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Hitler\uff0c no Holocaust)\u3002\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5b66\u8005\u6709\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u57c3\u4f2f\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u96c5\u514b\u5c14(Eberhard J\u00e4ckel)\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u8d6b(Karl Dietrich Bracher)\u3001\u5b89\u5fb7\u70c8\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u5e0c\u5c14\u683c\u9c81\u4f2f(Andreas Hillgruber)\u3001\u514b\u52b3\u65af\u00b7\u5e0c\u5c14\u5fb7\u5e03\u5170\u5fb7(Klaus Hildebrand)\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u9732\u897f\u00b7\u8fbe\u7ef4\u591a\u7ef4\u5947(Lucy Dawidowicz)\u3001\u683c\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u6e29\u4f2f\u683c(Gerhard Weinberg)\u7b49\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u65f6\u95f4\u6301\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c3d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u5bf9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u5177\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u96c5\u514b\u5c141969\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u84dd\u56fe\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8bbe\u60f3\u628a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79fb\u9664\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f31919\u5e74\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u5728\u5176\u6574\u4e2a\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u4e2d\u4e00\u76f4\u6309\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u201d\u54f2\u5b66\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u96c5\u514b\u5c14\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u300a\u6211\u7684\u594b\u6597\u300b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u201c\u84dd\u56fe\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5176\u5173\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u201c\u84dd\u56fe\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u65e9\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u5373\u5df2\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u4ed6\u59cb\u7ec8\u5982\u4e00\u5730\u4e25\u683c\u9075\u5faa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u5e76\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u4e0e\u96c5\u514b\u5c14\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fbe\u7ef4\u591a\u7ef4\u5947\u4e5f\u9891\u7e41\u8fd0\u7528\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3001\u6f14\u8bb2\u7a3f\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef6\uff0c\u6ce8\u91cd\u4ece\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u5386\u5c55\u5f00\u5206\u6790\u3002\u8fbe\u7ef4\u591a\u7ef4\u5947\u57281975\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6218\u4e89(1933-1945)\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u201c\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u8111\u6d77\u201d\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f31918\u5e74\u4ed6\u906d\u53d7\u6bd2\u6c14\u653b\u51fb\u5728\u5e15\u585e\u74e6\u5c14\u514b\u519b\u4e8b\u533b\u9662\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7597\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5b8f\u5927\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u4ee5\u6467\u6bc1\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u201c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4e0a\u53f0\u65f6\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u84dd\u56fe\u201d\u3002\u5979\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u5b9e\u65bd\u53d7\u5236\u4e8e\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6743\u5b9c\u4e4b\u8ba1\uff0c\u201c\u7a7f\u8fc7\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8ff7\u5bab\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d21918\u5e7411\u6708\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u2018\u5df4\u5df4\u7f57\u8428\u884c\u52a8\u2019\u3002\u8fd9\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u6216\u51b3\u5fc3\u7684\u52a8\u6447\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u65f6\u673a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u624d\u662f\u8981\u7d27\u7684\u201d\u3002\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fbe\u7ef4\u591a\u7ef4\u5947\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u4eab\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u6743\uff0c\u515a\u536b\u519b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7eb3\u7cb9\u673a\u6784\u90fd\u662f\u6267\u884c\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5fe0\u5b9e\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u515a\u536b\u519b\u662f\u201c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4f20\u8fbe\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6267\u884c\u5de5\u5177\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u62e5\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u5a01\u3001\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e95\u7136\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u5c42\u6ca1\u6709\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5206\u5de5\u3001\u5404\u7ea7\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u91cd\u53e0\u4ea4\u9519\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6548\u7387\u4f4e\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u201c\u6df7\u4e71\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bfc\u81f4\u53cd\u72b9\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u5373\u5174\u53d1\u6325\u548c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\u201d\u3002\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ade\u4e89\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u63aa\u65bd\u4e0d\u65ad\u5347\u7ea7\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7d2f\u79ef\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\u201d(Kumulativen Radikalisierung)\u3002\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8bb8\u591a\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u8a00\u8bba\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u662f\u717d\u52a8\u4e4c\u5408\u4e4b\u4f17\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u4fee\u8f9e\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9884\u5148\u5236\u8ba2\u7684\u706d\u7edd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u505a\u51fa\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\uff1b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c60\u6740\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6743\u5b9c\u4e4b\u8ba1\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u7531\u4e0b\u5c42\u5b98\u50da\u4e0d\u65ad\u9020\u6210\u7684\u201c\u6740\u622e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u3001\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u6218\u7ebf\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u524d\u671f\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5ba3\u4f20\u5171\u540c\u63a8\u52a8\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u6709\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u5e03\u7f57\u624e\u7279(Martin Broszat)\u3001\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u8499\u68ee(Hans Mommsen)\u3001\u4e4c\u7ef4\u00b7\u8fea\u7279\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u4e9a\u5f53(Uwe Dietrich Adam)\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u65bd\u52d2\u6069\u65af(Karl Schleunes)\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u89c6\u89d2\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5185\u90e8\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u6743\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u672c\u4eba\u3002\u5e03\u7f57\u624e\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u7531\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a\u3001\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u3001\u515a\u536b\u519b\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7b49\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u201c\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\u201d(Polykratie)\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u4f53\u4e0b\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u52bf\u529b\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e89\u6597\u4e0d\u4f11\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6743\u529b\u6da3\u6563\u3002\u201c\u7531\u4e8e\u51b2\u7a81\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6027\uff0c\u5143\u9996\u7684\u610f\u5fd7(\u5373\u4f7f\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u60f3\u6cd5)\u6700\u7ec8\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e0d\u534f\u8c03\u548c\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f71\u54cd\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6216\u90a3\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u80af\u5b9a\u65e0\u6cd5\u76d1\u7763\u5e76\u904f\u5236\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6743\u529b\u548c\u91ce\u5fc3\u3002\u201d\u5e03\u7f57\u624e\u7279\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u662f\u75311941\u5e74\u5e74\u5e95\u548c1942\u5e74\u5e74\u521d\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u6740\u622e\u884c\u52a8\u9010\u6e10\u5347\u7ea7\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5ba3\u4f20\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u4e1c\u7ebf\u6218\u573a\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5931\u5229\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u73b0\u5b9e\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e03\u7f57\u624e\u7279\u4e3b\u5f20\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e0d\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u8499\u68ee\u5728\u5e03\u7f57\u624e\u7279\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u8d70\u5f97\u66f4\u8fdc\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u201c\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u201d(weak dictator)\uff0c\u58f0\u79f0\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u201c\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u505a\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ed6\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u7ef4\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5a01\u671b\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u968f\u4ece\u6700\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u201d\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8499\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7edf\u6cbb\u5185\u90e8\u662f\u6df7\u4e71\u4e0d\u582a\u548c\u5145\u6ee1\u6597\u4e89\u7684\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u653f\u7b56\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e34\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6(\u5373\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2)\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u884c\u52a8\u5f88\u5c11\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u2018\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u95ee\u9898\u65b9\u6848\u2019\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u884c\u52a8\u2026\u2026\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6d77\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u5236\u5b9a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u6743\u624d\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u6218\u7565\u3002\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8499\u68ee\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ed6\u5728\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e2d\u662f\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\uff1a\u201c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4e3a\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6574\u4f53\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u56f4\u7ed5\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u662f\u5426\u6709\u706d\u7edd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3001\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6743\u529b\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u4ea4\u950b\u3002\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u4ee5\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d(Hitlerocentric)\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u56fe\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u548c\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u6765\u81ea\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u957f\u671f\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u800c\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u8d28\u7591\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u662f\u6709\u9884\u8c0b\u7684\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u662f\u5373\u5174\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u7684\u7b56\u5212\u3002\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u5173\u6ce8\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u628a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u201c\u7d2f\u79ef\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u591a\u5934\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u53cd\u72b9\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6218\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u60c5\u51b5\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ec5\u51ed\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u6216\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e3a\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u4e00\u590d\u6742\u547d\u9898\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e00\u76f4\u84c4\u8c0b\u5c60\u6740\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u4f1a\u57281933\u5e74\u81f31938\u5e74\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u91c7\u53d6\u9010\u6b65\u793e\u4f1a\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff1f1939\u5e74\u540e\u53c8\u4e3a\u4f55\u63d0\u51fa\u5c06\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u9a71\u9010\u5230\u6ce2\u5170\u4e1c\u90e8\u5c3c\u65af\u79d1\u6216\u9a6c\u8fbe\u52a0\u65af\u52a0\u7684\u201c\u9886\u571f\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d(territorial solution)\uff1f\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u4e3b\u5f20\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u201c\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u201d\u4e0d\u7b26\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u5c3c\u65af\u79d1\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u548c\u201c\u9a6c\u8fbe\u52a0\u65af\u52a0\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u7684\u786e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u9ad8\u5c42\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u6279\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u4e89\u8bba\u62d3\u5bbd\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5bf9\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7cbe\u82f1\u5728\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d3e\u522b\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u63a2\u8ba8\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u628a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u7f6a\u9b41\u7978\u9996\uff0c\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u5c06\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u88ab\u52a8\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u6216\u8005\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u65c1\u89c2\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u4e0d\u8d1f\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u628a\u7f6a\u8d23\u5168\u90e8\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7f6a\u72af\u201d\u548c\u201c\u666e\u901a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u201d\u533a\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4e3a\u201c\u666e\u901a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u201d\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u56de\u907f\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u7279\u6b8a\u80cc\u666f\u8fd9\u4e00\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/p7.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20230616\/1b23429bfb0d4e6d844afe581a23c7b9.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c\u300120\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e03\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u8303\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u4e89\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7cbe\u795e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e86\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u652f\u6491\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u6a21\u5f0f\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5de6\u6d3e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65b0\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u90fd\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u5426\u8ba4\u8001\u4e00\u8f88\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5373\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5076\u7136\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u6216\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u8df3\u51fa\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u4ee3\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u601d\u8003\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4f55\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u601d\u8003\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5e76\u4e0a\u53f0\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\uff1f\u5176\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u5916\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u3002\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6bd4\u52d2\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u5b66\u6d3e(Bielefeld school of social history)\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u6c49\u65af-\u4e4c\u5c14\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u97e6\u52d2(Hans-Ulrich Wehler)\u3001\u4e8e\u5c14\u6839\u00b7\u79d1\u5361(J\u00fcrgen Kocka)\u7b49\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u7578\u5f62\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u628a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u5f0f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d(Sonderweg)\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u66fe\u7ecf\u5f15\u4ee5\u4e3a\u50b2\u7684\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u4ee5\u97e6\u52d2\u548c\u79d1\u5361\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6d3e\u89c6\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u707e\u96be\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u97e6\u52d2\u7684\u300a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd(1871-1918)\u300b\u662f\u4ece\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u89e3\u91ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8d70\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u4e0d\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\uff1b\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u53ea\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\u6240\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u81ea19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u201c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u5728\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u5c31\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c01\u5efa\u6b8b\u4f59\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5efa\u7acb\u6781\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7279\u6b8a\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u9876\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6301\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u672a\u80fd\u8d70\u4e0a\u82f1\u6cd5\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u9053\u8def\u662f\u5176\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u62d2\u7edd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u9876\u70b9\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u7578\u5f62\u7684\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u53ca\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u571f\u58e4\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u8303\u5f0f\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u6cbf\u7740\u4e00\u6761\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u6761\u9053\u8def\u5904\u5904\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6c42\u519b\u4e8b\u5f3a\u6743\u4e0e\u6269\u5c55\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e00\u6b65\u6b65\u6ed1\u5411\u519b\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6b66\u529b\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u6df1\u6e0a\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6761\u7578\u5f62\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u94f8\u5c31\u4e86\u5965\u65af\u7ef4\u8f9b\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u524d\u53f2\u201d(the Pre-History of the Holocaust)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e94\u8be5\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u8303\u5f0f\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u5fb7\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u72b6\u51b5\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u9645\u5f62\u52bf\u548c\u4e8c\u6218\u6218\u5c40\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5236\u5b9a\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5176\u53c8\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u683c\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u628a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7f6a\u884c\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6c11\u65cf\u53ca\u5176\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u8303\u5f0f\u53d7\u5230\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u5176\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u6765\u81ea\u5de6\u7ffc\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc\u3002\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u5f3a\u8c03\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u53cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u5236\u9020\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u662f\u75c5\u6001\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u4e8b\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u8def\u5f84\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u75c5\u7406\u201d(Pathology of Modernity)\u3002\u5728\u53f3\u7ffc\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u53f2\u5b66\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u5426\u8ba4\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u8d8a\u8f68\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u671f\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u5347\u56e0\u957f\u671f\u80cc\u8d1f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u8d1f\u62c5\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u91cd\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u6301\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u628a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u201c\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u6216\u201c\u53cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u53d7\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u5b66\u8005\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ece\u53cd\u601d\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5f0a\u75c5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u601d\u7d22\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e3a\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8f6c\u800c\u4e3a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7279\u5f81\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6ed1\u5411\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u6b8b\u4f59\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u52a0\u901f\u5f15\u5165\u3002\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u5fb7\u7279\u52d2\u592b\u00b7\u4f69\u514b\u5c14\u7279(Detlev J. K. Peukert)\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u51ef\u6587\u00b7\u52d2\u666e(Kevin Repp)\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u88d4\u6ce2\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u9f50\u683c\u8499\u7279\u00b7\u9c8d\u66fc(Zygmunt Bauman)\u7b49\u3002\u4f69\u514b\u5c14\u7279\u53cd\u5bf9\u7528\u5fb7\u56fd\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u53cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u75c5\u6001\u548c\u9519\u4f4d\u201d\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u7ecf\u5178\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5371\u673a\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f69\u514b\u5c14\u7279\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u5177\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u201d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u201d\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u201c\u533b\u5b66\u5316\u201d\u4f7f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4f69\u514b\u5c14\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u2018\u6839\u9664\u2019\u6216\u2018\u6dd8\u6c70\u2019\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u8005\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u3001\u9ad8\u6280\u672f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u201d\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u201c\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u5408\u65f6\u5b9c\u7684\u91ce\u86ee\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u9762\u4e34\u5371\u673a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u540e\u679c\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u201c\u51c0\u5316\u201d\u79cd\u65cf\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6d88\u706d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u5bf9\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u6b8b\u969c\u8005\u3001\u201c\u8d8a\u8f68\u201d\u9752\u5e74\u3001\u5993\u5973\u3001\u6d41\u6d6a\u8005\u3001\u5409\u535c\u8d5b\u4eba\u548c\u540c\u6027\u604b\u8005\u7b49\u8fdb\u884c\u6d88\u6bd2\u6216\u5c60\u6740\u3002\u5728\u8fbe\u6210\u201c\u51c0\u5316\u201d\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u6027\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u662f\u5176\u6700\u5927\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u4f46\u7edd\u975e\u552f\u4e00\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u6700\u8457\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\u662f\u9f50\u683c\u8499\u7279\u00b7\u9c8d\u66fc\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u57281989\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u5e76\u8f70\u52a8\u4e00\u65f6\u7684\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u4e0e\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u3002\u9c8d\u66fc\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f3a\u8c03\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6027\u201d(Germanness)\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u8131\u7f6a\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec(\u5373\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba)\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u8d23\u5907\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5c31\u8d8a\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u634d\u536b\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b89\u5168\u6240\u8981\u505a\u7684\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002\u201d\u9c8d\u66fc\u5f3a\u8c03\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e0e\u4ee5\u5f80\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6740\u622e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6280\u672f\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u5e76\u975e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u53ca\u5176\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\u4f7f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u4e0d\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e16\u754c\u8ba9\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u8c61\u3002\u201d\u5728\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u57fa\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u63a2\u7a76\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u673a\u5236\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u9c8d\u66fc\u4e0a\u5347\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5185\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0b\u7684\u5408\u7406\u4ea7\u7269\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u201c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u4ee3\u7406\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u8bde\u751f\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\uff0c\u5904\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u6587\u660e\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u9636\u6bb5\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u5316\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u5dc5\u5cf0\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u660e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002\u6216\u8bb8\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u8ba1\u5212\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u6743\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u628a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u8005\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b98\u50da\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u5df2\u5177\u5907\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u79cd\u65cf\u653f\u7b56\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u5185\u5728\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u89e3\u91ca\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u88ab\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5386\u53f2\u8109\u7edc\u4e2d\u5265\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u660e\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u5de6\u7ffc\u5b66\u8005\u4ece\u53cd\u601d\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u6279\u8bc4\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u8303\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u57fa\u4e8e\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u53f2\u5b66\uff0c\u628a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u89c6\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4f17\u591a\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u8fdb\u516520\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u754c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8fc7\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u97ad\u7b1e\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u6279\u5224\u53f2\u5b66\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u5426\u8981\u201c\u6c38\u8fdc\u6d3b\u5728\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u9634\u5f71\u4e0b\u201d\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5c3c\u4f69\u4ee3(Thomas Nipperdey)\u5f3a\u8c03\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u62d2\u7edd\u628a1933\u5e74\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b64\u524d\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u62d0\u70b9\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u987e\u95ee\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u9ed8(Michael St\u00fcrmer)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5173\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u8d1f\u62c5\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u5f62\u6210\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u56fd\u5bb6\u81ea\u4fe1\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u9014\u5f84\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u4e8e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6b63\u9762\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u662f\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8bfa\u5c14\u7279(Ernst 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Kohl)\u51fa\u4efb\u8054\u90a6\u5fb7\u56fd\u603b\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u79d1\u5c14\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u63a8\u884c\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u8f6c\u6298\u201d(Geistig-Moralische Wende)\u4e3a\u7eb2\u9886\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ece\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5386\u53f2\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e3a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7ed3\u675f40\u5468\u5e74\uff0c1985\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u91cc\u6839\u548c\u897f\u5fb7\u603b\u7406\u8d6b\u5c14\u7a46\u7279\u00b7\u79d1\u5c14\u5728\u6bd4\u7279\u5821\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u8868\u5f70\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u6bd4\u7279\u5821\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u6218\u6b7b\u5c06\u58eb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u515a\u536b\u519b\uff0c\u8fd9\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u89c6\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5df2\u7ecf\u201c\u6b63\u5e38\u5316\u201d\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u628a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u76f8\u5bf9\u5316\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5f15\u8d77\u5de6\u7ffc\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d(Historikerstreit)\uff0c\u5176\u5bfc\u706b\u7d22\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5b66\u8005\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8bfa\u5c14\u72791986\u5e746\u6708\u5728\u300a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u6c47\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u4e0d\u613f\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u4e3a\u5176\u627f\u62c5\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5185\u759a\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e8e\u5c14\u6839\u00b7\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e0d\u80fd\u201c\u6b63\u5e38\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u7f9e\u803b\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\u7684\u6e90\u6cc9\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8bba\u6218\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u9635\u8425\u2014\u2014\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u548c\u5de6\u7ffc\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u56f4\u7ed5\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u53d1\u751f\u539f\u56e0\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002\u4ee5\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8bfa\u5c14\u7279\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u6de1\u5316\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8d77\u6e90\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u5a01\u80c1\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6b27\u7f8e\u5b66\u8005\u8c34\u8d23\u8bfa\u5c14\u7279\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002\u6301\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u6279\u8bc4\u9053\uff0c\u8bfa\u5c14\u7279\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5b8c\u5168\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1b\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u610f\u89c1\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u548c\u52a8\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u5fb7\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u5f62\u52bf\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u53cc\u65b9\u9635\u8425\u5206\u522b\u4ee3\u8868\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6c1b\u56f4\u8f6c\u53d8\u65f6\u7684\u201c\u53cd\u601d\u6d3e\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u52a1\u5b9e\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7eed\u627f\u62c5\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7f6a\u8d23\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u9762\u5411\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u5378\u4e0b\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f52\u7ed3\u8d77\u6765\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e03\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6b27\u7f8e\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u6709\u5173\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u5f15\u8d77\u5de6\u7ffc\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u66f4\u5bbd\u5e7f\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u6765\u601d\u7d22\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e3a\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u7279\u6b8a\u9053\u8def\u201d\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7cbe\u795e\u76f8\u6096\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7578\u5f62\u53d1\u5c55\u9053\u8def\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u628a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u800c\u91c7\u53d6\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u5b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src=\"https:\/\/p1.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20230616\/a6345673c47b4b69b827504632ae2475.jpeg\" 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List)\u4e0a\u6620\uff1b2000\u5e74\u300a\u65af\u5fb7\u54e5\u5c14\u6469\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u628a\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1b2005\u5e74\u67cf\u6797\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5efa\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u5ea7\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u88ab\u5bb3\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u3002\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u751a\u81f3\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c2005\u5e7411\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u7b2c60\u5c4a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u5927\u4f1a\u4e00\u81f4\u901a\u8fc7\u7531104\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u8d77\u7684\u7b2c60\/7\u53f7\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u5c06\u6bcf\u5e74\u76841\u670827\u65e5\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\u201d\u3002\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u548c21\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u72ec\u7279\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5316\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u53d7\u201c\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u53f2\u201d\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u8f6c\u5411\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6b27\u7f8e\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u7126\u70b9\u4ece\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7cbe\u82f1\u8f6c\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u5e95\u5c42\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u201c\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u201d\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u4eec\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5377\u5165\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u706d\u7edd\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u7387\u5148\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u7ebf\u8f6c\u5411\u201c\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u201d\u7684\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\u5b81(Christopher Browning)\u30021992\u5e74\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\u5728\u300a\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff1a101\u540e\u5907\u8b66\u5bdf\u8425\u4e0e\u6ce2\u5170\u5883\u5185\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5173\u6ce8\u4e86\u53c2\u4e0e\u8c0b\u6740\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u884c\u4e3a\u7684101\u540e\u5907\u8b66\u5bdf\u8425\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a\u6ca1\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u201c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u201d\u5728\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53ca\u5176\u5fc3\u6001\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u4e3a\u4f55\u53c2\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u65f6\uff0c\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\u63d0\u51fa\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4ece\u4f17\u5fc3\u7406\u3001\u6218\u65f6\u654c\u5bf9\u6c14\u6c1b\u3001\u6e34\u671b\u804c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u5f31\u70b9\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u9a71\u4f7f\u666e\u901a\u8b66\u5bdf\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u523d\u5b50\u624b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7528\u201c\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u201d\u8def\u5f84\u89e3\u91ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839(Daniel J. Goldhagen)\u3002\u4ed6\u57281996\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u884c\u5211\u8005\uff1a\u666e\u901a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u628a\u89c2\u5bdf\u8303\u56f4\u6269\u5927\u5230\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u4e2a\u9636\u5c42\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5168\u6c11\u96c6\u4f53\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u5145\u5f53\u4e86\u201c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u884c\u5211\u8005\u201d\u3002\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u8087\u4e8b\u8005\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u6d88\u706d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u662f\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u6467\u6bc1\u6b27\u6d32\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u666e\u904d\u81ea\u613f\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e3a\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u706d\u7edd\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d(eliminationist antisemitism)\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d2f\u7a7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6076\u6bd2\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u201c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u548c\u666e\u901a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u8feb\u5bb3\u4e0e\u706d\u7edd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u201d\u3002\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u706d\u7edd\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\uff0c\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u3002\u201c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u90fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u706d\u7edd\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u9003\u907f\u8fd9\u79cd\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5e78\u5b58\u8005\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u8bc1\u8bcd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\u662f\u660e\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u4f9b\u8bcd\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b8b\u5fcd\u884c\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u7684\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6240\u6709\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4e3b\u52a8\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u65bd\u66b4\u3002\u6740\u622e\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5949\u732e\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u70ed\u60c5\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u987a\u5229\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7a81\u7834\u4e86\u5c06\u201c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7f6a\u72af\u201d\u548c\u201c\u666e\u901a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u201d\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u5206\u66fe\u5728\u51b7\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u5fb7\u56fd\u878d\u5165\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u201c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5316\u201d\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u548c\u201c\u6b63\u5e38\u5316\u201d\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53d9\u4e8b\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u5de1\u8bb2\u548c\u7535\u89c6\u8fa9\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u5230\u56db\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u300a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u884c\u5211\u8005\u300b\u5356\u51fa\u4e8616\u4e07\u4f59\u518c\uff0c\u8fde\u7eed\u6570\u6708\u4f4d\u5c45\u5fb7\u56fd\u7545\u9500\u4e66\u699c\u9996\u3002\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b0\u4e89\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u201c\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u4e4b\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u5168\u4f53\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u662f\u6269\u5927\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u5927\u8fa9\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0e\u5148\u524d\u51e0\u6b21\u5927\u4e89\u8bba\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b64\u6b21\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u9635\u8425\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u666e\u904d\u5bf9\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u6301\u6279\u8bc4\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u57c3\u4f2f\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u96c5\u514b\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5fd7\u613f\u884c\u5211\u8005\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u672c\u6beb\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u201c\u70c2\u4e66\u201d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u5bf9\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u63d0\u51fa\u6700\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u662f\u97e6\u52d2\u548c\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\u3002\u97e6\u52d2\u867d\u7136\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u5173\u4e8e\u8087\u4e8b\u8005\u81ea\u613f\u5145\u5f53\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5e2e\u51f6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u6709\u5176\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u53cd\u5bf9\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u706d\u7edd\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7b49\u4e8e\u628a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5b9e\u9645\u72b6\u51b5\u76f8\u6df7\u6dc6\u3002\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\u867d\u7136\u8d5e\u540c\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u4e3b\u5f20\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u6c11\u4f17\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6208\u5fb7\u54c8\u6839\u5938\u5927\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u60c5\u7eea\u6700\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u662f\u4e1c\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u628a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u89c6\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u53d1\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functionalists)\u3002\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u6709\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4f0a\u6069\u00b7\u514b\u8096(Ian Kershaw)\u548c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5b66\u8005\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u9c81\u65af(Michael Marrus)\u7b49\u3002\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u5173\u4e8e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u84c4\u8c0b\u5c60\u6740\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u957f\u671f\u8ba1\u5212\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5438\u6536\u4e86\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u201c\u7d2f\u79ef\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u201c\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u5021\u8bae\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u5b98\u50da\u5c42\u9762\u53d1\u8d77\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8fce\u5408\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\u6839\u636e\u6863\u6848\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u8ba1\u5212\u597d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u72c2\u70ed\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u6743\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u548c\u6743\u529b\u6597\u4e89\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6001\u52bf\u5171\u540c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\u3002\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u201d\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u57281941\u5e747\u6708\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u660e\u786e\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u4f46\u7eb3\u7cb9\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u4ee5\u53ca\u524d\u7ebf\u6267\u884c\u8005\u5747\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u573a\u7279\u6b8a\u6218\u5f79\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u8c01\u3002\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ece1941\u5e74\u6625\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u52301942\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u51fa\u73b0\u57281941\u5e74\u7684\u4ef2\u590f\u548c\u521d\u79cb\uff0c\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u80dc\u5229\u559c\u60a6\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u522b\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u4f0a\u6069\u00b7\u514b\u8096\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89c6\u89d2\u5f15\u5165\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u4e3a\u5143\u9996\u6548\u529b\u201d(working towards the F\u00fchrer)\u6982\u5ff5\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e24\u5377\u672c\u300a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4f20\u300b\u5747\u4ee5\u6b64\u6982\u5ff5\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u514b\u8096\u8fd0\u7528\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u201c\u5361\u91cc\u65af\u739b\u6743\u5a01\u201d(charismatic authority\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bd1\u4f5c\u201c\u9b45\u529b\u578b\u6743\u5a01\u201d)\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e0e\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u613f\u610f\u5c06\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u89c6\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u975e\u51e1\u5929\u8d4b\u548c\u4f7f\u547d\u611f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u628a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4ece\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\u62ef\u6551\u51fa\u6765\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e4b\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3b\u5bfc\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u9b45\u529b\u578b\u6743\u5a01\u201d\u9f13\u52b1\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u4e3b\u52a8\u8df5\u884c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u9b45\u529b\u5b9e\u73b0\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5377\u5165\u8bb8\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1b\u4e00\u65e6\u4ed6\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u9760\u4e0b\u5c5e\u201c\u4e3a\u5143\u9996\u6548\u529b\u201d\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u514b\u8096\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u201c\u2018\u4e3a\u5143\u9996\u6548\u529b\u2019\u5e2e\u52a9\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u52bf\u4e0d\u53ef\u6321\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5373\u5143\u9996\u7684\u2018\u4f7f\u547d\u2019\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u76ee\u6807\u9010\u6e10\u4ee5\u5177\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u2018\u4e3a\u5143\u9996\u6548\u529b\u2019\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5b9e\u65bd\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u7acb\u6cd5\u884c\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u6309\u7167\u7b26\u5408\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u5374\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e3a\u6b64\u53d1\u53f7\u65bd\u4ee4\u3002\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u653f\u7b56\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6fc0\u8fdb\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u504f\u597d\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u53d8\u6210\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u653f\u7b56\u9009\u9879\u3002\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u975e\u5e38\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u7edf\u6cbb\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f4\u63a5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6b63\u89c4\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u7684\u89e3\u4f53\u548c\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u53c8\u4f7f\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0d\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55\u5236\u5ea6\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7edd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u3002\u201d\u514b\u8096\u8c03\u548c\u4e86\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u548c\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u5728\u5f3a\u8c03\u5143\u9996\u610f\u56fe\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u6ce8\u610f\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u548c\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u5316\u8d8b\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u533b\u7597\u53f2\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u53f2\u7b49\u8def\u5f84\u76f8\u63a5\u8f68\uff0c\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u5c31\u7814\u7a76\u7279\u5f81\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u548c\u533b\u7597\u53f2\u8def\u5f84\u53ef\u770b\u4f5c\u201c\u84c4\u8c0b\u6d3e\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5316\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u4ece\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7b49\u7eb3\u7cb9\u9ad8\u5c42\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5\u89e3\u8bfb\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e2a\u4f53\u5728\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1b\u60c5\u611f\u53f2\u8def\u5f84\u5219\u662f\u201c\u529f\u80fd\u6d3e\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u5316\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5c42\u9762\u63a2\u8ba8\u53cd\u72b9\u4ec7\u6068\u548c\u5ac9\u5992\u5982\u4f55\u5bfc\u81f4\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8def\u5f84\u4ece\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u548c\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u9886\u8896\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u91cd\u5927\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u548c\u5076\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5148\u9a71\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5b66\u8005\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u97e6\u7279(Robert G. L. Waite)\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u6001\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1a\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4f20\u300b\u548c\u300a\u607a\u6492\u548c\u5143\u9996\uff1a\u4eba\u683c\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u4e2d\u7740\u91cd\u5bf9\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e3a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u97e6\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e34\u754c\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u52a8\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6025\u4e8e\u5411\u4e16\u4eba\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u72b9\u592a\u8840\u7edf\u7684\u6c61\u67d3\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u53d1\u52a8\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5173\u6ce8\u5b58\u5728\u5173\u8054\u3002\u97e6\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8eab\u4e0a\u6c89\u91cd\u7684\u8d1f\u7f6a\u611f\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u5185\u5fc3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6298\u5c04\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5c06\u5fb7\u56fd\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u53cd\u590d\u63d0\u51fa\u8981\u628a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u75c5\u6bd2\u201d\u6e05\u9664\u51fa\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u808c\u4f53\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u5f17\u6d1b\u4ec0(Stephen Frosh)\u4ece\u53cd\u72b9\u618e\u6068\u51fa\u53d1\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u5c06\u6392\u65a5\u201c\u4ed6\u8005\u201d\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u800c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u6050\u60e7\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u9876\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u533b\u7597\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u52c3\u5174\uff0c\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u5176\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u533b\u5b66\u4e13\u5bb6\u6c49\u65af\u2500\u7ea6\u963f\u5e0c\u59c6\u00b7\u7ebd\u66fc\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u4ea8\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u57c3\u4f2f\u52d2\u7684\u300a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u662f\u75c5\u6001\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u4e00\u9879\u7ec8\u6781\u8bca\u65ad\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u5bf9\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u75c5\u7406\u8bca\u65ad\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u7ebd\u66fc\u548c\u57c3\u4f2f\u52d2\u643a\u624b\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u79c1\u4eba\u533b\u751f\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u83ab\u96f7\u5c14(Theodor Morell)\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u3001\u65e5\u8bb0\u3001\u533b\u5b66\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u76ee\u51fb\u8005\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u884c\u4e3a\u795e\u7ecf\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c64\u59c6\u00b7\u8d6b\u987f(Tom Hutton)\u5728\u5176\u65b0\u8457\u300a\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u75be\u75c5\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u884c\u4e3a\u795e\u7ecf\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5f53\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u4e34\u5e8a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u75be\u75c5\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002\u968f\u7740\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5065\u5eb7\u5e76\u53d1\u75c7\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u52a0\u53cd\u590d\u65e0\u5e38\u548c\u5371\u9669\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8fdb\u884c\u795e\u7ecf\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8d6b\u987f\u63a2\u7a76\u8fd9\u4f4d\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u75c5\u53f2\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u626d\u66f2\u4e86\u7578\u5f62\u7684\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u5e76\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u662f\u5426\u60a3\u6709\u6162\u6027\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u60a3\u6709\u6885\u6bd2\u7b49\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4f46\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90e8\u662f\u63a8\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4e34\u5e8a\u533b\u5b66\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u4ed6\u60a3\u6709\u6162\u6027\u80a0\u6613\u6fc0\u7efc\u5408\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u5e94\u6fc0\u671f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u80c3\u75c5\u800c\u52a0\u91cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80c3\u75c5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u7531\u8eab\u5fc3\u75be\u75c5\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\uff1b\u4ed6\u8fd8\u60a3\u6709\u5931\u7720\u75c7\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u538b\u529b\u6240\u81f4\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5e15\u91d1\u68ee\u75c5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u5de6\u81c2\u9707\u98a4\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u3002\u6218\u4e8b\u4e0d\u5229\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u7d27\u5f20\u548c\u538b\u529b\u4f7f\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5\u51fa\u73b0\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u533b\u751f\u7ed9\u4ed6\u670d\u7528\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u836f\u7269\u548c\u836f\u6c34\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u5eb7\u590d\u3002\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u7591\u75c5\u3001\u5bf9\u5bff\u547d\u77ed\u7684\u9884\u611f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u764c\u75c7(\u81f4\u5176\u6bcd\u4eb2\u6b7b\u4ea1)\u7684\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u4f4d\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u51b5\u6301\u7eed\u6076\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u5931\u8d25\u65f6\u4ee5\u81ea\u6740\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u7f6a\u6076\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u4ed6\u53d1\u52a8\u5bf9\u5916\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u957f\u671f\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u60c5\u611f\u53f2\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u6b27\u7f8e\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u524d\u6cbf\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u672f\u8d8b\u5411\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u53cd\u72b9\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u4ec7\u6068\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u56e0\u7d20\u5f80\u5f80\u8ff8\u53d1\u51fa\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u7834\u574f\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u660e\u786e\u9610\u8ff0\u60c5\u611f\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u53f2\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u683c\u8328\u00b7\u963f\u5229(G\u00f6tz 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