{"id":63261,"date":"2026-01-15T14:08:46","date_gmt":"2026-01-15T06:08:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=63261"},"modified":"2026-01-15T14:09:13","modified_gmt":"2026-01-15T06:09:13","slug":"%e9%9b%85%e6%96%af%e8%b4%9d%e5%b0%94%e6%96%af%e7%9a%84%e8%bd%b4%e5%bf%83%e6%97%b6%e4%bb%a3%e4%b8%8e%e6%ac%a7%e6%b4%b2%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e%e7%9a%84%e6%88%98%e5%90%8e%e9%87%8d%e5%bb%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=63261","title":{"rendered":"\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6765\u6e90:\u00a0\u300a\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u4e89\u9e23\u300b\u00a0 \u00a0 \u4f5c\u8005:\u00a0\u8463\u6210\u9f99<\/p>\n<p>\u6458 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src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/37d6aed3b4df95c8\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\uff08Karl Jaspers, 1883\uff5e1969\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\uff08Karl Jaspers\uff0c1883-1969\uff09\u4e0e\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c\uff08Mussolini\uff0c1883-1945\uff09\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u7ec8\u5176\u4e00\u751f\u4f34\u968f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u30021937\u5e74\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u88ab\u89e3\u804c\uff0c1946\u5e74\u624d\u91cd\u8fd4\u6821\u56ed\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u91cd\u5efa\u30021948\u5e74\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u8fdc\u8d70\u4ed6\u4e61\uff0c\u5b9a\u5c45\u5e76\u6267\u6559\u4e8e\u745e\u58eb\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\uff0c\u4f3d\u8fbe\u9ed8\u5c14\uff08Hans-Georg Gadamar\uff0c1900-2002\uff09\u63a5\u66ff\u4ed6\u5728\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6559\u6388\u804c\u4f4d\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5b66\u63d0\u793a\u8bfb\u8005\u8981\u8003\u5bdf\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u201c\u6548\u679c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u6587\u672c\u4e00\u7ecf\u95ee\u4e16\u5c31\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u638c\u63a7\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u610f\u56fe\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7edc\u7ece\u4e0d\u7edd\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u66fe\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e2d\u3001\u897f\u3001\u5370\u4e09\u5927\u6587\u660e\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d800-\u524d200\u5e74\u95f4\u5b9e\u73b0\u540c\u6b65\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5373\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff08Achsenzeit\uff09\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\u3001\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u4e13\u8457\u90fd\u5f88\u5c11\u63d0\u53ca\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u6548\u679c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u8bcd\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u9ad8\u9891\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6c49\u8bed\u5b66\u754c\uff0c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u7528\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\u7684\u8352\u8c2c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8d85\u4e4e\u4f5c\u8005\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u201c\u6548\u679c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u3002\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u88ab\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u671f\u201d\u6216\u201c\u67a2\u8f74\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u8bba\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u8f6c\u8f74\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0e\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd\u201d\uff08Achsenm\u00e4chte\uff09\u7684\u201c\u8f74\u201d\u76f8\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5927\u4e0d\u656c\u3002[1]\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u7ffb\u8bd1\u65f6\u505a\u6280\u672f\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd\u201d\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\uff08Achse\uff09\u8bcd\u6839\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u7814\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u80fd\u591f\u53d1\u73b0\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u547d\u610f\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ee5\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u6b27\u6d32\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff081946\uff09\u4e3a\u5173\u8282\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u300a\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\uff08Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte\uff0c1949\uff09\u548c\u300a\u5927\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b\uff08Die gro\u00dfen Philosophen\uff0c1959\uff09\u7b49\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u4f20\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\uff08Martin Heidegger\uff0c1889-1976\uff09\u3001\u963f\u4f26\u7279\uff08Hannah Arendt\uff0c1906-1975\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\uff0c\u5bf9\u7167\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u52a0\u4ee5\u8003\u5bdf\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/fe86404e5ec09f8c\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b<\/p>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><strong>01<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u6b27\u6d32\u91cd\u5efa\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af1946\u5e749\u6708\u53c2\u52a0\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u56fd\u9645\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u5e74\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u201c\u8bba\u6b27\u6d32\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\uff08Vom europ\u00e4ischen Geist\uff09\u3002\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5f53\u5c40\u6ee5\u7528\u201c\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\uff08Geist\uff09\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u81f4\u5176\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u9645\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c[2]\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u4e00\u5e74\u4e3e\u884c\u6709\u5173\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5c31\u663e\u5f97\u522b\u6709\u6df1\u610f\u4e86\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e78\u514d\u4e8e\u96be\u8005\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u80a9\u8d1f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u4ed6\u5e94\u5f53\u8017\u5c3d\u4ed6\u7684\u4f59\u751f\u3002\u201d[3]\u6b27\u6d32\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd9\u6b21\u6218\u540e\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u91cd\u5efa\u7cbe\u795e\u5bb6\u56ed\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u6307\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u662f\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e73\u884c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u6e90\u5934\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d800\u5e74\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d200\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u3002[4]<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u8c01\u90fd\u6ca1\u518d\u63d0\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4f5c\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u53d1\u8a00\u4e2d\u4e24\u6b21\u63d0\u53ca\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u4f46\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4ed6\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\u5c31\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u786e\u5207\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\uff0c\u60f3\u5fc5\u662f\u523b\u610f\u4e3a\u4e4b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8d24\u8fbe\u907f\u800c\u4e0d\u8c08\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8c\u6218\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u8feb\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u4fdd\u6301\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8feb\u5207\u8bc9\u6c42\u548c\u5e38\u8bc6\u662f\u8981\u201c\u53bb\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5316\u201d\uff08Entnazifizierung\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5143\u9996\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u88ab\u7eb3\u7cb9\u8d25\u574f\u4e86\u7684\u8bcd\u3002\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u540c\u4e8b\u90fd\u6298\u670d\u4e8e\u5f53\u5c40\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u5374\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6240\u52a8\uff0c\u201c\u5018\u82e5\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5728\u4e16\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u6388\u4e88\u4ed6\u8d1e\u56fa\u4e4b\u58eb\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\u201d\u3002[5]\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4f55\u53cd\u5012\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7ec8\u7ed3\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u672f\u8bed\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u8bed\u8bcd\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>1946\u5e749\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u81f4\u4fe1\u963f\u4f26\u7279\uff0c\u8868\u9732\u4e86\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u5bc4\u6258\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c06\u6b27\u6d32\u7cbe\u795e\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u7406\u667a\u7684\u4eba\u8003\u8651\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u3002\u201d[6]\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u6216\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u6d89\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u7f6a\u8d23\u5224\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u5171\u540c\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u6839\u4e0e\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u201d[7]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57281948\u5e74\u5b9a\u5c45\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u201c\u53c2\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ee3\u4efb\u52a1\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\u627e\u5230\u201c\u8fdb\u5165\u5c06\u6765\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e4b\u8def\u201d[8]\u30021947-1948\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u81f4\u4fe1\u963f\u4f26\u7279\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e24\u6b21\u90fd\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u4e09\u5927\u6587\u660e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5b66\u671f\u6211\u8fd8\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u2014\u2014\u6211\u60f3\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u4e86\u3002\u4e0b\u5b66\u671f,\u6211\u6253\u7b97\u8bb2\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5e0c\u814a\uff09\u3002\uff08\u5f15\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\uff09\u6709\u4e9b\u50b2\u6162\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d32\u5404\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6211\u4e50\u610f\u601d\u8003\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u6253\u7b97\u8ba9\u5b83\u5728\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e2d\u663e\u73b0\u3002[9]<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u6218\u7684\u201c\u4e34\u754c\u60c5\u5883\u201d\uff08Grenzsituationen\uff09\u8ba9\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u7531\u6218\u540e\u5fb7\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u8f6c\u5165\u53e4\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8981\u7ed5\u9053\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u505a\u597d\u6218\u540e\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u6587\u660e\u91cd\u5efa\u3002\u300a\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\u9891\u7e41\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u5212\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u666e\u7f57\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\u65f6\u4ee3\uff08\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u706b\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u53e4\u4ee3\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\uff08\u300a\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u662f\u660e\u786e\u8861\u91cf\u5404\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u201d\uff1b\uff084\uff09\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u8d2f\u7a7f\u8fd9\u56db\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6709\u8fc7\u201c\u4e24\u6b21\u547c\u5438\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u662f\u4ece\u666e\u7f57\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\u65f6\u4ee3\u5230\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u59cb\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u65b0\u666e\u7f57\u7c73\u4fee\u65af\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u6216\u201c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u3002[10]<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u56fe\u5f0f\u201d\u4e09\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u53f2\u524d\u65f6\u4ee3\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u3002\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c31\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u8c08\u8d77\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8c08\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u6216\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8c08\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e16\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u5728\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ea\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u53f2\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u3002\u65e0\u6cd5\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u5149\uff0c\u4e1c\u897f\u6587\u660e\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u4f46\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6765\u4e34\u5219\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7531\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u8fdb\u5165\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u6216\u201c\u666e\u904d\u5386\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u968f\u4e4b\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u56fe\u666f\u3002\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u5c06\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u548c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5207\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u6216\u6b27\u6d32\u6216\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u754c\u9650\u4e86\u3002\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u662f\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u540e\u679c\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u201d[11]\u4e00\u4e2a\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u56fe\u666f\u663e\u7136\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u4e16\u754c\u6027\u7684\u707e\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/f1b02f04b118b19c\" 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Weber\uff0c1868-1958\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5408\u7f16\u300a\u8f6c\u53d8\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\uff08Wandlung\uff09\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8003\u8651\u662f\u201c\u5728\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\uff0c\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u5df2\u906d\u6bc1\u706d\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u5c1a\u672a\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u3002[18]\u201c\u9762\u5bf9\u865a\u65e0\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u632f\u4f5c\u8d77\u6765\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8981\u91cd\u62fe\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u2014\u2014\u201c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u518d\u7136\u540e\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u3002[19]<\/p>\n<p>\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u7d27\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b89\u987f\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5c31\u662f\u5fb7\u6b27\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u5fb7\u56fd1871\u5e74\u7edf\u4e00\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u201d\uff08deutschen Europa\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u201d\uff08europ\u00e4ischen Deutschland\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002[20]\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u4ea7\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u6b63\u9762\u906d\u9047\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\uff09\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\uff1a\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e24\u5c42\u95ee\u9898\u8d2f\u7a7f\u4e00\u6218\u4e0e\u4e8c\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u8fd8\u6709\u53e4\u4eca\u4e4b\u53d8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u56de\u987e\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u62c9\u8fd1\u52301500\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff1a\u201c\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5c06\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u5176\u4ea4\u901a\u7f51\u4e4b\u4e2d\u201d\uff0c\u53c8\u8ffd\u5fc6\u201c\u767e\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u201d\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u4e1a\uff1a\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u8bc6\u7531\u5371\u673a\u610f\u8bc6\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5371\u673a\u610f\u8bc6\u81ea\u767e\u4f59\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\u5728\u7f13\u6162\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u800c\u5f25\u6f2b\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u201d\u4ece\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u660e\u5230\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u6545\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u6e38\u8d70\u5343\u5e74\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\u540e\u805a\u7126\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u5f80\u4e8b\uff08\u201c\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6bc1\u706d\u6216\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u76f4\u5230\u8fd1\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u624d\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u53cd\u601d\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa\u3002[21]<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/e65fd998b6ce58d9\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u4e0e\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c<\/p>\n<section>\n<section>\n<section><strong>03<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u5bf9\u6297\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd<\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5bfb\u6c42\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u89c2\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u9886\u609f\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u5728\u6574\u4f53\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u6f84\u6e05\u5f53\u4e0b\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u6240\u5728\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5f53\u4e0b\u5904\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f53\u4e0b\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u72ed\u9698\u89c6\u57df\u4e2d\u5815\u843d\u4e3a\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u5f53\u4e0b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u4f1a\u4e27\u5931\u5176\u6df1\u610f\u3002\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u501f\u52a9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u63d0\u5347\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u3002[22]<\/p>\n<p>\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u6709\u5173\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u601d\u8003\u548c\u5bf9\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd0\u7528\u5b83\u6765\u63a2\u7d22\u54f2\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u201d\u3002[23]\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4ed6\u7814\u8ba8\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u5199\u4e00\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u6216\u666e\u4e16\u53f2\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5199\u4e00\u90e8\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u7814\u8ba8\u201c\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u5373\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u201d\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u8981\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u505a\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u5173\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u5904\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002\u300a\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\u5206\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u201c\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4ed6\u6709\u5173\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u8ba8\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f53\u4e0b\u548c\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u8ffd\u95ee\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u80fd\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u6765\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u3002[24]<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u6240\u6307\uff08\u56db\u4f4d\u201c\u601d\u60f3\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u521b\u9020\u8005\u201d\uff1a\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u4f5b\u9640\u3001\u5b54\u5b50\u3001\u8036\u7a23\uff09\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u5927\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u56db\u4f4d\u5173\u5fc3\u4e00\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a2\u8ba8\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u9003\u8131\u82e6\u96be\u4e0e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002[25]\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u707e\u96be\u5c31\u5728\u773c\u524d\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5230\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8c0b\u58eb\u548c\u5bfc\u5e08\u201d\u3002[26]\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u4e3e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5b54\u5b50\uff08\u536b\u56fd\uff09\u548c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff08\u53d9\u62c9\u53e4\uff09\u3002\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c1934\u5e74\uff0c\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5378\u4efb\u4ec5\u6267\u638c\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u5f17\u83b1\u5821\u6821\u957f\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u6559\u5e2d\uff0c\u540c\u4e8b\u95ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u541b\u4ece\u53d9\u62c9\u53e4\u6765\uff1f\u201d\u4ece\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\u4e2d\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u5f81\u5f15\u4e86\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff08Hegel\uff0c1770-1831\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u539f\u6587\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u67a2\u7ebd\uff08Angel\uff09\u65cb\u8f6c\u3002\u201d[27]\u6709\u8bba\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u201c\u67a2\u7ebd\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u4f5c\u6df1\u7a76\u3002[28]\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u53ef\u80fd\u8bb0\u9519\u4e86\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8bb0\u9519\u539f\u6587\u5374\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5c31\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\u8bb0\u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src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/8d2c13b63bde4eb3\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5b54\u5b50\u5468\u6e38\u5217\u56fd<\/p>\n<section><strong>04<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u5bf9\u6297\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd<\/strong><\/section>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u4e0d\u53ea\u8981\u6e05\u7406\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u66f4\u6307\u5411\u5f53\u4e0b\u548c\u672a\u6765\u3002\u5728\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u4ecd\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u771f\u6b63\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u56fe\u666f\u624d\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u201d\uff1a\u201c\u672a\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5426\u662f\u660e\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u82e6\u96be\u3001\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6050\u6016\u7684\u6df1\u6e0a\u624d\u80fd\u901a\u5f80\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u201d[33]\u5f80\u8005\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c0f\uff0c\u6765\u8005\u72b9\u53ef\u8ffd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5fb7\u610f\u65e5\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u8f6c\u52a8\u6b27\u6d32\u4e43\u81f3\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u5b83\u7684\u57fa\u70b9\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u8d70\u5411\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5373\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u529b\u91cf\u5f81\u670d\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5c06\u4e16\u754c\u6b27\u6d32\u5316\u201d[34]\uff0c\u800c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u5fc3\u5fc3\u5ff5\u5ff5\u7684\u5219\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u56fe\u666f\u662f\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\uff08Weltimperium\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5784\u65ad\u66b4\u529b\u800c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\uff1b\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u5219\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\uff08Weltordnung\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u6297\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u56fe\u666f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u9664\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u534f\u5546\u5171\u540c\u51b3\u5b9a\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7edf\u4e00\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5f3a\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08Weltstaat\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u534f\u5546\u548c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u91cd\u5efa\u3001\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u201d\u3002[35]<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u897f\u5c14\uff08Ernst 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src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/3aa75f2da8516856\" 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States\uff09\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u534f\u548c\u4e07\u90a6\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u201d\u4e4b\u4e49\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u5e1d\u56fd\u66b4\u529b\u800c\u72ec\u88c1\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u5e73\u800c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u72ec\u88c1\u7684\u5904\u5883\u5462\uff1f\u201c\u4e00\u65e6\u8fbe\u6210\u72ec\u88c1\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u5185\u90e8\u5e9f\u6b62\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u4ece\u5185\u90e8\u53cd\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u5c06\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u65e6\u201c\u5168\u90e8\u9677\u5165\u4e16\u754c\u72ec\u88c1\u201d\uff0c[42]\u90a3\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u751f\u547d\u4f53\u9a8c\u662f\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u592b\u5987\u5373\u5c06\u57281945\u5e74\u88ab\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5904\u51b3\uff0c\u5728\u7b49\u5f85\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u6700\u540e\u90a3\u51e0\u5929\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u4ece\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u6743\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8981\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u63a8\u52a8\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u6539\u5236\uff0c\u5916\u90e8\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u65e2\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53e4\u4eca\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u624d\u6709\u4e0a\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5fb7\u6b27\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e4b\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u6545\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u601d\u8003\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=1655831598,1918016380&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=550&amp;h=428\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Flag raising on Iwo Jima&#8221;<\/p>\n<section><strong>05<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u610f\u5fd7<\/strong><\/section>\n<p>\u5c31\u4efb\u5f17\u83b1\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u8e0c\u8e87\u6ee1\u5fd7\u7684\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u4e8e1933\u5e744\u67083\u65e5\u81f4\u4fe1\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\uff0c\u8bf4\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u51c6\u5907\u4e86\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6267\u884c\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5e2e\u52a9\u5b83\u83b7\u5f97\u53d1\u8a00\u6743\u3002\u201d[43]\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7684\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4e3b\u5f20\u300b\uff081933\u5e745\u670827\u65e5\uff09\u5927\u8c08\u201c\u547d\u8fd0\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u5e08\u751f\u8981\u201c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u547d\u8fd0\u6781\u5ea6\u8270\u96be\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u627f\u8d1f\u5b83\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u8ffd\u6c42\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7cbe\u795e\u4f7f\u547d\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\uff1b\u800c\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u4eec\u81ea\u8eab\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u662f\u88ab\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u201d\uff0c[44]\u7eb3\u7cb9\u4fe1\u6761\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u201c\u9886\u8896\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff08F\u00fchrerprinzip\uff09\uff1b\u8fd9\u4f4d\u54f2\u4eba\u663e\u7136\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u50cf\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Thomas Hobbes\uff0c1588-1679\uff09\u7528\u300a\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u300b\u9a6f\u5316\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u9886\u8896\u201d\uff08F\u00fchrer f\u00fchren\uff09\u3002[45]<\/p>\n<p>1933\u5e74\u7684\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u540c\u6837\u5173\u5fc3\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u60f3\u91cd\u5efa\u5927\u5b66\u3002[46]1967\u5e74\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u76d6\u68fa\u5b9a\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u610f\u5fd7\u300b\uff08Schicksal und Wille\uff09\uff0c\u4ecd\u662f\u5728\u547c\u5e94\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u5371\u673a\u65f6\u523b\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u8003\u521d\u8877\u3002\u4ece1946\u5e74\u91cd\u5efa\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u201d\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u91cd\u5efa\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u52301967\u5e74\u91cd\u5efa\u201c\u547d\u8fd0\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u7740\u773c\u70b9\u90fd\u662f\u6218\u540e\u91cd\u5efa\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u5176\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0e\u6218\u65f6\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7528\u8bed\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u624d\u66f4\u51f8\u663e\u51fa\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u58a8\u7d22\u91cc\u5c3c\u8981\u91cd\u5efa\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u4e5f\u8981\u91cd\u5efa\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8981\u5f00\u62d3\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u662f\u201c\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u5171\u540c\u547d\u8fd0\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u7531\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u4e00\u5df2\u5982\u6b64\u786e\u51ff\u65e0\u7591\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\u4eba\u6c11\u9762\u524d\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e00\u6837\u201d\u3002[47]<\/p>\n<p>\u65e2\u7136\u8981\u4e16\u754c\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u7b14\u4e0b\u90a3\u79cd\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\uff1f\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ee3\u7a81\u7834\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u662f\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5219\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\uff1b\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u62c5\u7eb2\u8005\u5219\u662f\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\uff08Achsenv\u00f6lker\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u201c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u5171\u540c\u8d77\u6e90\u201d\u3002\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u5251\u8d70\u504f\u950b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u4ee5\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u626d\u8f6c\u88ab\u7eb3\u7cb9\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u548c\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002[48]<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/16bd6850c3b6a44f\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u5df4\u585e\u5c14\u548c\u7ea6\uff081795\u5e74\uff09\u662f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u64b0\u5199\u300a\u8bba\u6c38\u4e45\u548c\u5e73\u300b\u7684\u5916\u754c\u8bf1\u56e0\u3002\u201d[49]\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e5f\u8feb\u4f7f\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u601d\u8003\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6c38\u4e45\u548c\u5e73\uff08pax 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Weber\uff0c1864-1920\uff09\u53cd\u601d\u4e00\u6218\uff0c\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u5374\u89c9\u5f97\u4ed6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u590d\u5174\u65b9\u6848\u6697\u85cf\u6740\u673a\uff0c[53]\u4e0d\u77e5\u5979\u8bfb\u5230\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u300a\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u300b\u540e\u53c8\u4f5c\u4f55\u611f\u60f3\uff1f<\/p>\n<section><strong>06<\/strong><\/section>\n<section><strong>\u4f59\u7eea<\/strong><\/section>\n<p>\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u6df1\u5165\u8150\u8d25\u7684\u5fb7\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u620f\u4eff\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u8c13\u4e0d\u5165\u864e\u7a74\uff0c\u7109\u5f97\u864e\u5b50\u3002\u65f6\u4eba\u5374\u9000\u907f\u4e09\u820d\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\u3002\u6570\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u300a\u5927\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u8bb2\u4eba\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u590d\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ea6\u8db3\u89c1\u5176\u547d\u540d\u5b9e\u4e43\u7279\u5b9a\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u6743\u5b9c\u4e4b\u8ba1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f81\u5f15\u5386\u53f2\u8d44\u6e90\u670d\u52a1\u73b0\u5b9e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6218\u540e\u5fb7\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u5b66\u5bb6\u83ab\u7c73\u5229\u4e9a\u8bfa\uff08Arnaldo Momigliano\uff0c1908-1987\uff09\u5c06\u5854\u897f\u4f57\uff08Tacitus\uff0c55-120\uff09\u7684\u300a\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5fd7\u300b\uff08Germania\uff09\u89c6\u4f5c\u90aa\u6076\u4e66\u5355\u699c\u9996\u3002[54]\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5426\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u91cd\u8c08\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8981\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u91cd\u542f\u65b0\u5f81\u7a0b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u547d\u540d\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u5386\u53f2\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u8003\u8651\uff1b\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u4ea7\u751f\u540e\uff0c\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u5404\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u4f01\u56fe\u3002\u827e\u68ee\u65af\u5854\u5fb7\uff08S. N. 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