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\u64b0\u6587|\u65b9\u5728\u5e86\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u8bd1\u8005|\u5434\u5a77\u5a67<\/p>\n
\u5f15\u8a00\uff1a\u6253\u7834\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u56de\u5f52\u771f\u5b9e<\/b><\/p>\n
20\u4e16\u7eaa\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u65e0\u6570\u79d1\u5b66\u5de8\u5320\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6700\u8000\u76ee\u7684\u90a3\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ee5\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7406\u8bba\u9707\u64bc\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e16\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e2d\u667a\u6167\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff1f\u4ed6\u771f\u7684\u662f\u51ed\u7a7a\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\uff1f\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u4ece\u672a\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u72af\u8fc7\u91cd\u5927\u9519\u8bef\uff1f\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u53c8\u662f\u5426\u59cb\u7ec8\u5982\u4e00\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5c40\u9650\uff1f\u79cd\u79cd\u795e\u8bdd\u906e\u853d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4f4d\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u672c\u6765\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u6d69\u7e41\u7684\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4f20\u8bb0\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u80e1\u8d1d\u7279\u00b7\u6839\u7eb3\uff08Hubert Goenner, 1936-\uff09\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4f20\u300b\u72ec\u6811\u4e00\u5e1c\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u517c\u5177\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u6839\u7eb3\u4ee5\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8003\u636e\u3001\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6863\u6848\u6750\u6599\u548c\u6df1\u9083\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u6253\u7834\u4e00\u5207\u80a4\u6d45\u7684\u6d6a\u6f2b\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u4ee5\u51b7\u9759\u5374\u9971\u542b\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u7b14\u89e6\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e2\u4f1f\u5927\u53c8\u771f\u5b9e\uff0c\u65e2\u5149\u8f89\u53c8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u56f4\u7ed5\u56db\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u9898\u5c55\u5f00\uff1a<\/p>\n
1. \u89e3\u6784\u5b64\u5c9b\u5929\u624d\u795e\u8bdd\uff1b<\/p>\n
2. \u6253\u7834\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5723\u4eba\u5e7b\u8c61\uff1b<\/p>\n
3. \u91cd\u6784\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8f68\u8ff9\uff1b<\/p>\n
4. \u8003\u5bdf\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u4eba\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6839\u7eb3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u91cd\u5851\u4e86\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fdb\u6b65\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u65b0\u89c6\u89d2\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f9d\u6b21\u8ffd\u968f\u4ed6\u7684\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u573a\u795b\u9b45\u53c8\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65c5\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u55b7\u6cc9\u96d5\u50cf\u3002\u8be5\u96d5\u50cf\u57281984\u5e74\u7531\u5fb7\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u5bb6 J\u00fcrgen Goertz\u521b\u4f5c\uff0c\u94f8\u6210\u94dc\u8d28\u5e76\u5851\u5f62\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e4c\u5c14\u59c6\u7684Einstein Brunnen\uff08\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u55b7\u6cc9\uff09\u3002\u96d5\u50cf\u5448\u8717\u725b\u58f3\u5f62\uff0c\u58f3\u4e2d\u63a2\u51fa\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5934\u50cf\uff0c\u58f3\u4e0a\u6d6e\u96d5\u7740\u8611\u83c7\u4e91\u4e0e\u706b\u7bad\uff0c\u8c61\u5f81\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u3002\u8717\u725b\u58f3\u5bd3\u610f\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u201c\u6162\u601d\u8003\u201d\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u8611\u83c7\u4e91\u4e0e\u706b\u7bad\u4f53\u73b0\u4ed6\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e0e\u6218\u540e\u53cd\u6838\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u96d5\u50cf\u8fd8\u5c55\u73b0\u5e7d\u9ed8\u4e00\u9762\uff1a\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4f38\u51fa\u820c\u5934\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u8c03\u4f83\u56f4\u7ed5\u4ed6\u7684\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5728\u4e4c\u5c14\u59c6\u4ec5\u751f\u6d3b 15 \u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u8fd9\u5ea7\u96d5\u50cf\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u51fa\u751f\u5730\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u540d\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8054\u7cfb\u4e0e\u5e7d\u9ed8\u656c\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u80cc\u666f<\/b><\/p>\n
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\u4e0e\u90e8\u5206\u975e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6839\u7eb3\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u7740\u624e\u5b9e\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ed6\u654f\u9510\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u975e\u9ed1\u5373\u767d\u3001\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u5f62\u8c61\u65e0\u6cd5\u51c6\u786e\u53cd\u6620\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e30\u5bcc\u800c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u64b0\u5199\u4e00\u90e8\u65e2\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5ea6\u795e\u5316\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8d2c\u4f4e\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053\u201d\u7684\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7814\u7a76\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6839\u7eb3\u65e9\u57282004\u5e74\u79cb\u5929\u4fbf\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u666e\u6717\u514b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u4e13\u9898\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u6df1\u5bf9\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u53ca\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7b14\u8005\u4ea6\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\u6709\u5e78\u4e0e\u6839\u7eb3\u7ed3\u8bc6\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e66\u9999\u4e16\u5bb6\uff0c\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u65f6\u671f\u4fbf\u4ece\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u85cf\u4e66\u4e2d\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u8bd7\u6b4c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u949f\u7231\u674e\u767d\uff08\u4ed6\u66f4\u504f\u597d\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u674e\u592a\u767d\u201d\u7684\u79f0\u547c\uff09\u7684\u8bd7\u7bc7\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u591a\u6b21\u4ea4\u8c08\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u6df1\u5207\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u5e7f\u535a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u9886\u57df\u4e0e\u654f\u9510\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6d1e\u5bdf\uff0c\u53d7\u76ca\u532a\u6d45\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5ba1\u89c6\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u66f4\u4ee5\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u8ffd\u5bfb\u4e8b\u5b9e\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u6253\u7834\u6d41\u884c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5bf9\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u201c\u9648\u65e7\u5f62\u8c61\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u8fdc\u975e\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7b80\u660e\u4f20\u8bb0\u3002\u5b83\u627f\u62c5\u7740\u4e00\u9879\u975e\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u91cd\u4efb\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u63d0\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u9896\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u6b64\u524d\u53ea\u6709\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4f7f\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4e5f\u80fd\u4ece\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u542f\u53d1\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u91cd\u5851\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\u5176\u4e16\u754c\u58f0\u8a89\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7f18\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u6279\u5224\u6027\u5730\u5206\u6790\u4ed6\u5f62\u8c61\u88ab\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u6839\u7eb3\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u800c\u7acb\u4f53\u7684\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u89e3\u6784\u5b64\u5c9b\u5929\u624d\u795e\u8bdd<\/b><\/p>\n
1.1 \u524d\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\uff1a\u96c6\u4f53\u667a\u6167\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f<\/p>\n
\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u666e\u904d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u57281905\u5e74\u5b64\u8eab\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8e\u4f2f\u5c14\u5c3c\u4e13\u5229\u5c40\u4e2d\u601d\u8003\u800c\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6839\u7eb3\u7ec6\u81f4\u68b3\u7406\u4e86\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\uff08Hendrik Lorentz, 1853\u20131928\uff09\u4e0e\u5e9e\u52a0\u83b1\uff08Henri Poincar\u00e9, 1854\u20131912\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6570\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u548c\u7269\u7406\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u5728\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2\u521d\u5177\u96cf\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u57281895\u5e74\u81f31904\u5e74\u95f4\u9010\u6b65\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\uff08Lorentz transformation\uff09\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u65b9\u7a0b\u5728\u9ad8\u901f\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u89e3\u91ca\u4ee5\u592a\u5047\u8bf4\u4e0b\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6570\u5b66\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u63ed\u793a\u65f6\u7a7a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7269\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5e9e\u52a0\u83b1\u57281904\u5e74\u4e0d\u4ec5\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u8fd8\u63a5\u8fd1\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u8d28\u80fd\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f9d\u7136\u56fa\u5b88\u4ee5\u592a\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u6bd4\u5bf9\u539f\u59cb\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u5e76\u975e\u51ed\u7a7a\u8bde\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u524d\u4eba\u96c6\u4f53\u667a\u6167\u7d2f\u79ef\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5fc5\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d1\u73b0\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u5929\u624d\u53d9\u4e8b\u2014\u2014\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728\u4e34\u754c\u70b9\u4e0a\u7684\u8dc3\u8fc1\u3002<\/p>\n
1.2 \u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u98de\u8dc3\uff1a\u521b\u9020\u6027\u6574\u5408\u4e0e\u8303\u5f0f\u91cd\u6784<\/p>\n
\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u72ec\u521b\u6027\u4f55\u5728\uff1f\u6839\u7eb3\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7a81\u7834\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e09\u5927\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u5f7b\u5e95\u6452\u5f03\u4e86\u4ee5\u592a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5c06\u5149\u901f\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u4e0a\u5347\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7269\u7406\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u89e3\u653e\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bf9\u7edd\u5bf9\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6289\u62e9\uff0c\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u4ece\u7ecf\u5178\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5411\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d4b\u4e88\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u53d8\u6362\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u7269\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u57281905\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u540c\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u76f4\u51fb\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u903b\u8f91\u81ea\u6d3d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6574\u5408\u4e86\u6d1b\u4f26\u5179\u3001\u5e9e\u52a0\u83b1\u3001\u9a6c\u8d6b\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u8bf8\u5982\u8d28\u80fd\u7b49\u4ef7\uff08E=mc\u22832;\uff09\u7b49\u53ef\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u9884\u8a00\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6839\u7eb3\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u9769\u547d\u5728\u4e8e\u6574\u5408\u6027\u521b\u9020\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b64\u7acb\u53d1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n
1.3 \u5b66\u672f\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u9690\u5f62\u7f51\u7edc<\/p>\n
\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4e5f\u6df1\u6df1\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\u7f51\u7edc\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u6316\u6398\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u901a\u4fe1\u8bb0\u5f55\u3001\u8bfb\u4e66\u7b14\u8bb0\u53ca\u4e13\u5229\u5c40\u5de5\u4f5c\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u5965\u6797\u5339\u4e9a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u201d\u5c0f\u7ec4\u2014\u2014\u7531\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e0e\u54c8\u6bd4\u5e0c\u7279\u3001\u7d22\u6d1b\u6587\u7b49\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u8ba8\u8bba\u5c0f\u7ec4\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u5f62\u6210\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e13\u5229\u5c40\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u5de5\u4f5c\u8981\u6c42\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u9891\u7e41\u8bc4\u4f30\u6d89\u53ca\u7535\u78c1\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6280\u672f\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9524\u70bc\u4e86\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ec4\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6311\u6218\u4f20\u7edf\u7269\u7406\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u73b0\u5b9e\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u800c\u5728\u5b66\u754c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u975e\u65e0\u4eba\u95ee\u6d25\u7684\u8fb9\u7f18\u4eba\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd8\u662f\u201c\u4e13\u5229\u5c40\u5c0f\u804c\u5458\u201d\uff0c\u666e\u6717\u514b\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3b\u52a8\u5199\u4fe1\u6765\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u573a\u5408\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4ed6\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0e\u5b66\u672f\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u8ba9\u7406\u8bba\u5f97\u4ee5\u751f\u6839\u53d1\u82bd\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fd8\u539f\uff0c\u6839\u7eb3\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u201c\u5b64\u5c9b\u5929\u624d\u201d\u7684\u795e\u8bdd\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u4f1f\u5927\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u6c38\u8fdc\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5bc6\u96c6\u800c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u6253\u7834\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5723\u4eba\u795e\u8bdd<\/b><\/p>\n
2.1 \u79d1\u5b66\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\u7684\u5931\u8bef\u4e0e\u4fee\u6b63<\/p>\n
\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4f20\u8bb0\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5e38\u88ab\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u63a2\u7d22\u4e2d\u7684\u65e0\u8bef\u5f15\u8def\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u7eb3\u7528\u624e\u5b9e\u7684\u6863\u6848\u6750\u6599\u8fd8\u539f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u8bd5\u9519\u4e0e\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u8005\u5f62\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
1901\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u5c31\u88ab\u5bfc\u5e08\u514b\u83b1\u7eb3\uff08Alfred Kleiner\uff09\u9000\u56de\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u64a4\u56de\u624b\u7a3f\u3002\u6240\u5e78\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u5a5a\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u517c\u4f34\u4fa3\u7c73\u5217\u5a03\u00b7\u9a6c\u91cc\u5947\uff08Mileva Mari\u0107\uff09\u5728\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5b89\u6170\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5bb6\u5c0f\u5b9d\u8d1d\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u806a\u660e\u7684\u8111\u888b\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u51e0\u5206\u4fe1\u5fc3\u30021905\u5e74\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u5206\u5b50\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u65b0\u6d4b\u5b9a\u6cd5\u300b\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u540e\u6765\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f46\u6839\u7eb3\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u4e09\u5341\u4f59\u5904\u8ba1\u7b97\u9519\u8bef\u4e0e\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u5047\u8bbe\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c06\u7cd6\u5206\u5b50\u8fd1\u4f3c\u4e3a\u521a\u6027\u7403\u4f53\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u6eb6\u5242\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f69\u5170\uff08Jean Perrin, 1870\u20131942\uff09\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e2d\u88ab\u90e8\u5206\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u4f46\u8bba\u6587\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u76f4\u89c9\u5374\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n
![](\"https:\/\/pic1.zhimg.com\/v2-b0b547c4721eae6d8609eb6c1bfc876c_1440w.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u514b\u83b1\u7eb3\uff08Alfred Kleiner\uff0c1849-1916\uff09\uff0c\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u5927\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u5bfc\u5e08\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u7c73\u5217\u5a03\u00b7\u9a6c\u91cc\u5947\uff08Mileva Mari\u0107\uff0c1875\u20131948\uff09\u3002\u5979\u662f\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5728\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u8054\u90a6\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u540c\u5b66\uff0c\u540e\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u59bb\u5b50\u3002\u5e74\u8f7b\u65f6\u7684\u7c73\u5217\u5a03\u806a\u6167\u800c\u5bcc\u6709\u9b45\u529b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u56e0\u5c0f\u513f\u9ebb\u75f9\u75c7\u843d\u4e0b\u4e86\u817f\u811a\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u6258\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u5bc6\u5207\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u5979\u5e38\u4e0e\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u8ba8\u8bba\u6570\u5b66\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5f62\u6210\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u540c\u6837\u5145\u6ee1\u6ce2\u6298\u3002\u4ece1913\u5e74\u4e0e\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u66fc\uff08Marcel Grossmann, 1878\u20131936\uff09\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u7eb2\u8981\u7406\u8bba\uff08Entwurf theory\uff09\u52301915\u5e74\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u8868\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u573a\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u5de5\u5177\u638c\u63e1\u3001\u7269\u7406\u76f4\u89c9\u77eb\u6b63\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6323\u624e\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u63a2\u7d22\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6b63\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u5e38\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n
2.2 \u665a\u5e74\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6297\u62d2<\/p>\n
\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5bf9\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e38\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u987d\u56fa\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u7ec6\u81f4\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u7d22\u5c14\u7ef4\u4f1a\u8bae\uff081927\u20131930\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u8fa9\u8bba\u3001EPR\u6096\u8bba\uff081935\uff09\u8bba\u6587\u3001\u4e0e\u73bb\u5c14\uff08Niels Bohr\uff09\u957f\u8fbe\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u8bba\u6218\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5e76\u975e\u7b80\u5355\u5426\u5b9a\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u634d\u536b\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5373\u4f7fEPR\u4f6f\u8c2c\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u8d1d\u5c14\u4e0d\u7b49\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6240\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5173\u4e8e\u5c40\u57df\u6027\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5728\u6027\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u2014\u2014\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u91cf\u5b50\u4fe1\u606f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bae\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u636e\u6b64\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u8c13”\u5931\u8d25”\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u65b0\u7406\u8bba\u6df1\u5316\u7684\u9690\u79d8\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
2.3 \u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e0e\u6f14\u53d8<\/p>\n
\u5728\u516c\u4f17\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u575a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u79fb\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e0e\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u7eb3\u901a\u8fc7\u68b3\u7406\u4e00\u6218\u3001\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u53ca\u51b7\u6218\u521d\u671f\u7684\u516c\u5f00\u58f0\u660e\u3001\u79c1\u4eba\u4fe1\u4ef6\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u4e0e\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u57281914\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u62d2\u7edd\u7b7e\u7f72\u5fb7\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u652f\u6301\u6218\u4e89\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u6218\u4e89\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5374\u62d2\u7edd\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u56e0\u62d2\u670d\u5175\u5f79\u800c\u88ab\u6355\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u6c42\u60c5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u76f4\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u662f\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u6b23\u7136\u53c2\u519b\u3002\u201d\u5230\u4e861933\u5e74\u9762\u5bf9\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5a01\u80c1\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u652f\u6301\u6b66\u88c5\u62b5\u6297\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\uff08Leo Szilard\uff0c1898-1964\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0b\u81f4\u4fe1\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6218\u540e\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u6838\u8fd0\u52a8\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u5e76\u975e\u80cc\u53db\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7406\u6027\u6743\u8861\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u6323\u624e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u6210\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u91cd\u6784\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u53d9\u4e8b<\/b><\/p>\n
3.1 \u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8f6c\u5316\u5668<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5927\u4f17\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u521b\u89c1\u5e38\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5b64\u7acb\u800c\u795e\u5947\u7684\u7075\u611f\u95ea\u73b0\u3002\u4f46\u6839\u7eb3\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\u3001\u901a\u4fe1\u4e0e\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u540e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff08Gedankenexperiment\uff09\u5e76\u975e\u5076\u7136\u7684\u5f02\u60f3\u5929\u5f00\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u957f\u671f\u9524\u70bc\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5c06\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u76f4\u89c9\u53ef\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u8ffd\u5149\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff081895-1905\uff09<\/p>\n
16\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5e7b\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u8ffd\u9010\u4e00\u675f\u5149\u3002\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u4ee5\u5149\u901f\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5149\u6ce2\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u4f1a\u9759\u6b62\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e00\u76f4\u89c9\u6311\u6218\u4e86\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u97e6\u7535\u78c1\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u7ed3\u6784\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u5341\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u7ef4\u8def\u5f84\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u719f\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5149\u901f\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u539f\u5219\u7684\u786e\u7acb\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u73b0\u5b58\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u8054\u90a6\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u7b14\u8bb0\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u903b\u8f91\u7ea0\u504f\u4e0e\u6a21\u578b\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u8e74\u800c\u5c31\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7535\u68af\u5047\u60f3\uff081907-1912\uff09<\/p>\n
1907\u5e74\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5728\u64b0\u5199\u4e00\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\u65f6\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u7075\u5149\u4e00\u95ea\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e0b\u843d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u611f\u89c9\u4e0d\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5ff5\u5934\u8ba9\u4ed6\u5174\u594b\u5730\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u6700\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u201d\u3002\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76f4\u89c2\u8bbe\u60f3\u5f62\u8c61\u5316\u6210\u201c\u7535\u68af\u5047\u60f3\u201d\uff1a\u8bbe\u60f3\u4f60\u88ab\u5173\u5728\u4e00\u90e8\u6b63\u5728\u4e0b\u843d\u7684\u7535\u68af\u91cc\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u5931\u91cd\uff0c\u684c\u4e0a\u7684\u82f9\u679c\u548c\u4f60\u4e00\u6837\u540c\u65f6\u98d8\u6d6e\uff1b\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7535\u68af\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u5730\u7403\u7684\u771f\u7a7a\u4e2d\u4ee5\u6052\u5b9a\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u4f1a\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4e0e\u91cd\u529b\u65e0\u5f02\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u7b49\u6548\u539f\u7406\uff1a\u91cd\u529b\u4e0e\u52a0\u901f\u5ea6\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u533a\u5206\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u65e5\u540e\u628a\u91cd\u529b\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u65f6\u7a7a\u5f2f\u66f2\u6307\u660e\u4e86\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5149\u5b50\u76d2\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff081930\uff09<\/p>\n
\u57281930\u5e74\u7b2c\u516d\u5c4a\u7d22\u5c14\u672b\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u5149\u5b50\u76d2\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u610f\u5728\u6311\u6218\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u2013\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u539f\u7406\u3002\u4ed6\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u88c5\u6709\u65f6\u949f\u7684\u76d2\u5b50\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7cbe\u786e\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u673a\u5173\u91ca\u653e\u5355\u4e2a\u5149\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u79f0\u91cf\u76d2\u5b50\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u53d8\u5316\u6765\u540c\u65f6\u786e\u5b9a\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u91ca\u653e\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u80fd\u591f\u8fdd\u80cc\u6d77\u68ee\u4f2f\u539f\u7406\u3002\u73bb\u5c14\u968f\u5373\u5f15\u5165\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5f15\u529b\u65f6\u95f4\u81a8\u80c0\u6548\u5e94\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u9a73\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u539f\u7406\u4f9d\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u52a8\u6447\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6839\u7eb3\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5728\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u7269\u7406\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0e\u6982\u5ff5\u6279\u5224\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u601d\u60f3\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u4e0e\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
3.2 \u6570\u5b66\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7edf\u4e00<\/p>\n
\u5e38\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u85d0\u89c6\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u8fc7\u4e8e\u501a\u91cd\u76f4\u89c9\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u67901912-1915\u5e74\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u672a\u53d1\u8868\u624b\u7a3f\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef6\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e0e\u9ad8\u9636\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7eb2\u8981\u7406\u8bba\u9636\u6bb5\uff081913\uff09<\/p>\n
\u5728\u6700\u521d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7528\u9ece\u66fc\u51e0\u4f55\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f15\u529b\u573a\u65f6\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u56e0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5f20\u91cf\u5206\u6790\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u573a\u65b9\u7a0b\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7406\u8bba\u65e0\u6cd5\u81ea\u6d3d\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u5f15\u8ff0\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u81f4\u8d1d\u7d22\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u90a3\u53e5\u8457\u540d\u7684\u81ea\u5632\uff1a\u201c\u6570\u5b66\u51e0\u4e4e\u7eca\u5012\u4e86\u6211\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u7a81\u7834\u9636\u6bb5\uff081915\uff09<\/p>\n
\u5728\u683c\u7f57\u65af\u66fc\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u9010\u6e10\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u67ef\u897f\u5f20\u91cf\u4e0e\u9ece\u66fc\u66f2\u7387\u5f20\u91cf\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u51fa\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u573a\u65b9\u7a0b\uff08Einstein Field Equations\uff09\u3002\u6839\u7eb3\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6210\u529f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u7269\u7406\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u7269\u7406\u6df1\u5ea6\u6574\u5408\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n
3.3 \u9519\u8bef\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u673a\u5236<\/p>\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u5e38\u5c06\u9519\u8bef\u89c6\u4e3a\u5c34\u5c2c\u7684\u63d2\u66f2\uff0c\u4f46\u6839\u7eb3\u53cd\u590d\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u5728\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u6df1\u5316\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6218\u7565\u6027\u9519\u8bef<\/p>\n
\u59821917\u5e74\u5f15\u5165\u5b87\u5b99\u5e38\u6570\uff08cosmological constant\uff09\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u9759\u6001\u5b87\u5b99\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e3a\u8bef\u5224\u3002\u4f46\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\u6697\u80fd\u91cf\u7406\u8bba\u590d\u5174\u540e\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u5e38\u6570\u518d\u6b21\u6210\u4e3a\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u201c\u9519\u8bef\u201d\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u540e\u7eed\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6280\u672f\u6027\u9519\u8bef<\/p>\n
\u59821905\u5e74\u5e03\u6717\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u7c92\u5b50\u6269\u6563\u7387\u516c\u5f0f\u63a8\u5bfc\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u62161911\u5e74\u9884\u6d4b\u5149\u7ebf\u504f\u6298\u89d2\u5ea6\u504f\u5c0f\u7684\u5931\u8bef\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec6\u8282\u4e0a\u7684\u504f\u5dee\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u884c\u6279\u8bc4\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u4fee\u6b63\u5f97\u5230\u7ea0\u6b63\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u81ea\u6211\u6821\u6b63\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u5c40\u9650<\/p>\n
\u5982\u665a\u5e74\u6267\u7740\u4e8e\u7edf\u4e00\u573a\u8bba\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u7535\u78c1\u4e0e\u5f15\u529b\u7edf\u4e00\u4e3a\u5355\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8303\u5f0f\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6267\u5ff5\u4ecd\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u540e\u4e16\u5f26\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u91cf\u5b50\u5f15\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6839\u7eb3\u603b\u7ed3\u9053\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ee5\u5931\u8d25\u4e3a\u5951\u673a\u4e0d\u65ad\u81ea\u6211\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u795e\u8bdd\u5f0f\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u82f1\u96c4\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u53cd\u53db\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u8005\u7684\u6210\u957f\u73af\u5883<\/b><\/p>\n
4.1 \u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u538b\u6291\u4e0e\u53cd\u6297<\/p>\n
\u6839\u7eb3\u901a\u8fc7\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u8def\u6613\u6ce2\u5c14\u5fb7\u6587\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5b66\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5e1d\u56fd\u6559\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u4e0e\u519b\u8425\u5316\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4ee5\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u3001\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u548c\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u51e0\u8fd1\u5ffd\u7565\uff1b\u6821\u89c4\u5145\u65a5\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7ec6\u81f4\u7ba1\u63a7\uff0c\u4ece\u7b14\u987a\u5230\u8bfe\u95f4\u8c08\u8bdd\u5747\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba8\u538c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u8001\u5e08\u65ad\u8a00\u4ed6\u201c\u4eca\u540e\u4e00\u4e8b\u65e0\u6210\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u73af\u5883\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u5c11\u5e74\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5bf9\u6743\u5a01\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u53cd\u611f\u3002\u4ed6\u57281894\u5e74\u7684\u9000\u5b66\u7533\u8bf7\u4e66\u4e2d\u5766\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u65e0\u6cd5\u5fcd\u53d7\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7981\u9522\u3002\u201d\u6839\u7eb3\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u79f0\u4e3a\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u8ba4\u77e5\u98ce\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u201c\u538b\u6291\u6027\u53cd\u5411\u52a8\u529b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
4.2 \u81ea\u5b66\u7684\u559c\u60a6<\/p>\n
\u5341\u4e8c\u5c81\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u672c\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u51e0\u91cc\u5f97\u5e73\u9762\u51e0\u4f55\u7684\u5c0f\u4e66\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u52fe\u80a1\u5b9a\u7406\u3002\u201c\u90a3\u4e00\u523b\u6211\u6b23\u559c\u4e07\u5206\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u665a\u5e74\u4f9d\u7136\u8bb0\u5f97\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u6211\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u601d\u8003\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u751f\u52a8\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u770b\u5230\u79d1\u5b66\u76f4\u89c9\u5982\u4f55\u4ece\u5c11\u5e74\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c31\u840c\u82bd\u3002<\/p>\n
4.3\u745e\u58eb\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u4e0e\u6fc0\u52b1<\/p>\n
\u8f6c\u5b66\u81f3\u745e\u58eb\u963f\u5c14\u9ad8\u5dde\u7acb\u4e2d\u5b66\u540e\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5d07\u5c1a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e0e\u6000\u7591\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u5e08\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u63d0\u51fa\u539f\u521b\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u975e\u8bb0\u5fc6\u6807\u51c6\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6839\u7eb3\u7279\u522b\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u57281895-1896\u5e74\u7269\u7406\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bfe\u4e0a\u7684\u4f5c\u4e1a\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u81ea\u4e3b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7535\u6d41\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6d4b\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6559\u80b2\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u4ec5\u57f9\u517b\u4e86\u4ed6\u6562\u4e8e\u6311\u6218\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5176\u65e5\u540e\u6562\u4e8e\u98a0\u8986\u4f20\u7edf\u7269\u7406\u6846\u67b6\u6253\u4e0b\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
4.4\u4e13\u5229\u5c40\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u610f\u5916\u9988\u8d60<\/p>\n
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