\u6765\u6e90: \u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b<\/p>\n
\u64b0\u6587: \u5fb7\u897f\u96f7\u2022\u52d2\u52aa\u74e6\u00a0 \u00a0\u7ffb\u8bd1: \u8bb8\u6d9b\u3001\u5f20\u854a\u5b50<\/p>\n
\u6cd5\u56fd\u9a7b\u5e7f\u897f\u548c\u4e91\u5357\u5e9c\u9886\u4e8b\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u767d\u76ae\u80a4\u7684\u2018\u6ee1\u5927\u4eba\u2019\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u7528\u76f8\u673a\u8bb0\u5f55\u665a\u6e05\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u62cd\u6444\u5e76\u7559\u5b58\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u6570\u767e\u5e45\u4e91\u5357\u8001\u7167\u7247\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u98ce\u571f\u4eba\u60c5\u7684\u73cd\u8d35\u5386\u53f2\u8d44\u6599\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9c9c\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u529f\u7ee9\u662f\u4e3b\u6301\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u6ec7\u8d8a\u94c1\u8def\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u6761\u94c1\u8def\u6d78\u900f\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u8840\u6c57\uff0c\u627f\u8f7d\u5e76\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u767e\u4f59\u5e74\u524d\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u91ce\u5fc3\u3002\u300a\u9886\u4e8b\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\uff1a\u6ec7\u8d8a\u94c1\u8def\u4e0e\u4e91\u5357\u5f80\u4e8b\u300b\uff08\u8bd1\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2019\u5e745\u6708\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u8ffd\u6eaf\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u7684\u4e00\u751f\uff0c\u91cd\u73b0\u4e86\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u5217\u5f3a\u864e\u89c6\u7708\u7708\u4e0b\u7684\u98ce\u96e8\u98d8\u6447\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u5217\u5f3a\u74dc\u5206\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8d64\u88f8\u91ce\u5fc3\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u53f2\u6599\u5747\u4e3a\u9996\u6b21\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b98\u65b9\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6536\u5f55\u591a\u5e45\u73cd\u8d35\u5386\u53f2\u7167\u7247\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
1995\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u76f8\u9047\u3002\u90a3\u662f\u5728\u7ffb\u9605\u4e00\u672c\u7cbe\u7f8e\u56fe\u518c\uff08\u300a\u9886\u4e8b\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff1a\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u3002\u4e66\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u516c\u516c\u6240\u8d60\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7167\u7247\u3002\u90a3\u5bf9\u76ee\u5149\u7280\u5229\u800c\u660e\u6f88\u7684\u773c\u775b\u6444\u4eba\u5fc3\u9b44\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u7acb\u523b\u88ab\u5438\u5f15\u4f4f\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u8fd9\u79cd\u6781\u5176\u4e13\u6ce8\u800c\u5947\u7279\u7684\u773c\u795e\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4f55\u4eba\uff1f<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ed9\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u7965\u548c\u7684\u7f8e\u666f\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u610f\u5916\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u51ed\u501f\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3001\u7a00\u6709\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u53d1\u6398\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u9644\u5eb8\u5f02\u56fd\u60c5\u8c03\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u504f\u89c1\u4e4b\u98ce\u7684\u6444\u5f71\u5e08\u4eec\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u8574\u542b\u7740\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e88\u4ee5\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc3\u8840\u6765\u6f6e\u3002\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e16\u754c\u4f1a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8bfb\u4e86\u5f53\u5e74\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e9a\u6d32\u5bc4\u56de\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\u96c6\u300a\u767d\u76ae\u80a4\u7684\u201c\u6ee1\u5927\u4eba\u201d\u300b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u7269\u6709\u4e86\u8f83\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u6211\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ecb\u4e8e\u9886\u4e8b\u3001\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u3001\u6444\u5f71\u5e08\u3001\u524d\u65b9\u8bb0\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8fd8\u5939\u6742\u7740\u6840\u9a9c\u4e0d\u9a6f\u7684\u7eaf\u771f\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u4ee5\u660e\u6670\u7684\u7b14\u8c03\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u53ca\u5176\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4ed6\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4efb\u804c\u671f\u95f4\u51e0\u4e2a\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u6d1e\u5bdf\u4e8b\u7406\u3001\u5ba1\u65f6\u5ea6\u52bf\u3001\u4e34\u5371\u4e0d\u4e71\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e24\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u9010\u4e00\u63f4\u5f15\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u4f7f\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4eba\u516c\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\uff1a\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\uff08\u73b0\u4e0e\u8d8a\u5357\u6bd7\u90bb\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e24\u6761\u94c1\u8def\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u9879\u76ee\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6ec7\u8d8a\u94c1\u8def\uff09\u6709\u4e0d\u89e3\u4e4b\u7f18\u3002\u51b0\u5c71\u4e00\u89d2\u5df2\u663e\u9732\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4e16\u4eba\u77e5\u6653\u51e0\u591a\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u8be6\u60c5\u4e8e2002\u5e74\u6625\u63ed\u6653\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u4e00\u6b21\u4e0e\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u8d5b\u675c\uff08Pierre Seydoux\uff09\u7684\u4f1a\u9762\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u534f\u4f1a\u7684\u79d8\u4e66\u548c\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u636e\u6089\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8be5\u534f\u4f1a\u6240\u5b58\u6863\u6848\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u6863\u6848\u7ebf\u7d22\u9057\u5931\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53f2\u6599\u56db\u5904\u5206\u6563\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u88ab\u76d8\u70b9\u8fc7\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u91cd\u65b0\u5168\u9762\u5ba1\u89c6\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u9879\u7ec6\u81f4\u5e76\u6ce8\u5b9a\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u65e0\u6bd4\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u67e5\u65b0\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e14\u65e0\u6307\u5357\u53ef\u5faa\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u865a\u4f4d\u4ee5\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u51fa\u4e8e\u597d\u5947\uff0c\u6211\u6253\u7b97\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u540d\u4e49\u53bb\u5409\u7f8e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u67e5\u9605\u6587\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u5929\u4e0a\u5348\uff0c\u5728\u9605\u89c8\u5ba4\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b63\u65b9\u5f62\u7684\u786c\u7eb8\u76d2\u3002\u8fd9\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u8f86\u5c0f\u63a8\u8f66\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u6709\u4f20\u7edf\u642d\u6263\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2d\u5f0f\u8863\u670d\u7684\u7cfb\u6263\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u5d4c\u5165\u4e00\u5c0f\u6bb5\u9aa8\u5934\uff0c\u7cfb\u5728\u5e03\u7ebd\u7684\u4e00\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u81f3\u4eca\u8fd8\u80fd\u56de\u60f3\u8d77\u5f53\u65f6\u5982\u4f55\u201c\u94bb\u5f00\u201d\u7b2c\u4e00\u53ea\u5323\u5b50\uff0c\u89e3\u5f00\u7cfb\u6263\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u6211\u5728\u53d1\u6398\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6df7\u5408\u7740\u7279\u6709\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u58a8\u6c41\u5473\u7684\u7eb8\u5f20\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u964c\u751f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5411\u6211\u655e\u5f00\u4e86\u3002\u8bf8\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u540d\u548c\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u8ba9\u4eba\u532a\u5937\u6240\u601d\u3002\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u6211\u6c89\u8ff7\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4e00\u53e3\u6c14\u8bfb\u4e0b\u53bb\u63a2\u7a76\u8be6\u60c5\u3002\u6211\u6df1\u9677\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u62d4\u3002\u6b64\u523b\u65f6\u95f4\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5409\u7f8e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4ec5\u6536\u85cf\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u53f2\u6599\u3002\u6211\u8bd5\u56fe\u7a7f\u8d8a\u65f6\u7a7a\u53bb\u63a2\u5bfb\u7b2c\u4e09\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u7528\u4e86\u4e24\u5e74\u534a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8fc8\u51fa\u53ef\u8d35\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u6211\u5411\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u534f\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u5199\u4e00\u90e8\u76f8\u5173\u9898\u6750\u7684\u4e66\u3002\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5c14\u00b7\u8d5b\u675c\uff08Bernard Seydoux\uff09\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5386\u9669\u8bb0\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0a\u6f14\u3002<\/p>\n
2<\/p>\n
2004\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7701\uff0c\u6606\u660e\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4e91\u5357\u5e9c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e3a\u60a8\u9884\u8ba2\u8f66\u7968\uff0c\u201d\u65c5\u884c\u793e\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u58eb\u7528\u7eaf\u6b63\u7684\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\u5bf9\u6211\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u94c1\u8def\u5df2\u505c\u8fd0\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201c\u771f\u7684\uff1f\u201d\u6211\u60ca\u8bb6\u5730\u95ee\uff0c\u201c\u4e3a\u4f55\u505c\u8fd0\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n
\u6211\u8eab\u5904\u4e00\u95f4\u72ed\u5c0f\u7684\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff0c\u623f\u95f4\u4e09\u9762\u5899\u88ab\u7070\u8272\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u67b6\u5360\u6ee1\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u6574\u9f50\u5730\u6446\u653e\u7740\u4e3a\u987e\u5ba2\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u6298\u53e0\u5f0f\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u548c\u9884\u5b9a\u51fa\u6e38\u7684\u8868\u683c\u3002\u4e00\u5e45\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u5730\u56fe\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u906e\u76d6\u4e86\u7b2c\u56db\u9762\u5899\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6211\u8d70\u8fd1\u5730\u56fe\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u7d22\u5f15\u627e\u5230\u90a3\u6761\u6606\u660e\u901a\u5f80\u8d8a\u5357\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u94c1\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u7136\u540e\u6211\u95ee\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u201c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u94c1\u8def\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u660e\u505c\u8fd0\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u5979\u6b63\u51c6\u5907\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u6765\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u4e8b\u3002\u540e\u8005\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7f6e\u7591\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7ebf\u8def\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201c\u65e2\u7136\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u201d\u6211\u8fd8\u5634\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u54ea\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5982\u4f55\u5f04\u5230\u4e00\u5f20\u7968\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u4e24\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u5973\u58eb\u5f00\u59cb\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5404\u6301\u5df1\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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1885\u5e74\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08Paul Bert\uff09\u548c\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u5230\u8fbe\u4e1c\u4eac\u7684\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u6570\u6708\u95f4\u541e\u5e76\u4e86\u4e0a\u7f05\u7538\uff08\u66fc\u5fb7\u52d2\uff09\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u7d27\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5fc5\u987b\u201c\u6293\u4f4f\u201d\u4e1c\u4eac\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7ee5\u9756\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\u6b62\u6b65\u4e0d\u524d\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u60f3\u5f97\u5230\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u5f52\u987a\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u78b0\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5c48\u4e0d\u6320\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u519b\u653f\u9ad8\u5c42\u4e0d\u60c5\u613f\u5730\u770b\u5230\u4e0a\u7f05\u7538\u88ab2000\u4e2a\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u5360\u9886\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u5728\u4e1c\u4eac\u539f\u5730\u8e0f\u6b65\u4e86\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9a7b\u519b\u4eba\u6570\u660e\u663e\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7a98\u5883\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b\u7531\u56fd\u7c4d\u4e0d\u4e00\u7684\u65b0\u5175\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u88ab\u519b\u4e8b\u6cd5\u5ead\u5224\u51b3\u8fc7\u7684\u5916\u7c4d\u519b\u56e2\u519b\u4eba\uff0c\u5c5e\u60e9\u6212\u8fde\u961f\u7f16\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u65e2\u5f80\u53f2\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u63a5\u89e6\u548c\u5bf9\u4ed8\u987d\u5f3a\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u519b\u5b98\u5c61\u5c61\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u66b4\u884c\uff0c\u4ece\u4efb\u610f\u5f81\u7528\u7272\u755c\u7cae\u98df\u3001\u5f81\u62db\u52b3\u5de5\u5230\u52a8\u8f84\u6740\u622e\uff0c\u65e0\u4e0d\u6ee5\u7528\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u65b0\u4efb\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u603b\u7763\u62c9\u5948\u6851\uff08Lanessan\uff09\u8f7b\u8c08\u7684\u201c\u5c0f\u4e89\u6597\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u884c\u5f84\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6d77\u519b\u4e0e\u9646\u519b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5206\u6790\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u9677\u5165\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u5c40\u9762\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u505a\u51fa\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u4e2d\u8fdc\u671f\u5c55\u671b\u3002\u79cd\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u6c47\u96c6\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fdc\u5f81\u519b\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u6606\u660e\u57ce<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u7c7b\u4eba\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u987a\u5e94\u5929\u65f6\u5730\u5229\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u52c7\u6562\u800c\u667a\u6167\u5730\u6297\u4e89\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u884c\u4f7f\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5426\u51b3\u6743\u7684\u7d27\u8981\u5173\u5934\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u6606\u660e\u5e02\u5185\u666f\u8c61<\/p>\n
19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6c1b\u56f4\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u6240\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u5bf9\u6b64\u5341\u5206\u538c\u6076\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e13\u6a2a\u8dcb\u6248\u5939\u6742\u4e86\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u611a\u6627\u65e0\u77e5\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u611a\u6627\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u4ee5\u5916\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5b64\u964b\u5be1\u95fb\u3002\u5bf9\u5f02\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u662f\u4e0d\u5c51\u4e00\u987e\u6291\u6216\u4fdd\u6301\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u5386\u6765\u575a\u6301\u5bf9\u540e\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4eba\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u9762\u5bf9\u67d0\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7edf\u9886\u5370\u5ea6\u652f\u90a3\u7684\u603b\u7763\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u675c\u7f8e\u3002\u6309\u7167\u73b0\u4eca\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u8d85\u524d\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u3001\u5bcc\u4e8e\u4eba\u683c\u9b45\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u79cd\u79cd\u7406\u7531\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6211\u60f3\u8981\u8ba9\u4e16\u4eba\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u6bd5\u7adf\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u81f3\u5c11\u540c\u6837\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u5360\u6709\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u9886\u4e8b\u5177\u6709\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u606a\u5b88\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5ec9\u6d01\u6b63\u76f4\u3002\u4ed6\u6b63\u89c6\u5e76\u68c0\u4e3e\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u7684\u8fdd\u53cd\u6cd5\u89c4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0a\u62a5\u7ed9\u653f\u5e9c\u9ad8\u5c42\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u5965\u8d5b\u7801\u5934\u5546\u69b7\u5728\u4e9a\u6d32\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u6240\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u4f7f\u6cd5\u56fd\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4e2d\u80af\u5730\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u582a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6562\u4e8e\u8d28\u7591\u6743\u8d35\u4eec\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u65b9\u82cf\u96c5\u4e3a\u6b64\u4ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u88ab\u5c01\u6740\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u521a\u76f4\u4e0d\u963f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u51c6\u5219\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u4e0d\u5931\u4e3a\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u53d1\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u3002<\/p>\n
3<\/p>\n
1886\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u6cb3\u5185<\/p>\n
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\u6700\u540e\u662f\u6548\u5fe0\u4e8e\u79d1\u6d1b\u5e03\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u7684\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u5415\u65af\uff08Paul Luce\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u4eba\u4e09\u5341\u5c81\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u5df4\u9ece\u9ad8\u7b49\u7efc\u5408\u5de5\u79d1\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5728\u9547\u5357\u5173\u6218\u5f79\uff081885\u5e74\uff09\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e93\u8d1d\u4e0a\u5c06\u7684\u9ebe\u4e0b\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8272\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u52a0\u5165\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
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