{"id":63440,"date":"2026-01-17T19:03:32","date_gmt":"2026-01-17T11:03:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=63440"},"modified":"2026-01-17T19:03:32","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T11:03:32","slug":"%e5%ad%a4%e7%8b%ac%e8%80%85%e7%8b%84%e6%8b%89%e5%85%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=63440","title":{"rendered":"\u5b64\u72ec\u8005\u72c4\u62c9\u514b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u98ce\u683c\u6295\u8eab\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u8fd160\u5e74\uff1a\u4ed6\u5c06\u76f4\u89c9\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3001\u76f4\u7ebf\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u878d\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u8fd9\u603b\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u7684\uff1f\u800c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c89\u9ed8\u5be1\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u6210\u679c\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u9010\u6e10\u5931\u671b\u5e76\u8fdc\u79bb\u4e86\u4e3b\u6d41\u5b66\u754c\uff0c\u66f4\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u5b64\u72ec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u4ecd\u4e00\u6b21\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u5730\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u5230\u7075\u611f\uff0c\u8fc8\u5411\u4ed6\u65e9\u5df2\u6807\u5b9a\u597d\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u5b64\u72ec\u8005\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u6c38\u4e0d\u72ec\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/p1.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20230923\/5ace834e930b4455b58abdc017f97d19.jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5728BBC\u7b2c\u56db\u9891\u9053\u7684\u8282\u76eeEverything and Nothing\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aFlickr<\/p>\n<p>\u6765\u6e90: \u8fd4\u6734\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u64b0\u6587: Graham Farmelo\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u7ffb\u8bd1: \u4e0b\u96ea<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\uff08Paul Dirac\uff09\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bb3\u7f9e\u3001\u6c89\u9ed8\u3001\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u540c\u7406\u5fc3\uff0c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5b64\u72ec\u8005\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u665a\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7a81\u7136\u6253\u7535\u8bdd\u7ed9\u4ed6\uff0c\u95ee\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u613f\u610f\u5c31\u5176\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u8c08\u8c08\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u575a\u51b3\u6253\u65ad\u5bf9\u65b9\u5e76\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u7814\u7a76\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6302\u65ad\u7535\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u59cb\u4e8e\u6d77\u68ee\u4f2f\uff08Werner Heisenberg\uff09\u548c\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\uff08Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger\uff091925\u5e74\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u53ea\u670923\u5c81\u3002\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u8131\u9896\u800c\u51fa\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u00b7\u6234\u68ee\uff08Freeman Dyson\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e9b\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u5c31\u50cf\u7cbe\u96d5\u7ec6\u7422\u7684\u5927\u7406\u77f3\u96d5\u5851\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea7\u63a5\u4e00\u5ea7\u5730\u4ece\u5929\u800c\u964d\u3002\u201d[1]\u5c3d\u7ba1\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u9b54\u672f\u5e08\u800c\u5e7f\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u67cf\u6797\u548c\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u57fa\u7840\u8bba\u6587\u8bde\u751f\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff09\u4e00\u4e00\u89c9\u5f97\u4ed6\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u96be\u4ee5\u6349\u6478\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u51b7\u6f20\u800c\u758f\u8fdc\u3002\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e5f\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6df1\u611f\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u641e\u4e0d\u61c2\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u3002\u5728\u5929\u624d\u548c\u75af\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u70ab\u76ee\u7684\u5c0f\u8def\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u592a\u5389\u5bb3\u4e86\u3002\uff08I have trouble with Dirac. This balancing on the dizzying path between genius and madness is awful.\uff09\u201d\u73bb\u5c14\uff08Niels Bohr\uff09\u5bf9\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u52a8\u4e8e\u8877\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bf4\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u662f\u201c\u8bbf\u95ee\u8fc7\u6211\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u5947\u602a\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u3002[2]<\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u90a3\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5f85\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u90fd\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u6700\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u7684\u6210\u957f\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u636e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f3a\u7231\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u670b\u53cb\u7684\u60b2\u60e8\u7ae5\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u572821\u5c81\u751f\u65e58\u5468\u540e\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6765\u5230\u4e86\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u59cb\u653b\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u5e76\u4e0d\u5168\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5df2\u7ecf\u62e5\u6709\u7535\u6c14\u5de5\u7a0b\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b66\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u5176\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u51c6\u5907\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u72ec\u7279\u5370\u8bb0\u7684\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u80fd\u731c\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u6ce8\u5b9a\u6210\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u5bcc\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u540e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u62e5\u6709\u8fc7\u7ae5\u5e74\u3002\u636e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u5341\u5206\u75db\u82e6\u2014\u2014\u6ca1\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u5e78\u514d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e13\u65ad\u5f3a\u6a2a\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u7236\u4eb2\uff0c\u5728\u7236\u4eb2\u575a\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bb6\u91cc\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u5f85\u8bbf\u5ba2\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u5b69\u5b50\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u6cd5\u8bed\u8ddf\u4ed6\u8bb2\u8bdd\u3002\u5403\u996d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e00\u5bb6\u4eba\u4f1a\u88ab\u5206\u5f00\uff1a\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u5728\u524d\u5c4b\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u6cd5\u8bed\u4ea4\u8c08\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u5988\u5988\u548c\u5144\u59b9\u5728\u53a8\u623f\uff0c\u53ea\u8bb2\u82f1\u8bed\u3002\u4e00\u7bc7\u5199\u4e8e1933\u5e74\u7684\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8be6\u7ec6\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u79f0\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5c0f\u65f6\u5019\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u8bf4\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e25\u660e\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u4f1a\u56e0\u7ec6\u5c0f\u7684\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u800c\u60e9\u7f5a\u4ed6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4e0a\u5395\u6240\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c89\u9ed8\u662f\u907f\u514d\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u6700\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ed6\u4e0d\u613f\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/p2.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20230923\/ae0cd43e4fd344c2b06d528f0bc5db18.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5de6\uff1a\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u65af\uff08Florence\uff09\u548c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u7167\u7247\u7531\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u4e8e1909\u5e744\u67089\u65e5\u62cd\u6444\u3010\u5de6\u4e00\u4e3a\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4e0d\u52307\u5c81\uff1b\u53f3\u4e00\u662f\u54e5\u54e5\u83f2\u5229\u514b\u65af\uff08Felix\uff09\uff0c\u6bcd\u4eb2\u6000\u4e2d\u662f\u59b9\u59b9\u8d1d\u8482\uff08Betty\uff09\u3011\u3002\u53f3\u56fe\uff08\u6444\u4e8e1910\u5e74\uff09\u4e3a\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\uff08Charles\uff09\uff0c\u4ed61866\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u745e\u58eb\uff0c\u540e\u4e8e1919\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u52a0\u5165\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u81ea\u6b64\u4ed6\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e4b\u524d\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u56fd\u7c4d\u662f\u745e\u58eb\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aCourtesy of Florida State University, Paul A. M. Dirac Collection.<\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5728\u5c0f\u5b66\u65f6\u5c31\u8868\u73b0\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u7b97\u4e0d\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u522b\u3010\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u5b66\u662f\u963f\u5947\u00b7\u5229\u5947\uff08Archie Leach\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u8457\u540d\u6f14\u5458\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u683c\u5170\u7279\uff08Cary Grant\uff09\u3011\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5347\u5165\u9ad8\u4e2d\u540e\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5d2d\u9732\u5934\u89d2\u4e86\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u6b63\u503c\u4e00\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7537\u5b69\u90fd\u53bb\u53c2\u52a0\u6b66\u88c5\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u5c16\u5b50\u73ed\u7684\u7a7a\u7f3a\u5f97\u4ee5\u8ba9\u50cf\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u8fd9\u6837\u806a\u660e\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u8fc5\u901f\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u8fd9\u6240\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7ed9\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5141\u8bb8\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5b66\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u627e\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u7528\u7684\u79d1\u76ee\u3002\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u95e8\u8bfe\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u4f18\u79c0\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u5236\u56fe\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5728\u5341\u51e0\u5c81\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdc\u8fdc\u9886\u5148\u4e8e\u73ed\u4e0a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f00\u59cb\u601d\u8003\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u90a3\u65f6\u4ed6\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u8fd8\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u4ed6\u6027\u683c\u53e4\u602a\u3001\u5b64\u50fb\uff1b\u6709\u4eba\u5f62\u5bb9\u4ed6\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8eab\u6750\u7626\u9ad8\uff0c\u7a7f\u7740\u706f\u7b3c\u88e4\uff0c\u7559\u7740\u5377\u53d1\u800c\u4e0d\u50cf\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7537\u5b69\u201d\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e03\u7f6e\u51fa\u80fd\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u4e13\u6ce8\u7684\u4f5c\u4e1a\u800c\u611f\u5230\u7edd\u671b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u9080\u8bf7\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5b66\u4e60\u9ece\u66fc\u51e0\u4f55\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u6b23\u7136\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u9080\u8bf7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u72c4\u62c9\u514b16\u5c81\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u51c6\u5907\u53bb\u4e0a\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5e76\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u81ea\u5df1\u8981\u5b66\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e13\u4e1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u51b3\u5b9a\u52a0\u5165\u54e5\u54e5\u7684\u884c\u5217\uff0c\u53bb\u8bfb\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5927\u5b66\u8bfb\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5b5c\u5b5c\u4e0d\u5026\u5730\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u5374\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u65e0\u53ef\u6551\u836f\u822c\u7684\u7b28\u62d9\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4e0b\u5348\u65f6\u95f4\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u90fd\u5728\u710a\u63a5\u7535\u8def\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u8f66\u5e8a\u3001\u6d4b\u91cf\u6a2a\u6881\u8f7d\u8377\u6216\u5fd9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u751f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5fc5\u5907\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5954\u6d8c\u7684\u601d\u60f3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f88\u5fd9\u788c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4ecd\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u3002\u679c\u4e0d\u5176\u7136\uff0c\u5b83\u57281919\u5e74\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u5bb6\u653e\u5f03\u745e\u58eb\u56fd\u7c4d\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u201c\u7a81\u7136\u9707\u60ca\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u65e5\u98df\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u592a\u9633\uff08\u5f15\u529b\u573a\uff09\u81f4\u4f7f\u5149\u7ebf\u5f2f\u66f2\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8981\u4f18\u4e8e\u725b\u987f\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u5219\u8f70\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u611f\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u5174\u594b\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f88\u96be\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u65b0\u95fb\u80cc\u540e\u8574\u542b\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5173\u4e8e\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u90fd\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b9e\u8d28\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u4f1a\u8bef\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u67e5\u7406\u00b7\u5e03\u7f57\u5fb7\uff08Charlie Broad\uff09\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u4e00\u95e8\u5173\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u540e\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u60f3\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u613f\u671b\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bfe\u7a0b\u91cd\u70b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u72ed\u4e49\u548c\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u3002\u5e03\u7f57\u5fb7\u66fe\u5728\u5251\u6865\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u603b\u7ed3\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u9762\u5f88\u6709\u5929\u8d4b\uff0c\u603b\u80fd\u7cbe\u786e\u5e76\u751f\u52a8\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u3002\uff08\u4ed6\u4f1a\u628a\u7cbe\u5fc3\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u8bb2\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bfb\u4e24\u904d\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u7b11\u8bdd\u4ed6\u4f1a\u8bfb\u4e09\u904d\u3002\uff09\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u80fd\u591f\u731c\u6d4b\u81ea\u7136\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u65b9\u5f0f\u6df1\u6df1\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u3002\u572817\u5c81\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u8e0f\u4e0a\u4e86\u6210\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1921\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u7b49\u8363\u8a89\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u201c\u5931\u4e1a\u8bc1\u4e66\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0d\u666f\u6c14\uff0c\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u7a00\u7f3a\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u51e0\u6b21\u9762\u8bd5\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u90fd\u4e0d\u4e86\u4e86\u4e4b\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ed6\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u7cfb\u7684\u8bb2\u5e08\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u68ee\uff08David Robertson\uff09\u4e3b\u52a8\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5b89\u6392\u4e86\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u6570\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u8df3\u8fc7\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b66\u5e74\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6570\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u542c\u4e86\u76ae\u7279\u00b7\u5f17\u96f7\u6cfd\uff08Peter Fraser\uff09\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u6cfd\u4e00\u751f\u4ece\u672a\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u2014\u2014\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u540e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u6700\u597d\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u3002\u5f17\u96f7\u6cfd\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u5c04\u5f71\u51e0\u4f55\u2014\u2014\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u53d8\u6362\u4e0b\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u95e8\u4e0e\u51e0\u4f55\u7ed8\u56fe\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4e00\u76f4\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u8fd1\u5341\u5e74\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5173\u4e8e\u7eaf\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u662f\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u6700\u7231\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u628a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u82b1\u5728\u4e86\u5e94\u7528\u6570\u5b66\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e0a\uff0c\u7528\u725b\u987f\u529b\u5b66\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u51e0\u6b21\u5173\u4e8e\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8bb2\u8005\u61c2\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4e8e1923\u5e7410\u6708\u6765\u5230\u5251\u6865\u653b\u8bfb\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u65f6\uff0c\u6821\u65b9\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u201c\u667a\u529b\u661f\u63a2\u201d\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\uff08\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\uff09\u6709\u70b9\u7b28\u624b\u7b28\u811a\uff0c\u559c\u6b22\u5750\u7740\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u7b80\u76f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u58eb\uff0c\u4e0d\u7231\u5f00\u73a9\u7b11\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u62ee\u636e\u3002\u201d\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5728\u5165\u5b66\u8003\u8bd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4f18\u5f02\u8868\u73b0\u7ed9\u5b66\u6821\u7559\u4e0b\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u8feb\u5207\u5730\u60f3\u8981\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u540d\u989d\uff08\u4ed6\u539f\u672c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u53c2\u52a0\u672c\u79d1\u751f\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u65e2\u6ca1\u5b66\u8fc7\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5b66\u8fc7\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u3002\uff09\u867d\u7136\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u65b9\u9762\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u6b20\u7f3a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u5b66\u8fc7\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u8fc7\u4eba\u7684\u5929\u8d4b\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bad\u7ec3\u6709\u7d20\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6240\u5fc5\u5907\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u80fd\u548c\u9274\u522b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u672c\u6765\u60f3\u4ece\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u5f00\u59cb\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u6daf\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u4ed6\u88ab\u544a\u77e5\u5bfc\u5e08\u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u62c9\u5c14\u592b\u00b7\u798f\u52d2\uff08Ralph Fowler\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u611f\u5230\u5f88\u5931\u671b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5f88\u5feb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u662f\u5251\u6865\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\u4e4b\u4e00\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4f4d\u4eba\u8109\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u5584\u4e8e\u9f13\u52b1\u3001\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u53d1\u73b0\u80fd\u9a7e\u9a6d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u8fc5\u901f\u800c\u5bcc\u6709\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u798f\u52d2\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u4e00\u6d41\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5728\u4e1a\u4f59\u65f6\u95f4\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u5c04\u5f71\u51e0\u4f55\uff0c\u5e76\u5bfb\u627e\u5404\u79cd\u7ecf\u5178\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7248\u672c\u6765\u6ee1\u8db3\u4ed6\u5bf9\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u80c3\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u4ed6\u7ed9\u5bb6\u91cc\u5199\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6781\u4e3a\u7b80\u6d01\u7684\u660e\u4fe1\u7247\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5fc3\u6ee1\u610f\u8db3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u57281925\u5e74\u7684\u6625\u5929\uff0c\u5f53\u542c\u5230\u4ed6\u54e5\u54e5\u670d\u4e0b\u6c30\u5316\u94be\u81ea\u6740\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u540e\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u6781\u5176\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u5144\u5f1f\u4fe9\u5df2\u7ecf\u758f\u8fdc\u4e86\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6b21\u60b2\u5267\u7684\u6700\u521d\u53cd\u5e94\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4e2a\u75db\u82e6\u96be\u8a00\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u59bb\u5b50\u90fd\u4e0d\u613f\u591a\u8a00\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u786e\u5b9e\u548c\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u8c08\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u54e5\u54e5\u7684\u6b7b\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u6043\u5f3a\u51cc\u5f31\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u6548\u7387\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u90a3\u5e74\u590f\u5929\u56de\u5230\u5e03\u91cc\u65af\u6258\uff0c\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u8868\u4efb\u4f55\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u5728\u5047\u671f\u5feb\u8981\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6536\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u6765\u4fe1\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4fe1\u662f\u798f\u52d2\u5bc4\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6821\u6837\u526f\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6d77\u68ee\u4f2f\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002[3]\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5185\u5bb9\u592a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4fbf\u5c06\u5176\u6401\u7f6e\u4e00\u65c1\u3002\u4f46\u5927\u7ea6\u4e24\u5468\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u88ab\u6587\u4e2d\u51e0\u884c\u9644\u5e26\u7684\u8bdd\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\uff0c\u6d77\u68ee\u4f2f\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u52a8\u91cf\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0d\u5bf9\u6613\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u6697\u793a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u514b\u670d\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u91cc\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u90fd\u653e\u5728\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u8574\u542b\u4e86\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5178\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6cca\u677e\u62ec\u53f7\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7248\u672c\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u6cca\u677e\u62ec\u53f7\u5bf9\u786e\u5b9a\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6f14\u5316\u8d77\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u7a0b\u300b\uff08The Fundamental Equations of Quantum Mechanics\uff09[4]\uff0c\u7ed9\u6d77\u68ee\u4f2f\u3001\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u73bb\u6069\uff08Max Born\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u300240\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6d77\u68ee\u4f2f\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u5e7f\u64ad\u516c\u53f8\uff08BBC\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u4f46\u731c\u5230\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/p8.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20230923\/632e3027bb6644e5b8516091158c06ab.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7167\u7247\u6444\u4e8e1927\u5e74\u72c4\u62c9\u514b25\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u6811\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u7167\u7247\u91cc\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u5de7\u5408\uff1a\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u670b\u53cb\u4f0a\u6208\u5c14\u00b7\u5854\u59c6\uff08Igor Tamm\uff09\u90a3\u91cc\u5b66\u4e86\u70b9\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u559c\u6b22\u722c\u6811\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e38\u7a7f\u7740\u5957\u88c5\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aCourtesy of Florida State University, Paul A. M. Dirac Collection.<\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u65e9\u671f\u5173\u4e8e\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4ee5\u6781\u4e3a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u548c\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u8457\u79f0\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u8bba\u6587\u81f3\u4eca\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u4ecd\u4ee4\u4eba\u8033\u76ee\u4e00\u65b0\uff0c\u6781\u5177\u73b0\u4ee3\u611f\u30021920\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u4e66\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u4ed6\u9762\u524d\u655e\u5f00\uff1a\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u53c8\u4e00\u7bc7\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u73b0\u91cf\u5b50\u53d8\u6362\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u91cf\u5b50\u573a\u8bba\u3001\u8272\u6563\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u5bc6\u5ea6\u77e9\u9635\u548c\u7a7a\u7a74\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u505a\u51fa\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u9879\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5bf9\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u591a\u7684\u771f\u77e5\u707c\u89c1\u767e\u601d\u4e0d\u5f97\u5176\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u672a\u4ece\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u90a3\u91cc\u83b7\u5f97\u592a\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u8c08\u8bba\u4ed6\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6253\u5f00\u8bdd\u5323\uff0c\u8bf4\u4ed6\u5728\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5c04\u5f71\u51e0\u4f55\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u719f\u30021971\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u5f6d\u7f57\u65af\uff08Roger Penrose\uff09\u5728\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8981\u6c42\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u51e0\u4f55\u7684\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u8f7b\u8f7b\u5730\u6447\u4e86\u6447\u5934\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u57281963\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u91c7\u8bbf\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u56de\u987e\u81ea\u5df1\u5b66\u4e60\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u65f6\uff0c\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u03b4\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7075\u611f\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u5f53\u4f60\u60f3\u5230\u2026\u2026\u5de5\u7a0b\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f60\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u5206\u5e03\u8f7d\u8377\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f60\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u70b9\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u8f7d\u8377\u3002\u55ef\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u2026\u2026\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f60\u7528\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8981\u628a\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u7edf\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8fd9\u5c31\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u03b4\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u6216\u8bb8\u5728\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7206\u53d1\u4e2d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4eae\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u4ed61928\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u7a0b[5]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u4f7f\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u89e3\u91ca\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u81ea\u65cb\u548c\u78c1\u77e9\u30023\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u90a3\u7bc7\u5173\u4e8e\u78c1\u5355\u6781\u5b50\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u987a\u5e26\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u7a0b\u9884\u793a\u4e86\u53cd\u7535\u5b50\uff08antielectron\uff09\u7684\u5b58\u5728[6]\u30021931\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\uff0c\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8bb2\u5ea7\u7ed3\u675f\u65f6\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u51e0\u4e4e\u76f4\u63a5\u9884\u8a00\u4e86\u5b58\u5728\u53cd\u7535\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u9f13\u52b1\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bb6\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u7c92\u5b50\u30021932\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff08Carl Anderson\uff09\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e0e\u7535\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u76f8\u540c\u4f46\u7535\u8377\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u624d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u53cd\u7535\u5b50\u300230\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5e26\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5965\u6797\u5339\u514b\u5f0f\u7684\u8d85\u7136\u6001\u5ea6\uff08\u8fd9\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff09\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u611f\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u53cd\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u65b9\u7a0b\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6210\u529f\u7684\u9884\u8a00\u6253\u52a8\u4e86\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u613f\u7ed9\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u6388\u5956\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e4b\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u652f\u6301\u30021933\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u5362\u5361\u65af\u6559\u6388\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5ba3\u5e03\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4e0e\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u4e00\u8d77\u5206\u4eab\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\uff0c\u5956\u91d1\u5404\u81ea\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u5e76\u5c061932\u5e74\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u8ffd\u6eaf\u6388\u4e88\u6d77\u68ee\u4f2f\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u6700\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5f97\u8005\u3010\u8bd1\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u9762\u662f25\u5c81\u7684\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u00b7\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\uff08William Lawrence Bragg\uff09\u3011\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bb0\u5f55\u76f4\u52301957\u5e74\u88ab\u674e\u653f\u9053\u6253\u7834\uff08\u53ea\u76f8\u5dee\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53cd\u5bf9<\/strong><strong>QED<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u83b7\u5f97\u8bfa\u5956\u7684\u51e0\u5468\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u771f\u7a7a\u6781\u5316\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u671f\u4e5f\u8d70\u5230\u4e86\u5c3d\u5934\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u518d\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\uff08QED\uff09\u7740\u8ff7\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u91cf\u662f\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u8ba1\u7b97\u53d8\u5f97\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5bf9\u6b64\u6df1\u611f\u56f0\u6270\u30021936\u5e74\u672b\uff0c\u4ed6\u77ed\u6682\u5730\u5c06\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5907\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u5927\u6570\u5047\u8bf4\uff08large-numbers hypothesis\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u5047\u8bf4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\u5c06\u5b87\u5b99\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6570\u5b57\u8054\u7cfb\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5de7\u5408\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u7279\uff08James Scott\uff09\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u5c31\u4ed6\u7684\u7269\u7406\u54f2\u5b66\u8fdb\u884c\u6f14\u8bb2\u3002\u4ed6\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u9080\u8bf7\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u516c\u5f00\u8511\u89c6\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u30021963\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u5176\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8c08\u8bba\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u72c4\u62c9\u514b1939\u5e742\u6708\u5728\u7231\u4e01\u5821\u7684\u90a3\u573a\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba9\u542c\u4f17\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u4ed6\u7528\u6d45\u663e\u5e73\u5b9e\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u5168\u7a0b\u6ca1\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7b26\u53f7\u3002[7]\u5c31\u8fde\u4ed6\u7684\u5f15\u8a00\u4e5f\u76f4\u622a\u4e86\u5f53\uff1a\u201c\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u73a9\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u53d1\u660e\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6e38\u620f\uff0c\u800c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u73a9\u7684\u662f\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u7ed9\u51fa\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5efa\u8bae\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e94\u8be5\u8ffd\u6c42\u80fd\u6700\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u6570\u5b66\u4e4b\u7f8e\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u8010\u5fc3\u56de\u7b54\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u7136\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5ba1\u7f8e\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u827a\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u7f8e\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u96be\u6b23\u8d4f\u5b83\u3002\u201d\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u540e\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u4e4b\u7f8e\u539f\u5219\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u6765\u8bf4\u201c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u4e8b\u4ef6\u30021936\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5c3d\u5934\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u90fd\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u846c\u793c\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u677e\u4e86\u4e00\u53e3\u6c14\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u611f\u89c9\u81ea\u7531\u591a\u4e86\uff1b\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u5199\u7ed9\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5bc6\u53cb\u739b\u5409\u7279\u00b7\u5df4\u62c9\u5179\uff08Margit Bal\u00e1zs\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u540c\u4e8b\u5c24\u91d1\u00b7\u7ef4\u683c\u7eb3\uff08Eugene Wigner\uff09\u7684\u59b9\u59b9\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u79bb\u5a5a\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u5230\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5979\u5c31\u4e0e\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7ed3\u5a5a\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5979\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u4e0e\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u2014\u2014\u5065\u8c08\u3001\u5408\u7fa4\u3001\u56fa\u6267\u5df1\u89c1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u5a5a\u59fb\u8fd8\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5973\u513f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5171\u540c\u5ea6\u8fc7\u4e86\u8fd150\u5e74\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u81ea\u8be9\u4e3a\u5c45\u5bb6\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u6253\u7406\u82b1\u56ed\u548c\u8349\u576a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4ecd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e0e\u4e3b\u6d41\u5b66\u754c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u758f\u8fdc\u4e86\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u62c5\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u79d8\u5bc6\u7814\u7a76\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u7528\u4e8e\u53d1\u5c55\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff1a\u7528\u65e0\u6d3b\u52a8\u90e8\u4ef6\u7684\u4eea\u5668\u5206\u79bb\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u5e76\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u653e\u5f03\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u8fd8\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76QED\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u907f\u96be\u8005\u540c\u4e8b\u859b\u5b9a\u8c14\u548c\u6ce1\u5229\uff08Wolfgang Pauli\uff09\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/p3.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20230923\/d6773323a04943ada3f18d38af773684.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u739b\u5409\u7279\u00b7\u5df4\u62c9\u5179\uff08Margit Bal\u00e1zs\uff09\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c24\u91d1\u00b7\u7ef4\u683c\u7eb3\u7684\u59b9\u59b9\u3002\u7167\u7247\u6444\u4e8e1932\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5979\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u9910\u5385\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9047\u89c1\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u4e24\u5e74\u524d\u30021937\u5e741\u6708\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aCourtesy of Florida State University, Paul A. M. Dirac Collection.<\/p>\n<p>20\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6234\u68ee\u3001\u8d39\u66fc\uff08Richard Feynman\uff09\u3001\u65bd\u6e29\u683c\uff08Julian Schwinger\uff09\u548c\u671d\u6c38\u632f\u4e00\u90ce\uff08Shinichiro Tomonaga\uff09\u2014\u2014\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5907\u7684QED\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u9ebb\u70e6\u7684\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u543b\u5408\u3002\u4f46\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5374\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6240\u52a8\u3002\u5f53\u6234\u68ee\u8be2\u95ee\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u4f55\u770b\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u76f4\u8a00\u4e0d\u8bb3\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e48\u4e11\u964b\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u5149\u5b50\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a8\u52a8\u7c92\u5b50\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u611a\u8822\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u51e0\u4e4e\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5f31\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u5f3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u65b0\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u9010\u6e10\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u5708\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u4e5f\u6025\u5267\u4e0b\u964d\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa50\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b60\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u54c8\u5bc6\u5c14\u987f\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u675f\u7f1a\u6001\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6b7b\u6c34\u4e2d\u6323\u624e\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u53bb\u503e\u542c\u30021969\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4ece\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u5362\u5361\u65af\u6559\u6388\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u4e0a\u9000\u4f11\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5854\u62c9\u54c8\u897f\u7684\u4f5b\u7f57\u91cc\u8fbe\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5468\u6e38\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u4ed6\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2\uff1b\u4ed6\u4e0d\u538c\u5176\u70e6\u5730\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684QED\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u6566\u4fc3\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u53d1\u5c55\u4e00\u79cd\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ed6\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57281980\u5e74\u7684\u6f14\u8bb2\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4f55\u575a\u51b3\u53cd\u5bf9QED\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u91cd\u6574\u5316\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u4efb\u4f55\u6709\u81ea\u5c0a\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8d5e\u540c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8fd1\u4f3c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u91cf\u4e2d\u5ffd\u7565\u65e0\u7a77\u9879\u3002\u5728\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u7684\u91cf\u662f\u8352\u8c2c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u66f4\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u80fd\u5426\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7136\u800c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u51e1\u54cd\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7740\u6770\u51fa\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u60c5\u6000\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u51b3\u5b9a\u505a\u51fa\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fd1\u4f3c\u3002\u201d\u4e00\u540d\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u4f1a\u5bf9\u53ef\u5ffd\u7565\u9879\u660e\u667a\u5730\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u51ed\u76f4\u89c9\u505a\u51fa\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u201c\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u9879\u5fc5\u987b\u5f88\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u4ea7\u751f\u592a\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ed6\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u91cf\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/p1.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20230923\/8155e437c74843ce96b6bb16a7c4ee62.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1927\u5e74\u6625\u5929\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u73bb\u6069\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u5728\u4ed6\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\u5bb6\u7684\u540e\u82b1\u56ed\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u76ee\u4e0d\u8f6c\u775b\u5730\u8bfb\u7740\u62a5\u7eb8\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7ed3\u8bc6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\uff08J. Robert Oppenheimer\uff09\u4e5f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff08\u5de6\u56db\uff09\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aCourtesy of Florida State University, Paul A. M. Dirac Collection.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u575a\u6301\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u53e4\u602a\u5e76\u5b58<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u50cf\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u503c\u5f97\u53cd\u590d\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e00\u6b21\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u5730\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u89c1\u89e3\u5728\u9996\u6b21\u53d1\u8868\u65f6\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4ed61939\u5e74\u5173\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff08IAS\uff09\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6d41\u4f20\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u5185\u68ee\u00b7\u585e\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Nathan Seiberg\uff09\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6b63\u6587\u524d\u7684\u65e5\u671f\u4e0d\u662f1939\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u662f2009\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u8bba\u4e5f\u4f1a\u540c\u6837\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u7279\u522b\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\u4e2d\uff0c\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u63a8\u6d4b\u51fa\u5b87\u5b99\u6700\u521d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3010\u751a\u81f3\u90a3\u662f\u57281939\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u59cb\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u970d\u4f0a\u5c14\uff08Fred Hoyle\uff09\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u540e\u6765\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u3011\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b87\u5b99\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9075\u5faa\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u5e73\u51e1\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u5730\u7403\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u6837\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e43\u81f3\u5b87\u5b99\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u663e\u793a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u800c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u6027\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5b87\u5b99\u6781\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u8dc3\u8fc1\u3002\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u5076\u7136\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u7279\u522b\u5730\u4ee5\u659c\u4f53\u5b57\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u51fa\u6765\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u8dc3\u8fc1\u73b0\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u65e7\u673a\u68b0\u8bba\u89c2\u70b9\u4e2d\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u201d\uff08The quantum jumps now form the uncalcu-lable part ofnatural phenomena, to replace the initial conditions ofthe old mechanistic view.\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u585e\u4f2f\u683c\u5728IAS\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u5c3c\u739b\u00b7\u963f\u5361\u5c3c-\u54c8\u7c73\u5fb7\uff08Nima Arkani-Hamed\uff09\u5bf9\u6211\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u867d\u7136\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5b87\u5b99\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u66b4\u80c0\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u6709\u70b9\u50cf\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5185\u5728\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u80fd\u63d0\u51fa\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u5361\u5c3c-\u54c8\u7c73\u5fb7\u8fd8\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u5728\u6280\u672f\u6027\u4e0a\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e00\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8ffd\u968f\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u811a\u6b65\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u62d3\u5c55\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u53d7\u7ea6\u675f\u7684\u529b\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7406\u8bba\u5b66\u5bb6\u7406\u89e3\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u6027\u5f26\u8bba\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6240\u9700\u7684\u6280\u672f\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5f53\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u7406\u89e3\u78c1\u5355\u6781\u5b50\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u65f6\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u73b0\u4ee3\u57fa\u672c\u7c92\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u81ea\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u57281931\u5e74\u548c1948\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u518d\u6b21\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u8bbe\u5b9a\u597d\u4e86\u8def\u7ebf[8]\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/p0.itc.cn\/q_70\/images03\/20230923\/9ee1538fb0984f34b9e5779cdc28c02e.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7ea61958\u5e74\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5728\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u3002\u4ed6\u5f88\u559c\u6b22\u5e72\u780d\u6811\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u4f53\u529b\u6d3b\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e2e\u5fd9\u6e05\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u9644\u8fd1\u6811\u6797\u7684\u5c0f\u8def\u3002\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aCourtesy of Monica Dirac<\/p>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u5c11\u6216\u6839\u672c\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u6ce8\u8fc7\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7406\u4f1a1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5373\u4ed6\u4eec\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5bf9QED\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u7834\u706d\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5c06\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u6570\u5047\u8bf4\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u8bb8\u591a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u575a\u6301\u539f\u5219\u4f46\u53e4\u602a\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6240\u52a8\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u58eb\u6c14\u4f4e\u843d\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u666e\u6797\u65af\u987f\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u60e0\u52d2\uff08John Wheeler\uff09\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u72c4\u62c9\u514b80\u5c81\u5bff\u8fb0\u65f6\uff0c\u60e0\u52d2\u7ed9\u4ed6\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u7279\u522b\u8d34\u5fc3\u7684\u77ed\u4fe1\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u6211\u5199\u4fe1\u662f\u60f3\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4f60\u662f\u5426\u731c\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u8bb8\u8bb8\u591a\u591a\u5e74\u8f7b\u4e00\u4ee3\u548c\u8001\u4e00\u8f88\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u628a\u4f60\u89c6\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u6b63\u76f4\u548c\u7f8e\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u884c\u4e8b\u7684\u699c\u6837\u3002[9]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u72c4\u62c9\u514b\u5c06\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u5b58\u653e\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u684c\u5b50\u91cc\u3002\u4e0d\u5230\u4e24\u5e74\u540e\uff0c1984\u5e7410\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u5fc3\u529b\u8870\u7aed\u5728\u5854\u62c9\u54c8\u897f\u7684\u5bb6\u4e2d\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u548c\u62a4\u58eb\u5b88\u5728\u5e8a\u8fb9\u3002\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u5230\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u968f\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u79bb\u4e16\u800c\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u8eab\u540e\u4ecd\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u63d0\u4f9b\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u521b\u9020\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff1a 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[5],"tags":[903,18749,18748],"views":94,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63440"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=63440"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63440\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63441,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63440\/revisions\/63441"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=63440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=63440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=63440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}