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1946\u5e748\u670816\u65e5\u51fa\u5ead\u7684\u6ea5\u4eea\uff0c\u662f\u4e1c\u4eac\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u540d\u51fa\u5ead\u8bc1\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bc1\u4eba\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6ea5\u4eea\u539f\u672c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u68c0\u65b9\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u540d\u5355\u4e4b\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n

8\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u8fbe\u897f\uff08John A. Darsey\uff09\u5f53\u5ead\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u9664\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u540d\u8bc1\u4eba\u5c1a\u672a\u51fa\u5ead\u5916\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5df2\u6089\u6570\u5b8c\u7ed3\u3002\u8fd9\u540d\u8bc1\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u6ea5\u4eea\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6c11\u56fd\u77e5\u540d\u62a5\u4eba\u3001\u524d\u300a\u5bc6\u52d2\u6c0f\u8bc4\u8bba\u62a5\u300b\uff08China Weekly Review\uff09\u8001\u677f\u517c\u8bb0\u8005\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u9c8d\u5a01\u5c14\uff08John B. Powell\uff09\u30028\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u9c8d\u5a01\u5c14\u5f53\u5ead\u8bb2\u8ff0\u5b8c\u4ed6\u4e2a\u4eba\u5173\u4e8e\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u4e8b\u53d8\u53ca\u5173\u4e1c\u519b\u8fc5\u901f\u5360\u9886\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u7684\u89c1\u95fb\u4e4b\u540e\u9000\u5e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u9ea6\u80af\u9f50\uff08Walter I. McKenzie\uff09\u548c\u83ab\u7f57\uff08Thomas H. Morrow\uff09\u518d\u5ea6\u5411\u6cd5\u5ead\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u5c31\u6b64\u544a\u7ec8\u3002\u4e09\u540d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u7684\u53e3\u5f84\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u8fbe\u897f\u8fd8\u662f\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u603b\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5ba3\u5e03\u68c0\u65b9\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u5168\u90e8\u4e3e\u8bc1\uff0c\u8db3\u89c1\u68c0\u65b9\u7684\u539f\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6ea5\u4eea\u8fd9\u540d\u8bc1\u4eba\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u8ddd\u6ea5\u4eea\u51fa\u5ead\u4ec510\u5929\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u4e8b\u51fa\u4e4b\u7a81\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u4e8e\u6ea5\u4eea\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u65e9\u5728\u7740\u624b\u51c6\u5907\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u8d77\u8bc9\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u5c31\u66fe\u840c\u751f\u63d0\u8bf7\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8bc1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u30021946\u5e742\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u966a\u5e2d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u7387\u9886\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e1c\u4eac\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u52a9\u624b\u88d8\u52ad\u6052\u82b1\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5348\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\u517c\u9996\u5e2d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u5b63\u5357\uff08Joseph B. Keenan\uff09\u7684\u52a9\u624b\u83ab\u7f57\u5546\u8c08\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u83ab\u7f57\u5728\u7ed9\u5b63\u5357\u7684\u6c47\u62a5\u4e2d\u63d0\u8bae\u79fb\u9001\u9648\u516c\u535a\u3001\u6ea5\u4eea\u3001\u6cf0\u56fd\u56fd\u738b\u62c9\u739b\u516b\u4e16\uff08Rama \u2167\uff09\u548c\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u5080\u5121\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u52b3\u5a01\u5c14\uff08Jos\u00e9 Paciano Laurel\uff09\u7b49\u9644\u9006\u9b41\u9996\u524d\u6765\u4e1c\u4eac\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9648\u516c\u535a\u548c\u6ea5\u4eea\u5e94\u51fa\u81ea\u5411\u3001\u88d8\u4e24\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7ed9\u5b63\u5357\u7684\u8fd9\u9879\u63d0\u8bae\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0b\u6587\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u6863\u6848\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u83ab\u7f57\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a8\u52a8\u6b64\u4e8b\u7684\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u4e0b\u8bbe\u7684\u4eba\u8bc1\u4e0e\u4e66\u8bc1\u5206\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e2d\u540c\u6837\u672a\u89c1\u68c0\u65b9\u5bfb\u8bbf\u6ea5\u4eea\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u540e\u76f4\u52301946\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u624d\u91cd\u56de\u68c0\u65b9\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u30027\u6708\u4e0a\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u5c06\u9644\u6709\u6ea5\u4eea\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5bc4\u7ed9\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u5b63\u5357\u6b63\u597d\u6709\u4e8b\u8fd4\u56de\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\uff08Carlisle W. Higgins\uff09\u4ee3\u7406\u5c40\u957f\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\u5728\u7ec6\u8bfb\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u540e\uff0c\u53ec\u96c6\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u5546\u8bae\uff0c\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u4eec\u4ece\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\u7684\u8f6c\u8ff0\u4e2d\u83b7\u77e5\u6ea5\u4eea\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ea4\u4ee3\u4e86\u4ed6\u6240\u4eb2\u5386\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u8fdc\u4e1c\u56fd\u9645\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u5ba1\u522427\u540d\u9996\u8981\u6218\u72af\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u662f\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\u7ed3\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u6b64\u4e3e\u7684\u8e4a\u8df7\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u524d\u8ff0\u8fbe\u897f\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u63d0\u53ca\u79fb\u9001\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e4b\u4e8b\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u82cf\u65b9\u6b63\u5c06\u6ea5\u4eea\u79fb\u4ea4\u7ed9\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u957f\u5b98\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5df2\u5904\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u76d1\u7981\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u53d7\u6b64\u8bef\u5bfc\uff0c\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\u4e8e7\u670812\u65e5\u81f4\u51fd\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u65e5\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u56e2\u957f\u6731\u4e16\u660e\uff0c\u8bf7\u4ed6\u5411\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5448\u8bf7\u5c06\u6ea5\u4eea\u4ece\u4e1c\u5317\u79fb\u9001\u8fdc\u4e1c\u56fd\u9645\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e14\u52a1\u5fc5\u4e8e7\u670820\u65e5\u524d\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e1c\u4eac\u3002\u6536\u5230\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\u7684\u6765\u51fd\u540e\uff0c\u6731\u4e16\u660e\u65cb\u5373\u8be2\u95ee\u5357\u4eac\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u5904\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u76d1\u7981\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf7\u793a\u80fd\u5426\u5c06\u6ea5\u4eea\u79fb\u9001\u4e1c\u4eac\u4f5c\u8bc1\u30027\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u8c03\u67e5\u5904\u4e3b\u4efb\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6469\u6839\uff08Roy L. Morgan\uff09\u4e5f\u8bf7\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u5c31\u6ea5\u4eea\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4e0b\u843d\u8be2\u95ee\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf7\u6c42\u5c3d\u65e9\u5c06\u6ea5\u4eea\u79fb\u4ea4\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u6469\u6839\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u7ecf\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u65e5\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u518d\u5ea6\u5411\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u53d1\u51fd\u8be2\u95ee\u30027\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u6731\u4e16\u660e\u5c06\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u7b54\u590d\u8f6c\u544a\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\u3002\u68c0\u65b9\u6536\u5230\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u51fd\u540e\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u786e\u8bc1\u4e86\u5728\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u63d0\u8bae\u79fb\u9001\u9648\u516c\u535a\u548c\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e3a\u68c0\u65b9\u4f5c\u8bc1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u81f3\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u6765\u51fd\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u53731946\u5e742\u6708\u81f37\u6708\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u59cb\u7ec8\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u8bf7\u6ea5\u4eea\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bc1\u4eba\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n

\u524d\u8ff0\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u5bc4\u7ed9\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u7684\u6ea5\u4eea\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\uff0c\u662f1946\u5e746\u6708\u82cf\u519b\u5728\u6ea5\u4eea\u7684\u5173\u62bc\u5730\u4f2f\u529b\uff08\u4fc4\u79f0\u201c\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u201d\uff09\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u8baf\u95ee\u8bb0\u5f55\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u4f2f\u529b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u201d\uff09\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4efd\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c6\u670812\u65e5\u81f315\u65e5\uff0c\u5e93\u5fb7\u91cc\u4e9a\u592b\u91c7\u592b\uff08M. M. Kudriavtsev\uff09\u4e0a\u6821\u81ea\u79f0\u4ee3\u8868\u5728\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\uff0c\u7528\u56db\u4e2a\u4e0b\u5348\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u8fdb\u884c\u8baf\u95ee\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u7528\u4e0e\u8fdc\u4e1c\u56fd\u9645\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5ba3\u8a93\u548c\u7b7e\u5b57\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f2f\u529b\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u53d6\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\u8017\u65f6\u9887\u957f\uff0c\u636e\u540c\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u5728\u4f2f\u529b\u7684\u524d\u6e05\u7687\u65cf\u6bd3\u77bb\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u516d\u5e74\u6625\u590f\u4e4b\u4ea4\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5185\u52a1\u5c40\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u4f2a\u6ee1\u5927\u81e3\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u4f20\u8baf\uff0c\u95ee\u65e5\u672c\u5173\u4e1c\u519b\u600e\u6837\u63a7\u5236\u4f2a\u6ee1\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e5f\u95ee\u5230\u6ea5\u4eea\u600e\u6837\u7531\u5929\u6d25\u5230\u4e1c\u5317\u6765\u5f53\u7687\u5e1d\u3002\u6ea5\u4eea\u5148\u662f\u5728\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u5199\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u6bcf\u5929\u5230\u5e02\u5185\u5185\u52a1\u5c40\u5927\u697c\u53bb\u5199\u3002\u603b\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u662f\u4e2a\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u4e0a\u6821\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\u80fd\u8bf4\u4e2d\u3001\u65e5\u4e24\u56fd\u8bdd\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u7684\u4f20\u8baf\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u624d\u660e\u767d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u6ea5\u4eea\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u53bb\u51fa\u5e2d\u56fd\u9645\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4f5c\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u4e24\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u7684\u4f20\u8baf\u201d\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u4f2f\u529b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u7684\u7b14\u5f55\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u53bb\u4e0d\u8fdc\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6bb5\u56de\u5fc6\u6587\u5b57\u662f\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u3002\u636e\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u4f2f\u529b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u6240\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u8baf\u95ee\u53ea\u662f\u82cf\u65b9\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u53d6\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u82cf\u65b9\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u4f20\u8baf\u6301\u7eed\u52308\u6708\u3002\u5bf9\u7167\u4e1c\u4eac\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a4\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u82cf\u8054\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e1c\u4eac\uff0c\u662f11\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u4e2d\u6295\u5165\u5de5\u4f5c\u6700\u665a\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\uff1b\u6574\u4e2a5\u6708\u7684\u5ead\u5ba1\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u5728\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fa9\u62a4\u5f8b\u5e08\u9488\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5ead\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u800c\u5c55\u5f00\uff1b6\u6708\u6cd5\u5ead\u8fdb\u5165\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u6218\u4e89\u7f6a\u884c\u5ba1\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4f2f\u529b\u65b9\u9762\u53d7\u82cf\u8054\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u4e4b\u6258\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u5c55\u5f00\u8baf\u95ee\uff1b7\u6708\u4e2d\u4e0b\u65ec\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u8fc7\u534a\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u82cf\u65b9\u5bc4\u9001\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f2f\u529b\u82cf\u519b\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u7684\u8baf\u95ee\u548c\u53d6\u8bc1\uff0c\u662f\u8eab\u5728\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u82cf\u65b9\u5728\u4e8b\u5173\u6ea5\u4eea\u884c\u6b62\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u53c8\u683c\u5916\u8c28\u614e\u3002\u636e\u4e00\u540c\u5173\u62bc\u5728\u4f2f\u529b\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u7684\u4e07\u5609\u7199\u548c\u6ea5\u6770\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u665a\u81f38\u6708\u6ea5\u4eea\u79bb\u5f00\u4f2f\u529b\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u548c\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u91cc\u5176\u4ed6\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u8005\u4eec\u90fd\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6b64\u884c\u662f\u8981\u4e3a\u4e1c\u4eac\u6cd5\u5ead\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u82cf\u65b9\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u901a\u6653\u6c49\u3001\u65e5\u8bed\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u519b\u5b98\u522b\u5c14\u9762\u9614\u592b\uff08E. A. Paemaiakov\uff09\u4e00\u4eba\u968f\u884c\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u6863\u6848\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u5373\u5c06\u53bb\u4e1c\u4eac\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u82cf\u65b9\u57288\u6708\u524d\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u79fb\u9001\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e1c\u4eac\u4f5c\u8bc1\u7684\u6253\u7b97\u3002\u66f4\u8010\u4eba\u5bfb\u5473\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u966a\u5e2d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u6208\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\uff08Sergei A. Golunsky\uff09\u5728\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u8a00\u884c\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\u3001\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u7b49\u4eba\u5fd9\u4e8e\u786e\u8ba4\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e0b\u843d\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u5185\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u8f6c\u4ee4\u5c06\u6ea5\u4eea\u79fb\u4ea4\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u4e1c\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u53ef\u5411\u897f\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u5c40\u63a5\u6d3d\u5f15\u6e21\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u5b9e\u4e4b\u8a00\u30027\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u66fe\u544a\u77e5\u7f8e\u56fd\u5408\u4f17\u793e\u8bb0\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u76ee\u524d\u65e0\u4ece\u6253\u63a2\u5230\u6ea5\u4eea\u7684\u4e0b\u843d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6208\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u4e5f\u81ea\u79f0\u4e0d\u77e5\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e0b\u843d\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u82cf\u65b9\u201c\u4e0d\u62df\u5229\u7528\u6ea5\u4eea\u5728\u4e8b\u5173\u4ed6\u4eec\uff08\u6307\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u82cf\u8054\u7f6a\u884c\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u8005\u6ce8\uff09\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u5ba1\u7406\u4e2d\u6307\u8bc1\u65e5\u672c\u524d\u9996\u76f8\u4e1c\u6761\u82f1\u673a\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u88ab\u544a\u201d\u3002\u5bf9\u7167\u5e93\u5fb7\u91cc\u4e9a\u592b\u91c7\u592b\u5728\u4f2f\u529b\u7684\u81ea\u8ff0\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u6208\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u771f\u8bdd\u3002\u82cf\u65b9\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u4f2f\u529b\u548c\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u906e\u63a9\u95ea\u8eb2\u7684\u8a00\u884c\uff0c\u7a76\u5176\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u5e94\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u82cf\u8054\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u53bb\u4e1c\u4eac\u4f5c\u8bc1\u7684\u987e\u8651\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u8bc1\u636e\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u76df\u56fd\u68c0\u63a7\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u6218\u4e89\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u907f\u514d\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6ea5\u4eea\u8131\u79bb\u5df1\u65b9\u638c\u63a7\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u6027\u662f\u5b83\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u516c\u7406\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u5de6\u53f3\u6447\u6446\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ed9\u51fa\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e0d\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u660e\u786e\u7b54\u590d\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u4fbf\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u4f9d\u7136\u8eab\u5904\u82cf\u8054\u3002\u5b63\u5357\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd4\u56de\u4e1c\u4eac\u540e\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6208\u4f26\u65af\u57fa\u6566\u8bf7\u672c\u56fd\u5c3d\u5feb\u79fb\u4ea4\u6ea5\u4eea\u8d74\u4e1c\u4eac\u6cd5\u5ead\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u7b54\u5e94\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5408\u4f17\u793e\u5ba3\u79f0\u201c\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\u5b63\u5357\u4e4b\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u6545\u82cf\u65b9\u7ec8\u4e8e\u540c\u610f\u5c06\u6ea5\u4eea\u4ea4\u51fa\u4f5c\u8bc1\u201d\uff0c\u867d\u6709\u6ea2\u7f8e\u4e4b\u5acc\uff0c\u5374\u4e5f\u5927\u4f53\u5c5e\u5b9e\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4f4d\u9887\u906d\u975e\u8bae\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u82cf\u8054\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u539f\u5148\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e8\u67083\u65e5\u8f6c\u6258\u9a7b\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u5fb7\u62c9\u626c\u79d1\uff08Kuzma N. Derevyanko\uff09\u8054\u7cfb\u9a7b\u65e5\u76df\u519b\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u4ee4\u5b98\u7684\u53c2\u8c0b\u957f\u3001\u7f8e\u519b\u9646\u519b\u5c11\u5c06\u7a46\u52d2\uff08Paul J. Mueller\uff09\uff0c\u8bf7\u9a7b\u65e5\u76df\u519b\u603b\u90e8\u6279\u51c6\u6ea5\u4eea\u548c\u966a\u540c\u7684\u82cf\u519b\u519b\u5b98\u53ca\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6240\u4e58\u5750\u7684\u98de\u673a\u8fdb\u5165\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u5e76\u5141\u8bb8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u968f\u884c\u4eba\u5458\u4e00\u540c\u51fa\u5e2d\u5ead\u5ba1\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u5c06\u5728\u4f5c\u8bc1\u5b8c\u6bd5\u540e\u5373\u523b\u8fd4\u56de\u6d77\u53c2\u5d34\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d88\u606f\u7531\u9a7b\u65e5\u76df\u519b\u603b\u90e8\u8f6c\u8fbe\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u8fd9\u624d\u6700\u7ec8\u786e\u8ba4\u6ea5\u4eea\u5c06\u6765\u4e1c\u4eac\u4f5c\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

8\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u5b63\u5357\u4e13\u95e8\u5c31\u6b64\u4e8b\u7ed9\u9ea6\u514b\u963f\u745f\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u5907\u5fd8\u5f55\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u82cf\u8054\u4eba\u73b0\u5728\u6709\u6b64\u610f\u613f\uff08\u6307\u79fb\u9001\u6ea5\u4eea\u6765\u4e1c\u4eac\u4f5c\u8bc1\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u8005\u6ce8\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u660e\u667a\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u51fa\u5ead\u3002\u201d\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u672c\u5df2\u6309\u8ba1\u5212\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u56e0\u8fd9\u540d\u8bc1\u4eba\u7684\u5230\u6765\u800c\u5ba3\u5e03\u91cd\u542f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001 \u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u53d6\u8bc1<\/strong>\u4e0e\u8bc1\u4eba\u6ea5\u4eea\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u9996\u5e2d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6587\u4e66\u91cc\uff0c\u6781\u5c11\u89c1\u5230\u5b63\u5357\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u5448\u62a5\u7f6a\u8bc1\u548c\u4eba\u8bc1\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u52a1\u81f4\u51fd\u9ea6\u514b\u963f\u745f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd9\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bf4\u660e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u5916\u754c\u6cb8\u6cb8\u626c\u626c\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u548c\u730e\u5947\u4f20\u95fb\uff0c\u6240\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u6ea5\u4eea\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u5219\u66f4\u770b\u91cd\u8fd9\u5c42\u8eab\u4efd\u5bf9\u68c0\u63a7\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u529f\u7528\u3002\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u5373\u5c06\u6309\u539f\u8ba1\u5212\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8282\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u540d\u8bc1\u4eba\u80fd\u5f25\u8865\u5148\u524d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u8584\u5f31\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u8584\u5f31\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u4e8e\u5982\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u9891\u7e41\u53d8\u52a8<\/p>\n

\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u66fe\u524d\u540e\u4e24\u6b21\u53d8\u66f4\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7f6a\u884c\u53d6\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u30021945\u5e7412\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u5b63\u5357\u7ed9\u7387\u5148\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u5206\u6d3e\u4e86\u6536\u96c6\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u6267\u884c\u5404\u7c7b\u68c0\u63a7\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3b\u8981\u88ab\u5f52\u4e8e\u201c\u4efb\u52a1A\u201d\uff08Assignment A\uff09\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d61930\u5e747\u6708\u81f31935\u5e7412\u6708\u671f\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u4fa7\u91cd\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u662f\u4f0d\u5fb7\u79d1\u514b\uff08Amos Woodcock\uff09\u30021946\u5e744\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u53c8\u5c06\u5168\u90e8\u53d6\u8bc1\u4efb\u52a1\u91cd\u65b0\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7f6a\u884c\u88ab\u5f52\u4e8e\u201c\u519b\u4e8b\u4fb5\u7565\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u9ea6\u514b\u9a6c\u6797\uff08Bentley M. McMullin\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u57287\u6708\u6b63\u5f0f\u8d77\u8bc9\u65f6\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u53c8\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u8fbe\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u57284\u67084\u65e5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5206\u914d\u53d6\u8bc1\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5907\u6218\u201d\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u641c\u96c6\u6709\u5173\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u5185\u4e3a\u53d1\u52a8\u6218\u4e89\u800c\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u53ca\u519b\u4e8b\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8f83\u5c11\u6d89\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u4fb5\u7565\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53cd\u89c2\u68c0\u65b9\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u5168\u9762\u4fb5\u534e\u7f6a\u884c\uff081937\u5e747\u6708\u81f31945\u5e749\u6708\uff09\u7684\u68c0\u63a7\u51c6\u5907\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u7684\u4eba\u9009\u5219\u76f8\u5f53\u7a33\u5b9a\u30021945\u5e7412\u670828\u65e5\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5206\u914d\u53d6\u8bc1\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5168\u9762\u4fb5\u534e\u7f6a\u884c\u5927\u4f53\u5f52\u4e8e\u201c\u4efb\u52a1B\u201d\uff08Assignment B\uff09\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6db5\u76d61936\u5e74\u201c\u4e8c\u4e8c\u516d\u201d\u4e8b\u53d8\u81f31939\u5e747\u6708\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4fa7\u91cd\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\uff0c\u603b\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u662f\u83ab\u7f57\u3002\u7fcc\u5e744\u67084\u65e5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5206\u914d\u53d6\u8bc1\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5168\u9762\u4fb5\u534e\u7f6a\u884c\u88ab\u5f52\u5165\u201c1937\u20141945\u5e74\u95f4\u519b\u4e8b\u4fb5\u7565\u5168\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u4e3b\u9898\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u867d\u7136\u6362\u6210\u4e86\u5a01\u5ec9\u59c6\u65af\uff08Albert Williams\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u83ab\u7f57\u4f9d\u7136\u53c2\u4e0e\u8be5\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5230\u6cd5\u5ead\u6700\u7ec8\u5f00\u59cb\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u5168\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5ba1\u7406\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u8fd8\u662f\u83ab\u7f57\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u53d8\u52a8\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u59a8\u788d\u68c0\u65b9\u5236\u8ba2\u4e00\u4ee5\u8d2f\u4e4b\u7684\u68c0\u63a7\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u68c0\u63a7\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c7\u6708\u4e0a\u4e2d\u65ec\u5e0c\u91d1\u65af\u5df2\u53ec\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\u901a\u62a5\u4f2f\u529b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u4e00\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e148\u6708\u521d\u5b63\u5357\u5df2\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bf7\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e3a\u68c0\u65b9\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u8fbe\u897f\u7b49\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u5374\u5168\u7136\u5ffd\u7565\u6b64\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ecd\u57288\u67086\u65e5\u5f53\u5ead\u5ba3\u5e03\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u5168\u90e8\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec6\u8282\u6b63\u662f\u7edf\u7b79\u5931\u5e8f\u7684\u6700\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5bf9\u4e03\u4e03\u4e8b\u53d8\u524d\u540e\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u534e\u6218\u7f6a\u7684\u53d6\u8bc1\u6bd4\u91cd\u5931\u8861<\/p>\n

\u6309\u7406\u8bf4\uff0c\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u7387\u9886\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u5e94\u8be5\u4e3b\u7ba1\u68c0\u63a7\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4eb2\u5386\u8005\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u5728\u5b9e\u5730\u53d6\u8bc1\u7684\u5730\u5229\u4e4b\u4fbf\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u30021945\u5e7412\u6708\u5e95\u5b63\u5357\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5206\u6d3e\u53d6\u8bc1\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u5c1a\u672a\u62b5\u8fbe\u4e1c\u4eac\uff0c\u59d1\u4e14\u4e0d\u8bba\uff1b\u4f46\u7fcc\u5e744\u67084\u65e5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5206\u6d3e\u53d6\u8bc1\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5b63\u5357\u53ea\u8ba9\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c1932\u20141945\u5e74\u95f4\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6bd2\u54c1\u7f6a\u884c\u201d\u548c\u201c1931\u20141945\u5e74\u53cd\u4eba\u9053\u7f6a\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u5b89\u6392\u672a\u514d\u5931\u5f53\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u5c5e\u4e8eA\u7ea7\u7f6a\u884c\uff08\u53cd\u548c\u5e73\u7f6a\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u88ab\u5206\u6d3e\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u5747\u5c5e\u4e8eBC\u7ea7\u7f6a\u884c\uff08\u666e\u901a\u6218\u4e89\u7f6a\u66a8\u53cd\u4eba\u9053\u7f6a\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6ea5\u4eea\u51fa\u5ead\u524d\uff0c\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u53d6\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4ed6\u66fe\u6c42\u52a9\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u548c\u519b\u4ee4\u90e8\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u5e7f\u5dde\u3001\u6b66\u6c49\u3001\u957f\u6c99\u3001\u8861\u9633\u3001\u6842\u6797\u3001\u67f3\u5dde\u516d\u5730\u5931\u5b88\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\u8bc1\u636e\u53ca\u6709\u5173\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u6c42\u52a9\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u5bfb\u627e\u9a6c\u5c3c\u62c9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u9047\u96be\u8005\u59d3\u540d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u8c03\u67e5\u53d6\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\u9650\u4e8e\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u540c\u6837\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u641c\u96c6\u65e5\u519b\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5982\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u534e\u7279\u52a1\u673a\u5173\u5bc6\u8c0b\u4fb5\u534e\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3001\u4e03\u4e03\u4e8b\u53d8\u524d\u65e5\u672c\u7ecf\u7531\u671d\u9c9c\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u53ca\u534e\u5317\u589e\u5175\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u6bd5\u7adf\u4e0d\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u603b\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u57281946\u5e74\u4e0a\u534a\u5e74\u5168\u9762\u5f00\u5c55\u5bfb\u8bbf\u4eba\u8bc1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u502a\u5f81\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u5168\u90e8\u7ed3\u675f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e8e1946\u5e74\u51ac\u5929\u518d\u6b21\u8e0f\u4e0a\u5bfb\u8bbf\u4f2a\u6ee1\u4eba\u8bc1\u7684\u884c\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6765\u534e\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u4e03\u4e03\u4e8b\u53d8\u540e\u65e5\u672c\u5168\u9762\u4fb5\u534e\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u53d6\u8bc1\u30021946\u5e743\u67086\u65e5\u81f36\u670812\u65e5\uff0c\u83ab\u7f57\u548c\u8428\u987f\uff08David N. Sutton\uff0c\u53c8\u8bd1\u4f5c\u201c\u585e\u987f\u201d\uff09\u7387\u9886\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u641c\u96c6\u7269\u8bc1\u5e76\u5bfb\u8bbf\u4eba\u8bc1\u3002\u83ab\u7f57\u603b\u8d1f\u8d23\u68c0\u63a7\u4e03\u4e03\u4e8b\u53d8\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u534e\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u8428\u987f\u57284\u67084\u65e5\u68c0\u65b9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5206\u914d\u53d6\u8bc1\u4efb\u52a1\u65f6\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u201c1932\u20141945\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4fb5\u7565\u201d\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u68c0\u63a7\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u756a\u8d74\u534e\u53d6\u8bc1\u7684\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u65e5\u519b\u66b4\u884c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u7ed9\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u738b\u4e16\u6770\u7684\u516c\u51fd\u91cc\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u672c\u4eba\u73b0\u88ab\u6307\u6d3e\u5c06\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6240\u72af\u8fdd\u53cd\u4eba\u9053\u4e4b\u7f6a\u884c\u4e4b\u8bc1\u636e\u4e88\u4ee5\u6574\u7406\u3001\u64ae\u8981\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e4b\u7528\u201d\u3002\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u4ea6\u7535\u544a\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u7f8e\u65b9\u9080\u6211\u65b9\u4f55\u4eba\u51fa\u5ead\u4f5c\u8bc1\uff0c\u7ecf\u7f8e\u65b9\u6388\u6743\u68c0\u5bdf\u4eba\u5458\u585e\u987f\u5f8b\u5e08\u5728\u534e\u76f8\u673a\u9762\u6d3d\u529e\u7406\uff0c\u6b64\u95f4\u5e76\u65e0\u5177\u4f53\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\u3002\u8428\u987f\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u641c\u96c6\u4ee5\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u65e5\u519b\u53cd\u4eba\u9053\u7f6a\u8bc1\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u65e5\u672c\u8c0b\u5212\u53ca\u53d1\u52a8\u4fb5\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u53cd\u548c\u5e73\u7f6a\u8bc1\u3002\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e1945\u5e748\u67088\u65e5\u82cf\u8054\u51fa\u5175\u4e1c\u5317\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e1c\u5317\u6218\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8d74\u534e\u8c03\u67e5\u53d6\u8bc1\u7684\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u51fa\u5173\uff0c\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u5173\u5185\u3002\u540c\u6837\u4ee4\u4eba\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c1946\u5e74\u51ac\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u7ec4\u7684\u502a\u5f81\u7b49\u4eba\u51c6\u5907\u52a8\u8eab\u53bb\u6c88\u9633\u548c\u957f\u6625\u5f25\u8865\u5148\u524d\u68c0\u65b9\u7684\u53d6\u8bc1\u7f3a\u6f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e1c\u5317\u6218\u4e8b\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u68c0\u65b9\u7f3a\u4e4f\u65e5\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u4f2a\u6ee1\u6d32\u56fd\u76f8\u5173\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u53ca\u8bc1\u8bcd<\/p>\n

\u81ea1946\u5e747\u67081\u65e5\u6cd5\u5ead\u5f00\u59cb\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5ead\u5ba1\u540e\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u5f53\u5ead\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u591a\u534a\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u4e8b\u53d8\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff0c\u53ca\u4e8b\u53d8\u53d1\u751f\u540e\u6570\u6708\u95f4\u5173\u4e1c\u519b\u8fc5\u901f\u4fb5\u5360\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u5176\u4f59\u8bc1\u636e\u5219\u6d89\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u541e\u5e76\u70ed\u6cb3\u4e4b\u540e\u7b56\u52a8\u534e\u5317\u548c\u201c\u8499\u7586\u201d\u8131\u79bb\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1935\u5e74\u79cb\u51ac\u7684\u201c\u534e\u5317\u81ea\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u30024\u540d\u65e5\u672c\u8bc1\u4eba\u7684\u5ba3\u8a93\u8bc1\u8bcd\u548c\u5f53\u5ead\u8bc1\u8a00\u4e5f\u591a\u534a\u662f\u9648\u8ff0\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u4e8b\u53d8\u7206\u53d1\u524d\u540e\u7684\u89c1\u95fb\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u66fe\u4efb\u5173\u4e1c\u519b\u53c2\u8c0b\u90e8\u60c5\u62a5\u8bfe\u8bfe\u957f\u7684\u7530\u4e2d\u9686\u5409\u63d0\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u4f2a\u6ee1\u6d32\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u6307\u5bfc\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u975e\u5e38\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6307\u63a7\u65e5\u672c\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u88ab\u544a\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u541e\u5e76\u4e1c\u4e09\u7701\u540e\u7b56\u52a8\u6210\u7acb\u4f2a\u6ee1\u6d32\u56fd\u7684\u8bc1\u4eba\u53ca\u8bc1\u8bcd\u3002\u8eab\u4e3a\u5080\u5121\u653f\u6743\u7684\u201c\u7687\u5e1d\u201d\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u6b63\u662f\u5f25\u8865\u68c0\u65b9\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8584\u5f31\u73af\u8282\u7684\u6700\u5173\u952e\u8bc1\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

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1946\u5e748\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u6682\u505c\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u519b\u6c11\u7684\u66b4\u884c\u53ca\u5728\u534e\u6295\u653e\u9e26\u7247\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6bd2\u54c1\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u4e3e\u8bc1\u3002\u5b63\u5357\u63d0\u8bf7\u6ea5\u4eea\u51fa\u5ead\uff0c\u91cd\u542f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5ba3\u5e03\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u7565\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7f6a\u884c\u7684\u4e3e\u8bc1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u4f4d\u9996\u5e2d\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u81ea\u5f00\u5ead\u767e\u4f59\u65e5\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e3b\u6301\u68c0\u63a7\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u5b63\u5357\u5f03\u7528\u4f2f\u529b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u56e0\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5931\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u8981\u51fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6212\u5fc3\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u65c1\u8bc1\u53ef\u7528\u4ee5\u7aa5\u63a2\u5b63\u5357\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u636e\u6bd3\u77bb\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u2026\u2026\u56de\u6765\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u542c\u4ed6\u8bb2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u2026\u2026\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u4f5c\u8bc1\u65f6\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u63ed\u53d1\u4e86\u5f53\u521d\u65e5\u672c\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u4ed6\u5077\u5077\u4ece\u5929\u6d25\u9001\u5230\u4e1c\u5317\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f2a\u6ee1\u5341\u56db\u5e74\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4f5c\u8bc1\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u5c40\u8fd8\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u539f\u6765\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u5c40\u4e8b\u5148\u7ed9\u6ea5\u4eea\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a3f\u5b50\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6279\u5224\u65e5\u672c\u5929\u7687\u5236\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u53d1\u8a00\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6765\u5f97\u53ca\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u8bb2\u3002\u4ee5\u540e\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u8bb0\u8005\u62db\u5f85\u4f1a\u4e0a\u8bb2\u4e86\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u4e0d\u5982\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u8bb2\u6709\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bd3\u77bb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5ead\u6ca1\u8ba9\u6ea5\u4eea\u5ba3\u8bfb\u6279\u5224\u5929\u7687\u5236\u7684\u7a3f\u5b50\u662f\u201c\u56e0\u53d1\u8a00\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u60c5\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u6ea5\u4eea\u81ea\u8ff0\u4ed6\u7b2c8\u6b21\u51fa\u5ead\u5373\u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\u524d\uff0c\u5b63\u5357\u7167\u4f8b\u8be2\u95ee\u4ed6\u4e0b\u6b21\u51fa\u5ead\u8ba1\u5212\u9648\u8ff0\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u79f0\u60f3\u8c08\u8c08\u65e5\u672c\u5929\u7687\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u6599\u4f5c\u8bc1\u81f3\u6b64\u5b8c\u7ed3\u3002\u7b2c8\u6b21\u51fa\u5ead\u662f8\u670827\u65e5\uff0c\u9000\u5ead\u524d\u5ead\u957f\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08William F. Webb\uff09\u66fe\u5411\u5b63\u5357\u786e\u8ba4\u662f\u5426\u8fd8\u6709\u8be2\u95ee\uff0c\u5b63\u5357\u8868\u793a\u5df2\u5b8c\u6210\u5168\u90e8\u8be2\u95ee\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u6ea5\u4eea\u9000\u5ead\uff0c\u68c0\u65b9\u7ee7\u7eed\u7531\u5411\u54f2\u6fec\u7b49\u4eba\u4e3e\u8bc1\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u800c\u6b64\u524d\u76847\u4e2a\u5ead\u5ba1\u65e5\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u9000\u5ead\u5373\u7ed3\u675f\u5ead\u5ba1\uff0c\u7fcc\u65e5\u518d\u6b21\u51fa\u5ead\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u8bba\u6ea5\u4eea\u6240\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e8b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u54ea\u5929\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u9648\u8ff0\u5929\u7687\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u5b63\u5357\u662f\u523b\u610f\u56de\u907f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7531\u82cf\u65b9\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5b63\u5357\u7684\u6212\u5fc3\u8fd8\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u89c4\u5b9a\u56fd\u9645\u68c0\u5bdf\u5c40\u5185\u90e8\u53ea\u6709\u4ed6\u548c\u88d8\u52ad\u6052\u7b495\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u6ea5\u4eea\u89c1\u9762\u4ea4\u8c08\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u52a0\u6d3e\u7f8e\u65b9\u4eba\u5458\u76d1\u89c6\u6ea5\u4eea\u53ca\u82cf\u519b\u966a\u540c\u4eba\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b63\u5357\u5f03\u7528\u4f2f\u529b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u5c42\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6ea5\u4eea\u201c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5e72\u6270\u5730\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u8ff0\u5df1\u89c1\u201d\u6301\u6000\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u8be2\u95ee\u6ea5\u4eea\u3002\u57283\u5929\u7684\u8be2\u95ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ea5\u4eea\u4ece\u4e5d\u4e00\u516b\u4e8b\u53d8\u540e\u65e5\u672c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u5c6f\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u5b98\u9999\u690e\u6d69\u5e73\u201c\u62dc\u8bbf\u201d\u5728\u5929\u6d25\u505a\u5bd3\u516c\u7684\u4ed6\uff0c\u534a\u5efa\u8bae\u3001\u534a\u903c\u8feb\u4ed6\u524d\u5f80\u65c5\u987a\u4e00\u4e8b\u8bb2\u8d77\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u9648\u8ff0\u4e86\u90d1\u5b5d\u80e5\u7b49\u4eba\u6002\u607f\u4ed6\u524d\u5f80\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u7ecf\u8fc7\u3001\u4f2a\u6ee1\u6d32\u56fd\u7684\u5b98\u5236\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u63a0\u593a\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5173\u4e1c\u519b\u5728\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u4e13\u5356\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u5229\u7528\u795e\u9053\u6559\u5b9e\u65bd\u5b97\u6559\u4fb5\u7565\u53ca\u5411\u201c\u6ee1\u6d32\u201d\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u79fb\u6c11\u7b49\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u65e9\u5df2\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4f2f\u529b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5185\u5bb9\u76f8\u5dee\u65e0\u51e0\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u6ea5\u4eea\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u7684\u8bc1\u8bcd\u76f8\u8f83\u4f2f\u529b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e66\uff0c\u81ea\u6211\u5f00\u8131\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u66f4\u6d53\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0e\u4ed6\u81ea\u8ba4\u8eab\u5904\u82cf\u8054\u5c1a\u80fd\u82df\u5168\u6027\u547d\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u82cf\u8054\u5219\u6709\u6027\u547d\u4e4b\u865e\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u6700\u7a81\u5140\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u81ea\u8fa9\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u8ff0\u4f55\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u62d2\u7edd\u677f\u57a3\u5f81\u56db\u90ce\uff08\u65f6\u4efb\u5173\u4e1c\u519b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u53c2\u8c0b\uff09\u7684\u8bf1\u60d1\u4e0e\u5a01\u903c\uff1a<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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