\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f20\u5947\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u77e5\u8bc6\u6e0a\u535a\u6a2a\u8de8\u591a\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u611f\u60c5\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u8d1f\u76db\u540d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u56e0\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u654f\u9510\u55c5\u89c9\u548c\u72c2\u70ed\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u4e14\u9887\u5177\u9886\u8896\u6c14\u8d28\uff0c\u5e38\u88ab\u5c0f\u4f19\u4f34\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5723\u5f92\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08John Desmond Bernal\uff0c1901\uff5e1971\uff09\uff0c\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1aWikipedia<\/p>\n
\u6587 | \u6f5c\u4f1f\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u79d1\u6280\u53f2\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/p>\n
\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f20\u5947\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u77e5\u8bc6\u6e0a\u535a\u6a2a\u8de8\u591a\u4e2a\u5b66\u79d1\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u611f\u60c5\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u8d1f\u76db\u540d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u56e0\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u654f\u9510\u55c5\u89c9\u548c\u72c2\u70ed\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u4e14\u9887\u5177\u9886\u8896\u6c14\u8d28\uff0c\u5e38\u88ab\u5c0f\u4f19\u4f34\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5723\u5f92\u201d\uff08Sage of Science\uff09\u3002\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e00\u6635\u79f0\u6e90\u4e8e1920\u5e74\u5251\u6865\u5e03\u91cc\u5947\u8857\u89d2\u7684\u5965\u683c\u767b\u4e66\u5e97\uff08Ogden’s Bookshop\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u98ce\u60c5\u4e07\u79cd\u7684\u5e74\u8f7b\u7f8e\u7709\u7684\u5a07\u55d4\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20[1]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5fb7\u65af\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08John Desmond Bernal\uff0c1901\uff5e1971\uff09\uff0c\u8457\u540dX\u5c04\u7ebf\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c1901\u5e745\u670810\u65e5\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u5185\u7eb3\uff08Nenagh\uff09\uff0c1971\u5e749\u670815\u65e5\u5352\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\u3002<\/p>\n
1919\u5e74\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u8fdb\u5165\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u4f0a\u66fc\u7ebd\u5b66\u9662\uff08Emmanuel College\uff09\u5b66\u4e60\u30021922\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u5e94\u8001\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\uff08William Henry Bragg, 1862~1942\uff09\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u4ed6\u6765\u5230\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u6240\uff08Royal Institute\uff09\u7684\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u4e8bX\u5c04\u7ebf\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u76f4\u81f31927\u5e74\u91cd\u56de\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u62c5\u4efb\u7ed3\u6784\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u8bb2\u5e08\uff0c\u540e\u4efb\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u8bb8\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n
1934\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u9996\u6b21\u83b7\u5f97\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684X\u5c04\u7ebf\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u5148\u7814\u7a76\u51fa\u70df\u8349\u82b1\u53f6\u75c5\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u30021937\u5e74\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u62c5\u4efb\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u8d1d\u514b\u5b66\u9662\uff08Birkbeck College\uff09\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u53bb\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u8005\u30021939~1942\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4e8c\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u8f70\u70b8\u7684\u7834\u73af\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u519b\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u63d0\u4f9b\u54a8\u8be2\u610f\u89c1\uff1b1942~1945\u5e74\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u8499\u5df4\u987f\u5c06\u519b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u987e\u95ee\uff0c\u4e3a\u8bfa\u66fc\u5e95\u767b\u9646\u6218\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u7a0b\u79d1\u5b66\u987e\u95ee\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6c11\u7528\u5de5\u7a0b\u5efa\u8bbe\u3002\u4ed6\u540c\u60c5\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6218\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u30021947~1949\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u62c5\u4efb\u82f1\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
1949\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u7ea6\u91cc\u5965\u00b7\u5c45\u91cc\uff08Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Joliot-Curie\uff0c1900~1958\uff09\u7b49\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u8d77\u6210\u7acb\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u8005\u5927\u4f1a\uff08World Congress of Partisans of Peace\uff0c\u540e\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff08World Peace Council\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u62c5\u4efb\u6267\u59d4\u4f1a\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u30021945~1956\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u3001\u6ce2\u5170\u3001\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u548c\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\uff1b\u8fd8\u4efb\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5927\u5b66\u8363\u8a89\u6559\u6388\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u6d2a\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u8363\u8a89\u535a\u58eb\u30021953\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u83b7\u65af\u5927\u6797\u548c\u5e73\u5956\u7ae0\u30021959~1965\u5e74\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u4e16\u754c\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6267\u59d4\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u6240\u8457\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u300b\uff08The Social Function of Science\uff09\u662f\u4e3e\u4e16\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u5960\u57fa\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u4e66\u7684\u526f\u6807\u9898\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u79d1\u5b66\u80fd\u5e72\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u201d\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u6b64\u4e66\u88ab\u8bd1\u4e3a\u591a\u79cd\u6587\u5b57\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u96c6\u4e2d\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8e\u4e24\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\uff1a\u300a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u300b(Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century\uff09\u548c\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u300b(Science in History\uff09\u3002\u540e\u8005\u88ab\u8bd1\u6210\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u5148\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4fc4\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u540e\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u8d6b\u9c81\u6653\u592b\uff08\u4e2d\u95f4\u7ad9\u7acb\u8005\uff09\u4e0e\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08\u8d6b\u5de6\u624b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\uff09\u57281962\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u88c1\u519b\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff08\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\u8457.\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u5723\u5f92\u2014\u2014J.D.\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4f20\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u8f9e\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2014\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4e00<\/p>\n
1939\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u300b\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u4e13\u95e8\u6709\u4e24\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u8c08\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u9887\u503c\u5f97\u73a9\u5473[2]\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4ece\u6765\u90fd\u4e0d\u50cf\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u90a3\u6837\u4eab\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u91cf\u8f93\u5165\u897f\u65b9\u6280\u672f\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u613f\u671b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u505a\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u53ea\u57281925\u5e74\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e0a\u53f0\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u5927\u5b66\u8303\u56f4\u4ee5\u5916\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u65cf\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fc4\u4eca\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u6216\u6709\u72ec\u521b\u6027\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bc4\u5e0c\u671b\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u5de5\u827a\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u8d85\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u8fd9\u573a\u6bc1\u706d\u6027\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\u7279\u522b\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u7834\u574f\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u4f7f\u6700\u6709\u624d\u80fd\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u90fd\u628a\u7cbe\u529b\u7528\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u6210\u7ee9\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u6539\u9020\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u826f\u597d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4e86\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u7ec6\u5fc3\u3001\u8e0f\u5b9e\u548c\u5206\u5bf8\u611f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u7406\u7531\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u4f5c\u51fa\u5373\u4ee4\u4e0d\u6bd4\u897f\u65b9\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e5f\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4e00\u6837\u5927\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u5b83\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6280\u672f\u90fd\u6700\u4e3a\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u201d\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9752\u7750\u6ea2\u4e8e\u8a00\u8868\u3002\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u540e\u6765\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u6280\u672f\u9769\u547d\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u662f\u9976\u6709\u8da3\u5473\u7684\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u7c7b\u4f3c\u201c\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u53f2\u300b\uff08Science and Civilisation in China\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u66f4\u65e9\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u70b9\uff0c\u5218\u949d\u5148\u751f\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u6709\u8bba\u8ff0[3]\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53d7\u5230\u591a\u5c11\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u60c5\u5f62\u73b0\u5728\u4e0d\u5f97\u800c\u77e5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u5176\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8e20\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u201c\u7ea2\u8272\u5e74\u4ee3\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u53ef\u5e2e\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u6218\u6253\u51fb\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8427\u6761\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5f00\u59cb\u82e6\u82e6\u5bfb\u627e\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u65b0\u51fa\u8def\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e0e\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u7b49\u4e00\u6279\u5de6\u7ffc\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5b66\u8005\u5728\u5251\u6865\u7ec4\u6210\u201c\u6709\u5f62\u5b66\u9662\u201d\uff08visible college\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u6709\u5f62\u5b66\u9662\u201d\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u6ce2\u4e49\u8033\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u5f62\u5b66\u9662\u201d\u800c\u8a00\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u670b\u53cb\u5708\u4e2d\u6709\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\u970d\u5c14\u4e39\uff08J. B. S. Haldane\uff09\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u970d\u672c\uff08L. Hogben\uff09\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u83b1\u7ef4\uff08H. Levy\uff09\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\uff08J. Needham\uff09\u548c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u503e\u6ce8\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u5e76\u76f8\u4fe1\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u63a8\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u5219\u540c\u60c5\u82f1\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6216\u5de5\u515a\u5de6\u7ffc\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u5e38\u5e38\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u7fa4\u4e3b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7fa4\u91cc\u6709\u7740\u975e\u51e1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u548c\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u662f\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u597d\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u5e2e\u52a9\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u82f1\u79d1\u5b66\u5408\u4f5c\u9986\u9986\u957f\u53ca\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u79d1\u5b66\u90e8\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u60c5\u7ed3\u6216\u8bb8\u6210\u5c31\u4e86\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u68a6\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u751a\u81f3\u8d70\u5f97\u66f4\u8fdc\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ece\u9700\u6c42\u51b3\u5b9a\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u52a0\u4ee5\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ed9\u51fa\u89e3\u7b54\u3002\u4ed6\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e0d\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u7ec4\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e50\u89c2\u5730\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u6280\u521b\u65b0\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bc4\u5e0c\u671b\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u5de5\u827a\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u8d85\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u7684\u201c\u90a3\u79cd\u7ec6\u5fc3\u3001\u8e0f\u5b9e\u548c\u5206\u5bf8\u611f\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u5f88\u6e05\u9192\u5730\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u505a\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8ba9\u4eba\u8054\u60f3\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u56e0\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u800c\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u56db\u5927\u53d1\u660e\u201d\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u827e\u7ea6\u745f\uff08Joseph Edkins\uff0c1823~1905\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u66f4\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6218\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u975e\u5e38\u4e50\u89c2\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u9002\u5f53\u6539\u9020\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u4e1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u826f\u597d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u5b9e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u9488\u89c1\u8840\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u770b\u5f97\u7cbe\u51c6\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u6539\u9020\u5165\u624b\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u6765\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fc7\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u65bd\u4e00\u516c\u548c\u9976\u6bc52010\u5e74\u66fe\u5728Science\u4e0a\u547c\u5401\u8981\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u7814\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u5f15\u8d77\u4e16\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u6c72\u53d6\u7cbe\u534e\u7684\u5c60\u5466\u5466\u83b7\u5f972015\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5c06\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u8bba\u8bf4\u8be0\u91ca\u5230\u6781\u81f4\u3002\u672a\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u662f\u5426\u4ece\u201c\u8ddf\u968f\u8005\u201d\u5411\u201c\u5e76\u884c\u8005\u201d\u751a\u81f3\u201c\u9886\u8dd1\u8005\u201d\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5e94\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u770b\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u5e94\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u770b\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u9002\u5e94\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u884c\u4f53\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\u300b\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c<\/p>\n
\u4e8c<\/p>\n
1954\u5e74\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u4e94\u5468\u5e74\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5723\u5f92\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee3\u8868\u8d74\u5317\u4eac\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u56fd\u5e86\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\u7684\u5bc6\u96c6\u65c5\u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u65b0\u6c14\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u4ed6\u6d41\u8fde\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u79c0\u4e3d\u5c71\u6c34\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u6b23\u8d4f\u4eac\u5267\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u620f\uff0c\u4e5f\u9676\u9189\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u534e\u7f8e\u98df\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ed6\u5173\u6ce8\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u8f70\u8f70\u70c8\u70c8\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u8d77\u5230\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ce8\u610f\u89c2\u5bdf\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5f53\u4ed6\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u897f\u5c71\u6e38\u73a9\u8def\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6751\u5e84\u65f6\uff0c\u542c\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u54ed\u58f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u542c\u5230\u5b69\u5b50\u54ed\u2014\u2014\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u5c0f\u5973\u5b69\uff0c\u6454\u5012\u4e86\uff0c\u5212\u5230\u4e86\u8138\u3002\u8fd9\u4ef6\u5c0f\u4e8b\u8ba9\u4ed6\u601d\u8003\u4e86\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u663e\u8457\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5185\u5728\u4eba\u6027\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002[4]<\/p>\n
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\u6881\u601d\u6210\u548c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1awikipedia\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4e09<\/p>\n
1959\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\u53ca\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6267\u59d4\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7684\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\uff0c\u5e94\u9080\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u5341\u5468\u5e74\u7684\u5e86\u5178\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u518d\u4e00\u6b21\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u9886\u8896\u4eec\u7ad9\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u8d77\u300210\u67081\u65e5\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e0a\u89c2\u770b\u7130\u706b\u8868\u6f14\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c1\u5230\u4e86\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u8be2\u95ee\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u65b0\u4e66\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u90a3\u65f6\u8fd9\u672c\u521d\u7248\u4e8e1954\u5e74\u7684\u4e66\u521a\u521a\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u6211\u7279\u522b\u9ad8\u5174\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u6240\u8457\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u5c06\u4ee5\u4e2d\u6587\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u5bf9\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6000\u7740\u94a6\u4f69\u548c\u70ed\u7231\u7684\u5fc3\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6211\u6df1\u77e5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u8f83\u53e4\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u8bc4\u8ff0\u6ca1\u6709\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u771f\u6b63\u516c\u5141\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u66fe\u8bd5\u56fe\u4f9d\u636e\u6211\u7684\u8001\u53cb\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\uff08Joseph Needham\uff09\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u6e0a\u535a\u5b66\u8bc6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6bd4\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8005\u4f5c\u51fa\u8f83\u5145\u5b9e\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u7531\u4e8e\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u51e0\u8fd1\u75f4\u8ff7\u7684\u5bf9\u8ba1\u5212\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u4e0e\u5bf9\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u89c2\u70b9\u8fd8\u503c\u5f97\u5546\u69b7\u3002\u800c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u674e\u7ea6\u745f\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u53f2\u300b\u663e\u7136\u66f4\u53d7\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u5176\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u7acb\u573a\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u53f2\u6599\u548c\u5b9e\u7269\u8bc1\u636e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u652f\u6491\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5e86\u5e78\uff0c\u6709\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u8457\u540d\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u5173\u6ce8\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u53f2\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u5e76\u975e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u79d1\u73ed\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u5199\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5723\u5f92\u201d\u7684\u513f\u5b50\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\uff08Martin Gardiner Bernal, 1937\uff5e2013\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u521a20\u51fa\u5934\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c\u56fd\u5e86\u90a3\u5929\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u7236\u5b50\u7ec8\u4e8e\u76f8\u805a\u4e86\u3002\u9a6c\u4e01\u5e26\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u805a\u4f1a\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u9000\u51fa\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8001\u88ab\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u53d4\u201d\u9887\u4e3a\u4e0d\u723d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e01\u542c\u8bf4\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u53d1\u751f\u9965\u8352\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4eb2\u773c\u89c1\u5230\u4e86\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u5bf9\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u548c\u5927\u8dc3\u8fdb\u5927\u5931\u6240\u671b\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u7edf\u8ba1\u90fd\u662f\u9a97\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u7236\u4eb2\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7591\u70b9\uff0c\u7236\u4eb2\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9a6c\u4e01\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u739b\u683c\u4e3d\u7279\u00b7\u52a0\u8fea\u7eb3\uff08Margaret Gardiner, 1904\uff5e2005\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u3001\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5723\u5f92\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u5987\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u4ee5\u201c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u592b\u4eba\u201d\u81ea\u5c45\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5979\u4eec\u4ece\u672a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ed3\u5a5a\u3002\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u56de\u5230\u4f26\u6566\u540e\uff0c\u5979\u5f88\u62c5\u5fc3\u513f\u5b50\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u95ee\u5982\u679c\u9a6c\u4e01\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u505a\u3002\u4ed6\u6c89\u601d\u4e86\u7247\u523b\uff0c\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u53bb\u627e\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u8981\u6c42\u653e\u4eba\u3002\u201d[4]\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u70ed\u7231\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u9001\u4ed6\u4eb2\u7231\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c42\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u8ba9\u4ed6\u65e0\u6bd4\u75db\u5fc3\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e00\u751f\u8ffd\u6c42\u79d1\u5b66\u771f\u7406\u5e76\u76f8\u4fe1\u79d1\u5b66\u80fd\u591f\u9020\u798f\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u770b\u5230\u7f3a\u4e4f\u79d1\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u6d6e\u5938\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u707e\u96be\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u96be\u4ee5\u6291\u5236\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60b2\u6124\u5fc3\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u5eb7\u4e43\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4e1c\u7814\u7a76\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u9000\u4f11\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u9ed1\u8272\u96c5\u5178\u5a1c\u300b\uff08Black Athena\uff09\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5316\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u90a3\u79cd\u653e\u8361\u4e0d\u7f81\u7684\u6311\u8845\u601d\u60f3\u6216\u8bb8\u6709\u5176\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u4e9b\u8bb8\u9057\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u56db<\/p>\n
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