67aa\uff0c\u4fbf\u6e9c\u5230\u522b\u7684\u8231\u5ba4\u3002\u7ba1\u7406\u6781\u5176\u677e\u61c8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e3b\u7532\u677f\u4e0a\uff0c\u6559\u5b98\u4eec\u8bad\u7ec3\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u5206\u89e3\u5e76\u91cd\u88c5M1\u6b65\u67aa\u3001\u52c3\u6717\u5b81\u81ea\u52a8\u6b65\u67aa\u548c\u70b930\u82f1\u5bf8\u673a\u67aa\u3002\u6211\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5e76\u975e\u8239\u4e0a\u6700\u7b28\u7684\u6b65\u5175\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e0d\u8bb0\u5f97\u8239\u5c3e\u7532\u677f\u7684\u6253\u9776\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u505c\u6b62\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4f20\u8a00\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bb6\u4f19\u671d\u7740\u6d77\u9e25\u5c04\u51fb\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u6bd4\u5c04\u51fb\u6728\u5757\u5bb9\u6613\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c[\u8239\u4e0a\u7684]\u6c34\u624b\u4eec\u5f3a\u70c8\u6297\u8bae\u3002\u8fd9\u89e6\u72af\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u6076\u5146\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u4e5f\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u58eb\u5175\u7d20\u8d28\u6781\u5176\u4f4e\u52a3\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0c\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u5175\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c04\u51fb\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f00\u70ae\uff0c\u5bb3\u6015\u9ed1\u591c\u3002\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd0\u8f93\u8239\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u5bf9\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u6765\u7684\u8270\u82e6\u6218\u6597\u6beb\u65e0\u601d\u60f3\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u552f\u4e00\u80fd\u591f\u8bb0\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4e24\u5468\u822a\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u611f\u5230\u7684\u6781\u5ea6\u65e0\u804a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821<\/p>\n

1950\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u9646\u519b\u6311\u9009\u5c0f\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u62c9\u9a6c\u5c14\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\uff08Paul Lamar Freeman Jr.\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u7b2c23\u56e2\u56e2\u957f\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u662f\u540d\u519b\u533b\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e86\u7ae5\u5e74\u5927\u534a\u65f6\u5149\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u670d\u5f79\uff0c\u540e\u534a\u751f\u5219\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e00\u4e9b\u504f\u50fb\u7684\u519b\u8425\u91cc\u5f53\u519b\u533b\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u65f6\u5e7443\u5c81\uff0c\u662f\u897f\u70b9\u519b\u68211929\u5c4a\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u9000\u4f11\u540e\u66fe\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u519b\u5b98\u201c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5bf9\u6211\u800c\u8a00\u4ece\u672a\u6709\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u5b83\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u201d1925\u5e74\uff0c\u5171\u6709200\u540d\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u53bb\u4e89\u53d6\u533a\u533a12\u540d\u519b\u6821\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u540d\u5217\u7b2c13\u3002[7]\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u75af\u72c2\u5730\u641c\u7d22\u6709\u603b\u7763\u5c9b\u2014\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u9a7b\u5730\u2014\u9644\u8fd1\u519b\u6821\u7a7a\u989d\u7684\u56fd\u4f1a\u8bae\u5458\u3002\u5f53\u53ea\u526910\u5929\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u63a5\u5230\u6765\u81ea\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6797\u7684\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7b2c3\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u533a\u7684\u7535\u8bdd\uff0c\u95ee\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u8fd8\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u4fdd\u7f57\u7b54\u9053\uff0c\u2018\u5f53\u7136\uff01\u2019\u5f53\u4ed6\u5230\u4e86\u90a3\u4e2a\u9009\u533a\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u660e\u767d\u4e3a\u4f55\u8fde\u7eed\u51e0\u5e74\u90fd\u6ca1\u4eba\u4e0a\u519b\u6821\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bf4\u82f1\u8bed\uff01\u4fdd\u7f57\u7acb\u5373\u5728\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6797\u79df\u623f\u4f4f\u4e0b\uff0c1925\u5e747\u6708\u8fdb\u5165\u897f\u70b9\u519b\u6821\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a1929\u5c4a\u5b66\u5458\u3002\u201d[8]<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5c0f\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u62c9\u9a6c\u5c14\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc<\/p>\n

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\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u52a0\u5165\u9646\u519b\u822a\u7a7a\u5175\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u519b\u6821\u671f\u95f4\u89c6\u529b\u4e0d\u65ad\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u6b65\u5175\u519b\u5b98\u3002\u5728\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u5dde\u672c\u5b81\u5821\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u6b65\u5175\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5230\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\u7684\u80e1\u5fb7\u5821\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u4ed6\u5f00\u59cb\u670d\u5f79\u662f\u5728\u7b2c2\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u7684\u7b2c9\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u7ed3\u675f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u540e\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5728\u9646\u519b\u90e8\u8054\u5408\u6218\u4e89\u8ba1\u5212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5446\u4e86\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u7f8e\u519b\u91cd\u8fd4\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u5236\u8ba2\u4e86\u4f5c\u6218\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86\u9a7b\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u7b2c77\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u53c2\u8c0b\u957f\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u4e86\u4ed6\u521a\u53c2\u4e0e\u5236\u8ba2\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5360\u9886\u9a6c\u5c3c\u62c9\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5949\u547d\u8fd4\u56de\u8054\u5408\u6218\u4e89\u8ba1\u5212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u573a\u9ea6\u514b\u963f\u745f\u53f8\u4ee4\u90e8\u7684\u8054\u7edc\u5b98\uff0c\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u6307\u5bfc\u9ea6\u514b\u963f\u745f\u9075\u5b88\u96c5\u5c14\u5854\u534f\u8bae\u6761\u6b3e\u3002[13]<\/p>\n

\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u968f\u540e\u53bb\u5df4\u897f\u5446\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u201c\u5df4\u7f8e\u8054\u5408\u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u9646\u519b\u5206\u90e8\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0a\u7ea7\u662f\u9a6c\u4fee\u00b7B\u00b7\u674e\u5947\u5fae\uff08Matthew B. Ridgway\uff09\u4e2d\u5c06\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5f53\u65f6\u4efb\u201c\u7f8e\u6d32\u9632\u52a1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u674e\u5947\u5fae\u5bf9\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5f71\u54cd\u6781\u5927\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u56de\u5fc6\u4e0e\u674e\u5947\u5fae\u5728\u5df4\u897f\u548c\u671d\u9c9c\u5171\u4e8b\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5c06\u674e\u5947\u5fae\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u6211\u5f71\u54cd\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u201d\u3002[14]<\/p>\n

\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u662f\u4f4d\u5e05\u6c14\u7684\u519b\u5b98\uff0c\u8eab\u6750\u7b14\u76f4\u800c\u4fee\u957f\uff0c\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\u6bd4\u5b9e\u9645\u9ad8\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u8001\u5175\u4eec\u5728\u89c1\u5230\u4ed6\u65f6\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u8bf4\u201c\u4ed6\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u65f6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8981\u9ad8\u5f97\u591a\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u540d\u8001\u5175\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u6211\u4ee5\u4e3a\u90a3\u4eba\u67097\u82f1\u5c3a\u9ad8\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u53ea\u6bd4\u6211\u9ad81\u82f1\u5bf8\uff0c\u5927\u69825\u82f1\u5c3a8\u82f1\u5bf8\u3002\u201d\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0d\u4e8b\u5f20\u626c\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8c61\u6709\u4e9b\u6307\u6325\u5b98\uff0c\u5409\u666e\u8f66\u4e0a\u65e2\u65e0\u519b\u8854\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u95ea\u5149\u706f\u6216\u8b66\u62a5\u5668\u3002\u5728\u7b2c23\u56e2\u56e2\u90e8\uff0c\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u63d2\u4e0a\u6821\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u90e8\u4e0b\u90fd\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u4ece\u4e0d\u6234\u94a2\u76d4\uff0c\u53ea\u5728\u8116\u5b50\u4e0a\u7cfb\u6761\u84dd\u8272\u7684\u6b65\u5175\u56f4\u5dfe\u3002\u5728\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u201c\u8c61\u662f\u521a\u4ece\u4e50\u6c60\u91cc\u8d70\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7434\u5e08\u201d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4f69\u6234\u4e0a\u6821\u519b\u8854\uff0c\u201c\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e0d\u592a\u663e\u773c\u201d\uff08\u663e\u7136\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u6c14\u573a\u592a\u5f3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u4e0d\u6ce8\u610f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4ee5\u5176\u884c\u52a8\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6307\u6325\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f8e\u519b\u8bb8\u591a\u4f18\u79c0\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5fc5\u987b\u8d70\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u8981\u8ba9\u90e8\u4e0b\u770b\u5f97\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u6df1\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5f62\u52bf\u591a\u4e48\u8270\u96be\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5175\u90fd\u4f1a\u5c3d\u529b\u5b8c\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e0a\u7ea7\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u5e76\u77e5\u9053\u540e\u8005\u6b63\u5728\u7aed\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u652f\u63f4\u3002\u5f53\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u548c\u90e8\u4e0b\u719f\u8bc6\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u4e0b\u8fbe\u547d\u4ee4\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u5c3d\u529b\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4eb2\u81ea\u8fdb\u884c\u76d1\u7763\u3002\u5f53\u4efb\u52a1\u5341\u5206\u5371\u9669\u65f6\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4f1a\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u4eb2\u81ea\u53ec\u89c1\u90e8\u4e0b\u5e76\u4e0b\u8fbe\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5fae\u7b11\u7740\u540c\u5bf9\u65b9\u63e1\u63e1\u624b\uff0c\u6216\u8bf4\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e24\u53e5\u9f13\u52b1\u7684\u8bdd\uff08\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ebf\uff09\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u603b\u662f\u53e3\u5934\u53d1\u5e03\u5177\u4f53\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u4e0b\u8fbe\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u4e66\u3002[15]\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5230\u671d\u9c9c\u6570\u5468\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u4e0b\u8fbe\u6b63\u5f0f\u4e66\u9762\u547d\u4ee4\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff08\u6548\u7387\u624d\u662f\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u522b\u626fTMD\u86cb\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5f85\u4eba\u53cb\u5584\u3001\u6beb\u4e0d\u505a\u4f5c\uff0c\u5728\u58eb\u5175\u9762\u524d\u4ece\u4e0d\u6446\u67b6\u5b50\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u58eb\u5175\u90fd\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u66fe\u540c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u968f\u610f\u5730\u804a\u8fc7\u5929\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u867d\u6001\u5ea6\u968f\u548c\uff0c\u4f46\u51b3\u975e\u677e\u677e\u57ae\u57ae\u3002\u4ed6\u6001\u5ea6\u5341\u5206\u575a\u5b9a\uff0c\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u4f1a\u5341\u5206\u7c97\u9c81\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u575a\u5b88\u9635\u5730\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u6001\u5ea6\u51b3\u4e0d\u59a5\u534f\uff1a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u654c\u519b\u672a\u51b2\u4e0a\u9635\u5730\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u652f\u90e8\u961f\u5982\u679c\u4e3b\u52a8\u653e\u5f03\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u64a4\u9000\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4f1a\u906d\u53d7\u4e25\u91cd\u4f24\u4ea1\uff0c\u5728\u5949\u547d\u53cd\u653b\u65f6\u53c8\u4f1a\u6b7b\u4f24\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u654c\u519b\u5b9e\u529b\u5360\u538b\u5012\u6027\u4f18\u52bf\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u624b\u4e0b\u90e8\u961f\u88ab\u654c\u519b\u51b2\u57ae\uff0c\u4f46\u51b3\u4e0d\u539f\u8c05\u4e3b\u52a8\u653e\u5f03\u9635\u5730\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f5c\u6218\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u7684\u90e8\u961f\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u573a\u4ee5\u9632\u5b88\u987d\u5f3a\u800c\u8457\u79f0\u3002\u7b2c23\u56e2\u4ee5\u5176\u575a\u6bc5\u987d\u5f3a\uff0c\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u6b21\u8ba9\u654c\u519b\u5927\u5403\u4e00\u60ca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u58eb\u5175\uff0c\u5e76\u613f\u610f\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e00\u5207\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u5949\u732e\u7cbe\u795e\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u767e\u500d\u7684\u56de\u62a5\u3002\u66fe\u5728\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u624b\u4e0b\u670d\u5f79\u7684\u7b2c23\u56e2\u8001\u5175\uff0c\u5728\u56de\u5fc6\u5f80\u4e8b\u65f6\u90fd\u5bf9\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5145\u6ee1\u611f\u6fc0\u4e4b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u524d\u51e0\u5929\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u7b2c23\u56e2\u56e2\u957f\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u4e00\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4fbf\u5356\u6389\u4e86\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7684\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u5306\u5306\u524d\u5f80\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c23\u56e2\u51fa\u53d1\u524d\u5c31\u804c\u3002\u5728\u6311\u9009\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u62c5\u4efb\u56e2\u957f\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u674e\u5947\u5fae\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u6837\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5f88\u9ad8\u5174\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u7b2c23\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u6218\u6597\u529b\u5f3a\u3001\u8bad\u7ec3\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u8425\u957f\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e5f\u90fd\u5f88\u5f3a\u3002[16]<\/p>\n

\u5728\u51fa\u53d1\u524d\u75af\u72c2\u5907\u6218\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u91cc\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u89c6\u5bdf\u4e86\u8be5\u56e2\u6240\u670924\u4e2a\u8fde\u961f\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u62d8\u5f62\u8ff9\u5730\u540c\u58eb\u5175\u4ea4\u8c08\uff0c\u7ad9\u5728\u98df\u5802\u5927\u5385\u53f0\u9636\u4e0a\u6216\u5176\u5b83\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\u65b9\u8bb2\u8bdd\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bb2\u8bdd\u7edd\u4e0d\u865a\u5f20\u58f0\u52bf\uff0c\u6001\u5ea6\u5341\u5206\u771f\u8bda\u3002\u4ed6\u5584\u4e8e\u540c\u58eb\u5175\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u5f88\u6709\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u56e2\u957f\u662f\u5728\u76f4\u63a5\u540c\u81ea\u5df1\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u4e0b\u58eb\u83b1\u65af\u5229\u00b7\u76d6\u6069\u65af\uff08Leslie Gains\uff09\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u6218\u53cb\uff0c\u5728\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bb3\u6015\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u6015\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u9a97\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u50bb\u74dc\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u53ef\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u79cd\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u8981\u81ea\u9ad8\u81ea\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7948\u7977\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u76d6\u6069\u65af\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u4f34\u7740\u4ed6\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e86\u671d\u9c9c\u6700\u8270\u82e6\u7684\u6218\u6597\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u8001\u5175\u8fd8\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8bb0\u5f97\u8fd9\u6b21\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u8bb0\u5f97\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u7ed9\u58eb\u5175\u653e3\u5929\u5047\u5904\u7406\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5404\u79cd\u4e8b\u52a1\u7eb7\u4e71\u5982\u9ebb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u627f\u8bfa\u672a\u514d\u8fc7\u4e8e\u6177\u6168\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e00\u8a00\u65e2\u51fa\u4fbf\u4fe1\u5b88\u5230\u5e95\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7b2c23\u56e2\u63a5\u5230\u8d74\u671d\u53c2\u6218\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4f4d\u519b\u58eb\u8eab\u4e0a\u51fa\u4e86\u4ef6\u4e8b\u513f\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5bf9\u58eb\u5175\u798f\u5229\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\u3002\u4e2d\u58eb\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\uff08Frank Butler\uff09\u539f\u8ba1\u5212\u4e8e\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u7ed3\u5a5a\u9884\u544a\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5e03\uff0c\u672a\u5a5a\u59bb\u4e5f\u4e8e\u52a8\u5458\u4ee4\u4e0b\u8fbe\u524d\u4e00\u5929\u6765\u5230\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5821\u3002\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u4e2d\u58eb\u627e\u5230\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5802\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u5a5a\u793c\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u524d\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u6559\u58eb\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u4e0d\u80fd\u968f\u4fbf\u4e3e\u884c\u5a5a\u793c\u3002\u7edd\u671b\u7684\u4e2d\u58eb\u5c06\u6b64\u4e8b\u544a\u8bc9\u4e86\u8fde\u957f\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u62a5\u544a\u4e86\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821\u3002\u5f53\u5929\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u7acb\u5373\u5b89\u6392\u5728\u8be5\u56e2\u5c0f\u6559\u5802\u4e3e\u884c\u5a5a\u793c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u6821\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u5b98\u5175\u90fd\u548c\u853c\u53ef\u4eb2\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u4e00\u56e2\u548c\u6c14\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e00\u652f\u90e8\u961f\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fd0\u8f6c\u3002\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u4eba\u626e\u6f14\u6076\u4eba\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8bb8\u591a\u4f18\u79c0\u56e2\u961f\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u4efb\u843d\u5728\u4e86\u4e8c\u628a\u624b\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u7684\u526f\u56e2\u957f\uff08\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u662f\u5c11\u6821\u4f5c\u6218\u53c2\u8c0b\uff09\u662f\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u6885\u65af\u624e\u5c14\uff08Frank Meszar\uff09\u4e2d\u6821\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u58eb\u5175\u8eab\u4efd\u8003\u5165\u897f\u70b9\u519b\u6821\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e1940\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u897f\u70b9\u519b\u6821\uff0c\u6885\u65af\u624e\u5c14\u66f4\u8c61\u662f\u58eb\u5175\u800c\u975e\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u519b\u65c5\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u4ee5\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u91ce\u6218\u519b\u5b98\u800c\u95fb\u540d\u3002\u5f53\u7b2c23\u56e2\u542f\u7a0b\u8d74\u671d\u65f6\uff0c\u6885\u65af\u624e\u5c14\u8fd8\u672a\u523035\u5c81\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e00\u540c\u4e0a\u8239\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u5728\u8239\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u968f\u540e\u534a\u5e74\u5171\u540c\u5ea6\u8fc7\u8270\u82e6\u7684\u6218\u6597\u5c81\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5e76\u975e\u523b\u677f\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u89e6\u6012\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002\u6885\u65af\u624e\u5c14\u4fbf\u5145\u5f53\u8d77\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u7684\u201c\u5baa\u5175\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4f1a\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u6307\u51fa\u90e8\u4e0b\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5176\u519b\u8854\u548c\u804c\u52a1\u4e3a\u4f55\u3002\u6885\u65af\u624e\u5c14\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u51e0\u4e4e\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5e72\u7684\u201c\u810f\u6d3b\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u5f62\u52bf\u8981\u6c42\u91c7\u53d6\u66f4\u4e3a\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u51b3\u4e0d\u4f1a\u602f\u9635\u3002[17]<\/p>\n

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\u4e8c\u3001\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u7554\u7684\u6218\u706b\u6d17\u793c<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u6218\u6b7b\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u613f\u751f\u800c\u7f9e\u8fb1\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u957f\u4e8e\u65af\u7684\u571f\u5730\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u613f\u4f7f\u6218\u53cb\u6216\u81ea\u5df1\u8499\u7f9e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014A.E.\u8c6a\u65af\u66fc<\/p>\n

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\u2014\u827e\u8389\u8bfa\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f<\/p>\n

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\u2014\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u00b7\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4<\/p>\n

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\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u53ca\u521d\u671f\u4f5c\u6218<\/p>\n

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1945\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u4e89\u7a81\u7136\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u7f8e\u82cf\u4e24\u56fd\u6f2b\u4e0d\u7ecf\u5fc3\u5730\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u6cbf\u7740\u5317\u7eac\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5ea6\u7ebf\u5212\u5206\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u7eaf\u7cb9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u4e8e\u63a5\u53d7\u9a7b\u671d\u65e5\u519b\u7684\u6295\u964d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u5c81\u6708\u91cc\uff0c\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0d\u4e45\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u5357\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6069\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u82cf\u8054\u5219\u7aed\u529b\u57f9\u517b\u5317\u65b9\u653f\u6743\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u5404\u81ea\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u5728\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u624d\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u4eba\u652f\u6301\u66fe\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u53d7\u8bad\u7684\u91d1\u65e5\u6210\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5219\u7aed\u529b\u4f7f\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u7acb\u4ee5\u56fe\u8131\u8eab\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9646\u519b\u5c24\u5176\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5c06\u5360\u9886\u519b\u64a4\u56de\u56fd\u5185\u3002\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u9886\u8896\u662f\u674e\u627f\u665a\uff0c\u662f\u4e2a\u5934\u8111\u56fa\u6267\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u5bb6\u4f19\uff0c\u62fc\u547d\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6765\u7ef4\u62a4\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u675c\u9c81\u95e8\u5c06\u6b64\u63d0\u4ea4\u5b89\u7406\u4f1a\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d3e\u9063\u519b\u961f\u5230\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u534f\u52a9\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u62b5\u6297\u4fb5\u7565\u3002\u8ddd\u79bb\u51b2\u7a81\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u7f8e\u519b\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u662f\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5360\u9886\u519b\u3002\u9ea6\u514b\u963f\u745f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7f8e\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u6d3e\u90e8\u961f\u524d\u5f80\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u3002\u5f00\u6218\u4ec5\u51e0\u5929\uff0c\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u961f\u4fbf\u88ab\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u6253\u5f97\u6e83\u4e0d\u6210\u519b\u3002\u5728\u6700\u521d\u51e0\u6b21\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u540c\u6837\u88ab\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u6253\u5f97\u6b65\u6b65\u540e\u64a4\u30028\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u5f53\u7b2c23\u56e2\u62b5\u8fbe\u65f6\uff0c\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u519b\u6324\u5230\u4e86\u91dc\u5c71\u6e2f\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u5708\u5185\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u91dc\u5c71\u9632\u5fa1\u5708\uff0c\u4e5f\u79f0\u4f5c\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u9632\u7ebf\u3002[4]<\/p>\n

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\u6309\u716720\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u88c5\u5907\u4f4e\u52a3\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u7b97\u4e0d\u4e0a\u4e00\u652f\u6218\u6597\u529b\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u5927\u5f31\u70b9\u662f\u7f3a\u5c11\u5766\u514b\u548c\u91cd\u70ae\u3002\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u53ea\u62e5\u6709105\u6beb\u7c73\u69b4\u5f39\u70ae\uff0c\u5c04\u7a0b\u4ec5\u4e3a7500\u7c73\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u7684\u5e08\u5c5e76\u6beb\u7c73\u52a0\u519c\u70ae\u7684\u5c04\u7a0b\u5219\u8fbe\u523014000\u7c73\u3002\u4f46\u57281950\u5e74\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u90fd\u672a\u80fd\u770b\u51fa\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u3002\u5728\u6218\u524d\u8c08\u53ca\u6b64\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u65b9\u603b\u662f\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5341\u8db3\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4fdd\u536b\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u7f8e\u519b\u987e\u95ee\u56e2\u957f\u5938\u53e3\u8bf4\uff0c\u5357\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u662f\u201c\u4e9a\u6d32\u6700\u7cbe\u9510\u7684\u519b\u961f\u201d\u3002[5]<\/p>\n

\u7b2c23\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u53c2\u6218<\/p>\n

8\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5728\u91dc\u5c71\u767b\u9646\u3002\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u53c2\u6218\u524d\uff0c\u8be5\u56e2\u7528\u4e86\u4e24\u5468\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u4f11\u6574\uff0c\u63a5\u6536\u6b66\u5668\u88c5\u5907\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4f5c\u6218\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u5361\u8f66\u53f8\u673a\u52aa\u529b\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u590d\u6742\u5730\u5f62\u9a7e\u9a76\u8f66\u8f86\u7684\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u901a\u4fe1\u5175\u3001\u708a\u4e8b\u5458\u548c\u673a\u68b0\u5e08\u90fd\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5168\u5929\u91ce\u5916\u4f5c\u6218\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u5168\u592924\u5c0f\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u65b9\u4f4d\u9632\u5fa1\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u4f53\u5b98\u5175\u7684\u201c\u672c\u80fd\u201d\u3002\u534e\u76db\u987f\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4eec\u5bf9\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u6781\u4e3a\u8511\u89c6\uff0c\u5176\u6807\u5fd7\u5c31\u662f\u4e94\u89d2\u5927\u697c\u7684\u53c2\u8c0b\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u7b2c2\u6b65\u5175\u5e08\u5728\u6d77\u8fd0\u65f6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u201c\u6218\u6597\u88c5\u8f7d\u201d\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u652f\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u88c5\u5907\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u96c6\u4e2d\u88c5\u8f7d\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u8258\u8239\u4e0a\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u8239\u8231\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5c06\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u88c5\u5907\u5206\u6563\u88c5\u8f7d\u5728\u591a\u8258\u8239\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fc5\u901f\u6295\u5165\u6218\u6597\u3002\u7b2c23\u56e2\u7684\u5b98\u5175\u5148\u62b5\u8fbe\u671d\u9c9c\uff0c\u6b66\u5668\u88c5\u5907\u51e0\u5929\u540e\u624d\u5230\u6e2f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5927\u6293\u8bad\u7ec3\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f3a\u884c\u519b\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u953b\u70bc\u5b98\u5175\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fcd\u8010\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e2d\u6691\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4ecd\u7136\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8eab\u4f53\u7d20\u8d28\u953b\u70bc\u5bf9\u63d0\u9ad8\u6218\u6597\u529b\u6781\u6709\u597d\u5904\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5168\u4f53\u5b98\u5175\u8fc5\u901f\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u5730\u5f62\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u521a\u521a\u7f16\u5165\u8be5\u56e2\u7684\u8865\u5145\u5175\u5458\uff0c\u5728\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u878d\u5165\u4e86\u5404\u81ea\u8fde\u961f\u3002[6]<\/p>\n

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8\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u6240\u6709\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u90fd\u660e\u767d\u5c40\u52bf\u5371\u6025\u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ec1\u5ddd\u767b\u9646\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u5f00\u59cb\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u6307\u6325\u671d\u9c9c\u534a\u5c9b\u6240\u6709\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u519b\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u7b2c8\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4e3a\u751f\u5b58\u800c\u62fc\u6b7b\u6218\u6597\u30028\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5949\u547d\u5728\u7b2c2\u5e08\u7531\u91dc\u5c71\u81f3\u5927\u4e18\u7684\u4e3b\u8865\u7ed9\u7ebf\u4e0a\u5360\u9886\u9632\u5fa1\u9635\u5730\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u6b63\u4e0e\u4f01\u56fe\u653b\u5360\u5927\u4e18\u7684\u5927\u6279\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u62fc\u6b7b\u4f5c\u6218\u3002\u5927\u4e18\u662f\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u9632\u7ebf\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u662f\u524d\u7ebf\u4e0e\u91dc\u5c71\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u67a2\u7ebd\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5927\u4e18\u9677\u843d\uff0c\u7b2c8\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u7531\u671d\u9c9c\u534a\u5c9b\u64a4\u9000\u3002[8]<\/p>\n

\u7b2c8\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u5b98\u6c83\u5c14\u987f\u00b7H\u00b7\u6c83\u514b\uff08Walton H. Walker\uff09\u4e2d\u5c06\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u9996\u6b21\u53c2\u6218\u4fbf\u62ef\u6551\u4e86\u5927\u4e18\u30028\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u4f24\u4ea1\u5341\u5206\u60e8\u91cd\u30028\u670822\u65e5\u81f323\u65e5\u7684\u591c\u95f4\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821\u548c\u6885\u65af\u624e\u5c14\u5c11\u6821\u90fd\u8d76\u5230\u524d\u6cbf\uff0c\u6307\u6325\u4f5c\u6218\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u51cc\u6668\u65f6\u5206\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u53cd\u51fb\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u8425\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u575a\u51b3\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u653b\u51fb\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5e76\u9876\u4f4f\u4e86\u654c\u519b\u6574\u5929\u7684\u75af\u72c2\u53cd\u653b\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u575a\u6301\u5230\u6df1\u591c\u300221\u65f6\u8bb8\uff0c\u7b2c2\u8425F\u8fde\u906d\u5230\u654c\u519b\u5168\u529b\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6d88\u706d\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u51fb\u9000\u4e86\u8fdb\u653b\u3002\u56e2\u5c5e\u91cd\u8feb\u51fb\u70ae\u8fde\u4e0e\u91ce\u70ae\u8425\u5bc6\u5207\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u654c\u519b\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u9635\u5730\u524d\u6cbf\u96c6\u7ed3\u5175\u529b\u30028\u670824\u65e5\u51cc\u6668\uff0c\u6218\u6597\u7ec8\u4e8e\u5e73\u606f\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u654c\u519b\u4f24\u4ea1\u6781\u4e3a\u60e8\u91cd\uff0c\u5b88\u519b\u635f\u5931\u6781\u5fae\u3002\u7b2c23\u56e2\u7684\u4f24\u4ea1\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\uff0c\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u4ec5\u5728\u9635\u5730\u524d\u6cbf\u4fbf\u9057\u5c38\u7ea6500\u5177\uff0c\u95f4\u63a5\u5c04\u51fb\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4f24\u4ea1\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5728\u5185\u3002\u636e\u88ab\u4fd8\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4e2d\u5c09\u540e\u6765\u4ea4\u5f85\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u6b65\u5175\u56e2\u5728\u6b64\u6b21\u4f5c\u6218\u4e2d\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6253\u5149\u201d\u3002[9]<\/p>\n

\u7b2c23\u56e2\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u519b\u5b98\u548c\u58eb\u5b98\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5b9e\u6218\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5f88\u4e86\u89e3\u9996\u6b21\u906d\u5230\u654c\u706b\u5c04\u51fb\u65f6\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u5fc3\u7406\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f4e\u7ea7\u519b\u5b98\u548c\u666e\u901a\u58eb\u5175\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u7554\u9996\u6b21\u63a5\u53d7\u6218\u706b\u6d17\u793c\u3002D\u00b7W\u00b7\u970d\u592b\u66fc\uff08D. W. Hoffman\uff09\u5728\u575f\u5893\u767b\u8bb0\u961f\u91cc\u5446\u4e86\u51e0\u5468\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u63a9\u57cb\u9635\u4ea1\u8005\u7684\u5c38\u4f53\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u624d\u88ab\u6d3e\u5230\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9996\u6b21\u53c2\u6218\u4f5c\u4e86\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u5230F\u8fde\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u88ab\u4ecb\u7ecd\u7ed9\u519b\u58eb\u957f\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u8fde\u957f\u4e0d\u5728\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u5929\u521a\u53d7\u4f24\u3002\u6211\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u8fde\u91cc\u53ea\u67094\u540d\u519b\u5b98\uff1b\u90fd\u662f\u5c11\u5c09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u90fd\u662f\u706b\u7ebf\u4efb\u547d\u3002\u968f\u540e\u768417\u4e2a\u663c\u591c\uff0cF\u8fde\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u906d\u5230\u66b4\u6253\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u88ab\u5e26\u5230\u7b2c3\u6392\u6392\u957f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7D\u00b7\u5c45\u91cc\uff08James. D. Currie\uff09\u5c11\u5c09\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5468\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u6392\u91cc\u7684\u58eb\u5b98\u3002\u4ed6\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u5e9f\u8bdd\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u76f4\u622a\u4e86\u5f53\uff0c\u5b89\u6392\u6211\u548c\u4e00\u540d\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8001\u5175\u5446\u5728\u6563\u5175\u5751\u91cc\u3002\u4ed6\u62ff\u8d70\u6211\u7684M-1\u6b65\u67aa\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e86\u6211\u4e00\u652fM-2\u5361\u5bbe\u67aa\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u63d2\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u7528\u80f6\u5e03\u6346\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u201c\u9999\u8549\u578b\u201d\u5f39\u5323\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u7ed9\u4e866\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u7684\u53cc\u5f39\u5323\u3002[10]\u4ed6\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u8981\u542c\u6218\u53cb\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u201c\u4f60\u4f1a\u5e72\u597d\u7684\u201d\u3002\u6211\u7684\u6563\u5175\u5751\u201c\u6218\u53cb\u201d\u662f\u65af\u5766\u00b7\u83b1\u5fb7\u62dc\u7279\uff08Stan Ledbetter\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u540d\u4e0b\u58eb\uff0c\u5230\u7b2c2\u5e08\u5df2\u6709\u4e24\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6211\u4e0a\u524d\u7ebf\u540e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u51cc\u66683\u70b9\u949f\uff0c\u4fbf\u7ecf\u53d7\u4e86\u9996\u6b21\u6218\u706b\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7528\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u5411\u6211\u4eec\u731b\u653b\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6218\u6597\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6301\u7eed\u4e86\u6570\u5c0f\u65f6\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u670945\u5206\u949f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e00\u67aa\u6ca1\u5f00\uff0c\u4e00\u9897\u624b\u69b4\u5f39\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6254\u3002\u6211\u5c31\u662f\u8c61\u4e2a\u5a74\u513f\u4e00\u6837\u8737\u7f29\u5728\u5751\u5e95\uff0c\u4e5e\u6c42\u4e07\u80fd\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6551\u547d\u3002\u5929\u4eae\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u7ec8\u4e8e\u9192\u4e86\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\u65af\u5766\u80cc\u9760\u5751\u58c1\uff0c\u5750\u5728\u90a3\u513f\uff0cM1\u6b65\u67aa\u6401\u5728\u5927\u817f\u4e0a\u3002\u4ed6\u95ee\u9053\uff0c\u611f\u89c9\u5982\u4f55\uff1f\u6211\u8bf4\uff0c\u633a\u597d\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u8c61\u5934\u8822\u9a74\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u522b\u62c5\u5fc3\u3002\u4f60\u4f1a\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5c45\u91cc\u5c11\u5c09\u56db\u5904\u8f6c\u60a0\uff0c\u68c0\u67e5\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6563\u5175\u5751\u3002\u4ed6\u8d70\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u8be2\u95ee\u60c5\u51b5\u5982\u4f55\u3002\u65af\u5766\u8bf4\u633a\u597d\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5c45\u91cc\u5c11\u5c09\u8981\u770b\u6211\u7684\u67aa\u3002\u770b\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u6ca1\u7528\u8fd9\u652f\u67aa\u5f00\u706b\uff0c\u662f\u5417\uff1f\u201d\u6211\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u201d\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u610f\u7528\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u8bed\u8c03\uff0c\u5411\u6211\u89e3\u91ca\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u513f\uff1f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u547d\u5fc5\u987b\u600e\u4e48\u505a\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fbf\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u4e0b\u5730\u72f1\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u8ffd\u968f\u4ed6\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a\u6781\u5176\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u519b\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u5927\u58f0\u53eb\u5524\uff0c\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4e0d\u6025\u4e0d\u8e81\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u5c31\u4e8b\u8bba\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u6015\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6015\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c3\u6392\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u4e00\u5458\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u970d\u592b\u66fc\u987a\u5229\u95ef\u8fc7\u66f4\u591a\u66f4\u8270\u82e6\u7684\u6218\u6597\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u71ac\u5230\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u4e00\u540d\u5e73\u6c11\u53c2\u519b\u540e\uff0c\u4fbf\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5411\u519b\u4eba\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u652f\u90e8\u961f\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7840\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u73ed\u7ec4\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5728\u6570\u6708\u751a\u81f3\u6570\u5e74\u5185\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u5b9e\u6218\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u5728\u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u4eec\u591a\u4e48\u52aa\u529b\u5730\u4f01\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u8270\u82e6\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u6f14\u4e60\uff0c\u4f7f\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u5904\u4e8e\u968f\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6295\u5165\u6218\u6597\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u58eb\u5175\u5728\u5b9e\u6218\u65f6\u6574\u9f50\u5212\u4e00\u5730\u4f5c\u51fa\u5408\u7406\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u58eb\u5175\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u60f3\u8c61\u5f97\u5230\u5c06\u8981\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5371\u9669\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u505a\u597d\u627f\u53d7\u91cd\u62c5\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6218\u6597\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u8fd9\u51b3\u975e\u8f7b\u800c\u6613\u4e3e\u4e4b\u4e8b\u2014\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u5230\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u53d7\u4f24\u6216\u9635\u4ea1\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u6740\u6b7b\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u80fd\u8d1f\u4f24\u751a\u81f3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u9884\u89c1\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5e76\u51b3\u5fc3\u91c7\u53d6\u4efb\u4f55\u5fc5\u8981\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e89\u53d6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u519b\u4eba\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u5de8\u53d8\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u60f3\u56de\u5230\u201c\u6b63\u5e38\u201d\u72b6\u6001\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5965\u8fea\u00b7\u58a8\u83f2\uff08Audie Murphy\uff09\u662f\u4e8c\u6218\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u52cb\u7ae0\u6700\u591a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5927\u6982\u6700\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8001\u5175\u4eec\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u95ee\u4ed6\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5e78\u5b58\uff1f\u58a8\u83f2\u7b54\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u201d[11]<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u58eb\u9053\u683c\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\u5c3c\uff08Doug Graney\uff09\u662fE\u8fde\u901a\u4fe1\u73ed\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8bb0\u5f97\u5728\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u7554\u5934\u51e0\u5929\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e0d\u597d\u8bf4\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u521a\u521a\u6295\u5165\u91dc\u5c71\u9632\u5fa1\u4f5c\u6218\u65f6\uff0c\u751f\u5b58\u662f\u538b\u5012\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u6b7b\u5f97\u592a\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u4f60\u5e76\u4e0d\u719f\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u8bad\u7ec3\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b7b\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8d1f\u91cd\u4f24\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8fde\u961f\u3002\u80be\u4e0a\u817a\u7d20\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u55b7\u6d8c\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u6d51\u8eab\u98a4\u6296\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6c38\u65e0\u4f11\u6b62\u3002\u65e0\u70df\u706b\u836f\u7684\u523a\u9f3b\u6c14\u5473\uff0c\u8150\u70c2\u5c38\u4f53\u7684\u6076\u81ed\u4e4b\u6c14\uff0c\u7f2d\u7ed5\u5728\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u9635\u5730\u5468\u56f4\uff0c\u5c31\u8c61\u662f\u628a\u8111\u888b\u4f38\u8fdb\u4e86\u6b7b\u8001\u9f20\u7684\u809a\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e00\u76f4\u7559\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u3002[12]<\/p>\n

\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6211\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u7d27\u5f20\u3001\u5bb3\u6015\u4e86\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4eba\u4eec\u88ab\u6740\u6b7b\u6216\u70b8\u6210\u788e\u7247\u4e5f\u4e0d\u600e\u4e48\u5728\u4e4e\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6d51\u8eab\u81ed\u54c4\u54c4\uff0c\u7834\u8863\u70c2\u886b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u610f\uff1b\u4f4f\u5728\u704c\u6ee1\u96e8\u6c34\u7684\u6563\u5175\u5751\u91cc\uff0c\u6316\u6398\u575a\u786c\u7684\u51bb\u571f\uff0c\u50cf\u91ce\u517d\u4e00\u6837\u6d3b\u7740\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5e38\u6001\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u611f\u89c9\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u5200\u67aa\u4e0d\u5165\u201d\uff1b\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u552f\u6050\u6563\u5175\u5751\u6316\u5f97\u4e0d\u6df1\u3002\u6211\u575a\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u4f1a\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u4e61\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c23\u56e2\u6709\u7406\u7531\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u6218\u6597\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u8c6a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8eba\u5728\u8363\u8a89\u4e0a\u7761\u5927\u89c9\u3002\u968f\u540e3\u5468\u91cc\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u6700\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u51e0\u6b21\u6218\u6597\u3002<\/p>\n

\u968f\u7740\u6218\u6597\u65e5\u591c\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u6301\u7eed\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5b88\u519b\u4f24\u4ea1\u6570\u5b57\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u6500\u5347\u3002\u5728\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u7554\u7684\u6b8b\u9177\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u4e0b\u7ea7\u519b\u5b98\u5728\u654c\u519b\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\u4e2d\u4f24\u4ea1\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u519b\u58eb\u4e2d\u9009\u62d4\u519b\u5b98\u3002\u5728\u6b65\u5175\u90e8\u961f\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0b\u7ea7\u519b\u5b98\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u624d\u80fd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u800c\u6fc0\u70c8\u6218\u6597\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4f18\u79c0\u4e0b\u7ea7\u519b\u5b98\u4f24\u4ea1\u7387\u6781\u9ad8\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5bf9\u5c09\u5b98\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u8feb\u4f7f\u6574\u4e2a\u7b2c8\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u5404\u652f\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u90fd\u5f00\u59cb\u62fc\u547d\u4ece\u519b\u58eb\u4e2d\u6311\u9009\u5177\u6709\u62c5\u4efb\u5408\u683c\u5c09\u5b98\u6f5c\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u3002\u4e0d\u5c11\u519b\u58eb\u66fe\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u6218\u5730\u59d4\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6218\u540e\u53c8\u964d\u5230\u4e86\u519b\u58eb\u519b\u8854\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u5f85\u9047\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u518d\u6b21\u63a5\u53d7\u6218\u5730\u59d4\u4efb\u5341\u5206\u72b9\u8c6b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u6765\u81ea\u519c\u6751\uff0c\u60ef\u4e8e\u8270\u82e6\u52b3\u52a8\uff0c\u9887\u5bcc\u4e3b\u52a8\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u7f3a\u4e4f\u826f\u597d\u6559\u80b2\u4e14\u4e0d\u64c5\u793e\u4ea4\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u519b\u5b98\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u53ea\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u901a\u77e5\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u964d\u4e3a\u519b\u58eb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u590d\u5458\u56de\u5bb6\u3002\u7b2c2\u8425\u7684\u519b\u58eb\u957f\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7W\u00b7\u5bc7\u8482\u65af\uff08Robert W. Curtis\uff09\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u201c\u706b\u7ebf\u519b\u5b98\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u575a\u51b3\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u59d4\u4efb\u3002\u7b2c2\u8425\u8425\u957f\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u5179\u4e2d\u6821\u548c\u7ef0\u53f7\u201c\u8377\u5170\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u7b2c2\u5e08\u5e08\u957f\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u00b7B\u00b7\u51ef\u745f\uff08Laurence B. Keiser\uff09\u5c11\u5c06\u800d\u4e86\u4e2a\u82b1\u62db\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u5bc7\u8482\u65af\u52c9\u5f3a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5c09\u5b98\u519b\u8854\u3002\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u5179\u901a\u77e5\u5bc7\u8482\u65af\u53bb\u5e08\u90e8\u62a5\u5230\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u6388\u52cb\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u5230\u5e08\u90e8\u540e\uff0c\u51ef\u745f\u5c06\u519b\u4fbf\u628a\u519b\u8854\u522b\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u519b\u88c5\u4e0a\u3002\u5bc7\u8482\u65af\u6458\u4e0b\u519b\u8854\u9012\u8fd8\u5c06\u519b\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u529d\u8bf4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6700\u7ec8\u53ea\u597d\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u8ba9\u5c06\u519b\u4e0b\u4e0d\u6765\u53f0\u3002\u5728\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u7554\u53ca\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6027\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bc7\u8482\u65af\u4e2d\u5c09\u90fd\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u671d\u6218\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5f39\u836f\u4e0d\u8db3\u662f\u4e2a\u4e25\u91cd\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8282\u7ea6\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u91ce\u70ae\u8425\u548c\u9ad8\u70ae\u8425\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5f39\u836f\u603b\u662f\u5feb\u8981\u6253\u5149\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u603b\u662f\u5413\u5f97\u8981\u6b7b\uff0c\u751f\u6015\u90a3\u65f6\u906d\u5230\u8fdb\u653b\u3002\u201d\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u6218\u4e89\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u70ae\u5175\u5f88\u5c11\u8fdb\u884c\u9a9a\u6270\u548c\u963b\u65ad\u5c04\u51fb\u2014\u5373\u70ae\u5175\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u6216\u6000\u7591\u85cf\u6709\u654c\u519b\u7684\u5730\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u70ae\u51fb\u3002[13]<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u5f39\u836f\u4e0d\u592a\u5145\u8db3\uff0c\u5b98\u5175\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u5229\u7528\u624b\u5934\u7684\u88c5\u5907\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u9887\u5177\u521b\u610f\u7684\u70ae\u51fb\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u6d1b\u4e1c\u6c5f\u9632\u7ebf\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u9ad8\u70ae\u8fde\u8fde\u957f\u80af\u5c3c\u65af\u00b7\u5e03\u91cc\u6602\uff08Kenneth Bullion\uff09\u4e0a\u5c09\u5411\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u9ad8\u5c04\u70ae\u626b\u6e05\u654c\u519b\u5c71\u810a\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8c61\u4ee5\u5f80\u90a3\u6837\u4f7f\u7528\u69b4\u5f39\u70ae\u300240\u6beb\u7c73\u9ad8\u5c04\u70ae\u5f39\u5b89\u88c5\u6709\u5b9a\u65f6\u5f15\u4fe1\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u9884\u5b9a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u98de\u673a\u9644\u8fd1\u7206\u70b8\u3002\u5e03\u91cc\u6602\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5de7\u5999\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u9646\u519b\u5b9a\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u6218\u672f\u52a8\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u53cc\u7ba140\u9ad8\u5c04\u70ae\u5f00\u4e0a\u524d\u6cbf\uff0c\u4e0e\u5c71\u810a\u4fdd\u6301\u9002\u5f53\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u731b\u70c8\u5c04\u51fb\u3002\u70ae\u5f39\u98de\u81f3\u5c71\u810a\u4e0a\u7a7a\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9a\u65f6\u5f15\u4fe1\u4f7f\u5176\u51cc\u7a7a\u7206\u70b8\uff0c\u5f39\u7247\u5982\u66b4\u96e8\u822c\u503e\u76c6\u800c\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c06\u654c\u519b\u9635\u5730\u6253\u5f97\u7a00\u5df4\u70c2\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5e03\u91cc\u6602\u7684\u9ad8\u5c04\u70ae\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u6e05\u626b\u5c71\u5934\u201d\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4fbf\u7ed9\u4ed6\u8d77\u4e86\u4e2a\u5916\u53f7\u53eb\u201c\u5438\u5c18\u5668\u201d\u3002[14]<\/p>\n

8\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u7684\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u62df\u8ba2\u4e86\u65b0\u4f5c\u6218\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5e76\u9884\u8ba1\u8fd9\u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\u6574\u4e2a\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5175\u4eec\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u7b2c8\u96c6\u56e2\u519b\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u90e8\u95e8\u5374\u5df2\u57fa\u672c\u638c\u63e1\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u5e76\u4e0d\u51c6\u5907\u9488\u5bf9\u67d0\u5904\u8584\u5f31\u5730\u70b9\u53d1\u8d77\u7a81\u7834\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6253\u7b97\u4f7f\u7528\u51e0\u652f\u5e08\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u7eb5\u961f\u4ece\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u8d77\u8fdb\u653b\u3002\u6c83\u514b\u5c06\u519b\u660e\u767d\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u53ea\u80fd\u5c06\u90e8\u961f\u5168\u90fd\u90e8\u7f72\u5728150\u82f1\u91cc\u957f\u7684\u9632\u7ebf\u4e0a\uff0c\u5404\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u6b63\u9762\u6269\u5927\u5230\u9a87\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\u7684\u5730\u6b65\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7b2c23\u56e2\u7b2c1\u8425\u7684\u9632\u7ebf\u957f\u8fbe16\u516c\u91cc\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9632\u7ebf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fde\u7ef5\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u76f8\u9694\u6570\u82f1\u91cc\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u8fde\u9635\u5730\u6784\u6210\u3002[15]<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u6c83\u514b\u5c06\u519b<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u7387\u7b2c23\u56e2\u4f4d\u4e8e\u91dc\u5c71\u9632\u5fa1\u5708\u897f\u5357\u89d2\u3002\u7b2c3\u8425\u88ab\u62bd\u53bb\u589e\u63f4\u5317\u9762\u7684\u7b2c1\u9a91\u5175\u5e08\uff0c\u4f7f\u8be5\u56e2\u6218\u6597\u529b\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u7ea61\/3\u3002\u7b2c23\u56e2\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u8425\u90e8\u7f72\u5728\u524d\u6cbf\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8425\u90e8\u7f72\u5728\u540e\u65b9\uff0c\u56e2\u90e8\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e24\u8425\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u5b89\u9f50\u5965\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c2\u5e08\u5e08\u957f\u51ef\u745f\u5c06\u519b\u66fe\u4efb\u7b2c6\u519b\u53c2\u8c0b\u957f\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u6b21\u4e24\u6816\u767b\u9646\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5175\u7f3a\u4e4f\u653b\u51fb\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u79bb\u5f00\u6563\u5175\u5751\uff0c\u4e0d\u613f\u5411\u5185\u9646\u7a81\u8fdb\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u8206\u8bba\u754c\u7684\u731b\u70c8\u62a8\u51fb\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u60e8\u75db\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u51ef\u745f\u5c06\u519b\u53d1\u4e0b\u8bdd\u6765\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u5efa\u9020\u5f3a\u56fa\u5de5\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u524a\u5f31\u653b\u51fb\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u51ef\u745f\u7684\u6307\u793a\u9887\u6b20\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7f8e\u519b\u9632\u5fa1\u9635\u5730\u5341\u5206\u8106\u5f31\u30028\u670831\u65e523\u65f6\u8bb8\uff0c\u5148\u5934\u8425\u5de6\u7ffc\u5404\u9635\u5730\u540c\u65f6\u906d\u5230\u8fdb\u653b\u3002\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u7ea64\u4e2a\u8425\u7684\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u5728\u91cd\u70ae\u706b\u529b\u63a9\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u5de6\u7ffcC\u8fde\u9635\u5730\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u731b\u653b\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u9635\u5730\u4e2d\u592e\u7684B\u8fde\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u7ea6\u540c\u7b49\u5175\u529b\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e24\u4e2a\u8fde\u987d\u5f3a\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u4ecd\u51b2\u7834\u4e86\u7f8e\u519b\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u5bf9A\u8fde\u9635\u5730\u5357\u7ffc\u53d1\u52a8\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5e76\u76f4\u63a5\u5a01\u80c1\u5230\u8425\u6307\u6325\u6240\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u30029\u67081\u65e5\u51cc\u6668\uff0c\u524d\u6cbf\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u961f\u90fd\u906d\u5230\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u4f24\u4ea1\u5341\u5206\u60e8\u91cd\u3002[16]<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0cC\u8fde\u663e\u7136\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u575a\u5b88\u9635\u5730\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821\u547d\u4ee4\u540e\u65b9\u7684\u7b2c2\u8425\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u5efa\u7acb\u5f3a\u56fa\u7684\u963b\u51fb\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u901a\u8fc7\u3002[17]\u7b2c2\u8425\u526f\u8425\u957f\u52b3\u57c3\u5fb7\u00b7K\u00b7\u8a79\u68ee\uff08Lloyd K. Jenson\uff09\u5c11\u6821\uff0c\u7387F\u8fde\u53caH\u8fde\u4e00\u90e8\u7acb\u5373\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u63a7\u5236C\u8fde\u540e\u65b9\u516c\u8def\u7684\u9ad8\u5730\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u9760\u8fd1\u8be5\u8425\u524d\u6cbf\u7535\u8bdd\u4ea4\u6362\u53f0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u4ea4\u6362\u53f0\u9635\u5730\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5c06G\u8fde\u914d\u5c5e\u7ed9\u7b2c1\u8425\uff0c\u547d\u8be5\u8fde\u5728\u9ad8\u5730\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u963b\u51fb\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u7b2c1\u8425\u5404\u8fde\u987a\u5229\u64a4\u9000\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5728G\u8fde\u5230\u8fbe\u524d\uff0c\u7b2c1\u8425\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5b88\u4f4f\u9635\u5730\u3002\u4ed6\u547d\u4ee4C\u8fde\u4e00\u4e2a\u6392\u575a\u5b88\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85G\u8fde\u62b5\u8fbe\u3002\u4ed6\u7ed9\u8be5\u6392\u914d\u5907\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u91cd\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e2a75\u65e0\u5ea7\u529b\u70ae\u6392\u3001\u4e00\u8f86\u53cc\u7ba140\u9ad8\u5c04\u70ae\u8f66\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5766\u514b\u6392\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f62\u52bf\u6781\u7aef\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u52a0\u5f3a\u6392\u4ecd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u987d\u5f3a\u963b\u51fb\u3002\u65e0\u5ea7\u529b\u70ae\u3001\u9632\u7a7a\u70ae\u8f66\u548c\u5766\u514b\u7b49\u91cd\u6b66\u5668\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u706b\u529b\u652f\u63f4\uff0c\u63a9\u62a4\u6b65\u5175\u5411\u540e\u65b9\u64a4\u9000\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u4e0d\u65ad\u5411\u524d\u63a8\u8fdb\uff0c\u6392\u957f\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u64a4\u9000\u524d\u5f15\u7206\u4e86\u9884\u5148\u57cb\u8bbe\u7684\u51dd\u56fa\u6c7d\u6cb9\u6876\uff08\u201cfougasse\u201d\uff0c\u53e4\u6cd5\u8bed\u610f\u4e3a\u9677\u9631\u6216\u5730\u96f7\uff09\u3002\u5728\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6307\u88c5\u6ee1\u6c7d\u6cb9\u4e0e\u673a\u6cb9\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u768455\u52a0\u4ed1\u6c7d\u6cb9\u6876\u3002\u5728\u51c6\u5907\u9632\u5fa1\u9635\u5730\u65f6\uff0c\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u5c06\u6c7d\u6cb9\u6876\u4ee5\u4e00\u5b9a\u89d2\u5ea6\u57cb\u597d\uff0c\u5bf9\u51c6\u654c\u519b\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u6876\u5e95\u57cb\u6709\u767d\u78f7\u624b\u69b4\u5f39\u3001\u8feb\u51fb\u70ae\u5f39\u6216\u68af\u6069\u68af\u70b8\u836f\u5305\uff0c\u58eb\u5175\u4eec\u53ef\u4ece\u8fdc\u5904\u7528\u5bfc\u706b\u7d22\u5f15\u7206\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c7d\u6cb9\u6876\u91cc\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u71c3\u6599\u53d1\u751f\u7206\u8f70\uff0c\u5982\u706b\u5c71\u7206\u53d1\u822c\u55b7\u5c04\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c\u51dd\u56fa\u6c7d\u6cb9\u5f39\u7684\u70c8\u7130\uff0c\u541e\u6ca1\u9635\u5730\u524d\u6cbf\u5927\u7247\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u88ab\u70e7\u5f97\u7126\u5934\u70c2\u989d\uff0c\u540e\u536b\u6392\u5f97\u4ee5\u987a\u5229\u64a4\u9000\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f24\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u519b\u5728\u653b\u51fb\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06C\u8fde\u4e0e\u8be5\u8425\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u961f\u5272\u88c2\u3002\u5348\u591c\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u654c\u519b\u5c06C\u8fde\u5f7b\u5e95\u6253\u57ae\u3002C\u8fde\u6b8b\u90e833\u4eba\u8bbe\u6cd5\u9003\u5230\u8a79\u68ee\u5c11\u6821\u521a\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u53f0\u9635\u5730\uff0c\u8fde\u957f\u548c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u58eb\u5175\u5728\u6218\u6597\u4e2d\u5931\u8e2a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728C\u8fde\u9635\u5730\u9677\u843d\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0cA\u8fde\u5357\u7ffc\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u653b\u51fb\u3002\u8425\u957f\u514b\u83b1\u5c14\u00b7E\u00b7\u54c8\u91d1\uff08Claire E. Hutchin\uff09\u4e2d\u6821\u547d\u4ee4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f9d\u6258\u5de6\u7ffc\u56fa\u5b88\u9635\u5730\u3002\u54c8\u91d1\u662f\u5728\u7b2c23\u56e2\u53c2\u6218\u65f6\u624d\u63a5\u4efb\u8425\u957f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4ee5\u524d\u62c5\u4efb\u53c2\u8c0b\uff0c\u5230\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u624b\u4e0b\u519b\u5b98\u90fd\u6709\u4e9b\u62c5\u5fc3\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8be5\u8425\u53c2\u8c0b\u80fd\u529b\u5f88\u5f3a\uff0c\u54c8\u91d1\u4e5f\u4ece\u5584\u5982\u6d41\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u6b21\u9632\u5fa1\u6218\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u8d62\u5f97\u5728\u671d\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u9996\u679a\u201c\u4f18\u5f02\u670d\u52a1\u5341\u5b57\u52cb\u7ae0\u201d\u3002[18]<\/p>\n

\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u591c\u8270\u82e6\u6218\u6597\uff0c\u54c8\u91d1\u4e2d\u6821\u547dA\u8fde\u4e8e7\u65f630\u5206\u5411\u201c\u4ea4\u6362\u53f0\u9635\u5730\u201d\u64a4\u9000\u3002\u4e0b\u5348\uff0c\u7b2c1\u8425\u7684\u6b8b\u90e8\u5728\u6b64\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u9635\u5730\u3002\u51e0\u4e2a\u76f8\u8fde\u5c71\u5934\u4e3a\u8425\u90e8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u63a9\u62a4\uff0c\u5bf9\u5efa\u7acb\u73af\u5f62\u9632\u5fa1\u5708\u5341\u5206\u6709\u5229\u3002[19]\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7R\u00b7\u53e4\u65af\u745e\uff08William R. Guthrie\uff09\u4e0a\u5c09\u662f\u91cd\u6b66\u5668\u8fde\u5373D\u8fde\u8fde\u957f\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73af\u5f62\u9632\u5fa1\u5708\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u56de\u5fc6\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u54c8\u91d1\u4e2d\u6821\u547d\u6211\u8fd4\u56de\u540e\u65b9\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u8f86\u5766\u514b\u63a9\u62a4\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u4f24\u5458\u548c[\u7f34\u83b7\u7684]\u79d8\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u518d\u8fd0\u56de\u5f39\u836f\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u6c34\u3002\u53bb\u56e2\u90e8\u7684\u8def\u4e0a\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u89c1\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6c11\u519b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8425\u6b63\u5411\u7b2c1\u8425\u540e\u65b9\u633a\u8fdb\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6b63\u4ee5\u6700\u5feb\u901f\u7387\u5f00\u706b\u7684\u7b2c555\u4e2d\u578b\u70ae\u5175\u8425\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u633a\u8fdb\u5230\u4e86\u7b2c23\u56e2\u56e2\u90e8\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u6211\u5411\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821\u62a5\u5230\uff0c\u641c\u96c6\u4e86\u5f39\u836f\u3001\u98df\u54c1\u548c\u6c34\uff0c\u51c6\u5907\u8fd4\u56de\u7b2c1\u8425\u9635\u5730\u3002\u6070\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u884c\u706b\u70ae\u51fb\u6bc1\u4e86\u5934\u4e00\u8f86\u5361\u8f66\u7684\u8f6e\u80ce\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821\u547d\u6211\u5728\u73af\u5f62\u9632\u7ebf\u4e0a\u627e\u4e2a\u7a7a\u4f4d\u534f\u52a9\u9632\u5b88\u3002\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u8d70\u5f00\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821\u4fbf\u6253\u7535\u8bdd\uff0c\u6279\u51c6\u54c8\u91d1\u4e2d\u6821\u53ef\u4ee5\u64a4\u9000\u3002\u54c8\u91d1\u4e2d\u6821\u7b54\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\uff0c\u6211\u5b81\u613f\u5446\u5728\u539f\u5730\u4e0d\u52a8\u3002\u201d\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u4e0a\u6821\u8868\u793a\u540c\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

9\u67081\u65e5\u65e9\u6668\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u6240\u5728\u7684\u56e2\u90e8\uff0c\u5728\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u6325\u90e8\u8fde\u4fdd\u536b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ecf\u53d7\u4f4f\u4e86\u7ea6400\u540d\u5317\u671d\u9c9c\u4eba\u6301\u7eed3\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u56e2\u90e8\u540e\u64a4\u81f3\u6570\u767e\u7c73\u5916\u7684\u7b2c2\u8425\u8425\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n

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