{"id":65082,"date":"2026-02-21T08:12:59","date_gmt":"2026-02-21T00:12:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=65082"},"modified":"2026-02-21T08:12:59","modified_gmt":"2026-02-21T00:12:59","slug":"%e5%a4%9a%e9%9d%a2%e5%93%a5%e4%bc%a6%e5%b8%83%ef%bc%9a%e6%b0%b4%e6%89%8b%e3%80%81%e6%80%bb%e7%9d%a3%e3%80%81%e9%80%9a%e7%bc%89%e7%8a%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=65082","title":{"rendered":"\u591a\u9762\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\uff1a\u6c34\u624b\u3001\u603b\u7763\u3001\u201c\u901a\u7f09\u72af\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u64b0\u6587 \u2502 \u5218\u949d\uff08\u6e05\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u7cfb\u7279\u8058\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u8c1c\u56e2\u4e0e\u5f62\u8c61<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u540c\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\uff08Christopher Columbus\uff0cc.1451-1506\uff09\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8c1c\u56e2\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u592a\u591a\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f7c\u6b64\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u72c2\u70ed\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u540e\u4eba\u7684\u77eb\u9970\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7ec6\u8282\u81f3\u4eca\u5c1a\u65e0\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u51fa\u751f\u5e74\u6708\u5c31\u670916\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u9ab8\u9aa8\u662f\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7684\u585e\u7ef4\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u6559\u5802\u8fd8\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u7684\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u52a0\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u56fd\u7c4d\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u5219\u6709\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3001\u79d1\u897f\u5609\u4ee5\u53ca\u72b9\u592a\u8840\u7edf\u52a0\u6cf0\u7f57\u5c3c\u4e9a\u4eba\u3001\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=3323722250,524186731&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=650\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8fbe\u5229\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u53d1\u73b0\u7f8e\u6d32\u300b\uff081959\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5b\u7f57\u91cc\u8fbe\u5dde\u8fbe\u5229\u7f8e\u672f\u9986<\/p>\n<p>\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u83ab\u91cc\u68ee\uff08S.E.Morison\uff0c1887-1976\uff09\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u62c5\u4efb\u6d77\u519b\u5c11\u5c06\uff0c\u53c8\u5148\u540e\u6267\u97ad\u52a0\u5dde\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u3001\u54c8\u4f5b\u3001\u725b\u6d25\u7b49\u540d\u6821\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u6559\u6388\u822a\u6d77\u53f2\uff0c\u66fe\u4eb2\u81ea\u9a7e\u9a76\u5e06\u8239\u591a\u6b21\u91cd\u8d70\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u822a\u6d77\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e1942\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4f20\u300b\uff08Admiral of the Ocean Sea\uff1aA Life of Christopher Columbus\uff09\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8bf8\u591a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4f20\u8bb0\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u83ab\u91cc\u68ee\u5bf9\u5b58\u4e16\u7684\u6570\u79cd\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u8096\u50cf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u7528\u591a\u4f4d\u540c\u4ee3\u4eba\u63cf\u7ed8\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5916\u8c8c\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6982\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u8eab\u6750\u9ad8\u5927\u3001\u4f53\u683c\u7ed3\u5b9e\uff0c\u84dd\u773c\u775b\uff0c\u9e70\u9f3b\uff0c\u957f\u8138\uff0c\u9ad8\u98a7\u9aa8\uff0c\u7ea2\u8910\u8272\u5934\u53d1\uff0c\u76ae\u80a4\u7ea2\u6da6\u6709\u6591\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f83\u7b26\u5408\u83ab\u91cc\u68ee\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u9762\u8c8c\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u9a6c\u8fbe\u91cc\u4e9a\u52a0\uff08Salvador de Madariaga\uff0c1886-1978\uff09\u6240\u8457\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4f20\u300b\uff08Vida Del Muy Magn\u00edfico Se\u0148or Don Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u5c01\u9762\u5c31\u7528\u4e86\u8fd9\u5e45\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=1133526249,2465804089&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=458&amp;h=540\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Ridolfo Ghirlandaio\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u50cf\u300b(c.1520)\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u610f\u5927\u5229\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u6d77\u4e8b\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u5e45\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u8096\u50cf\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u5219\u6709\u4e9b\u53ef\u7591\uff0c\u753b\u4e2d\u4eba\u5934\u9876\u4e24\u65c1\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fa8\u8ba4\u51fa\u7684\u4e24\u884c\u91d1\u5b57\u662f\uff1aH\u00c6C.EST. EFFIGIES. LIGVRIS. MIRANDA. COLVMBI. ANTIPODVM. PRIMVS\/RATE. QVI. PENETRAVIT.IN. ORBEM. 1519\u3002\u7ffb\u8bd1\u51fa\u6765\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u5229\u53e4\u91cc\u4e9a\u4eba\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d5e\u53f9\u7684\u753b\u50cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u9996\u6b21\u9a7e\u8239\u9a76\u5165\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5bf9\u8dd6\u70b9\uff0c1519\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>COLVMBI\u662f\u201c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d3\u6c0f\u4f17\u591a\u5f02\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5229\u53e4\u91cc\u4e9a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u610f\u5927\u5229\u897f\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u5357\u6fd2\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u6e7e\u3002\u6301\u6000\u7591\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u4eba\u6307\u51fa1519\u5e74\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5df2\u4e0d\u5728\u4eba\u4e16\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\uff08Fern\u00e3o de Magalh\u00e3es\uff0cc.1480-1521\uff09\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\u5176\u73af\u7403\u822a\u884c\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u753b\u4e2d\u4eba\u786e\u7cfb\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u540e\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff0c\u753b\u5bb6\u6216\u8005\u9898\u5b57\u8005\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u4e8b\u8ff9\u4e0e\u6700\u8fd1\u671f\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u8f70\u52a8\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/b7f475757e0d747f\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Sebastiano del Piombo\u300a\u7537\u4eba\u8096\u50cf\u300b(1519)\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5927\u90fd\u4f1a\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n<p>\u987a\u4fbf\u79c0\u4e00\u4e0b\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u50cf\uff0c\u4e0b\u56fe\u4eba\u7269\u5934\u9876\u7684\u5c0f\u5b57\u662f\u201c\u8d39\u8fea\u5357\u00b7\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\uff0c\u4f60\u8d8a\u8fc7\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u3001\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u6d77\u5ce1\u201d\uff08Ferdinan-Magellanus superatis antarctici freti angustiis clariss\uff09\u3002\u201c\u5357\u65b9\u6d77\u5ce1\u201d\u6307\u7f8e\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u5357\u7aef\u5408\u6069\u89d2\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u72ed\u7a84\u6c34\u9053\uff0c1520\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u7684\u8239\u961f\u5c31\u662f\u7ecf\u7531\u8fd9\u91cc\u4ece\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u9a76\u8fdb\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u7684\uff0c\u4eca\u79f0\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u6d77\u5ce1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i04piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/cc25bc7d37ec1612\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4f5a\u540d\u300a\u9ea6\u54f2\u4f26\u50cf\u300b\uff0816\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a Mariner\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u515c\u552e\u897f\u822a\u5370\u5ea6\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u6c34\u624b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u6570\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u662f\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u7f8a\u6bdb\u7f16\u7ec7\u5de5\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u7ecf\u8425\u8fc7\u4e00\u5bb6\u5c0f\u98df\u54c1\u5e97\u3002\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u79c1\u751f\u5b50\u548c\u822a\u6d77\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u63a5\u73ed\u4eba\u6590\u8fea\u5357\u5fb7\u5ba3\u79f0\u4ed6\u66fe\u5728\u5e15\u591a\u74e6\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u6750\u6599\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7528\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6587\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u5076\u5c14\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u8461\u8404\u7259\u6587\u548c\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6587\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u65b9\u8a00\u4e0e\u6258\u65af\u5361\u7eb3\u8bed\u6216\u53e4\u5178\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8bed\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4f3c\u53ef\u53cd\u8bc1\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u672a\u66fe\u5728\u4e00\u6240\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5927\u5b66\u8bfb\u8fc7\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u662f\u4e2a\u6d77\u6e2f\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5728\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u7231\u4e0a\u4e86\u822a\u6d77\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u5192\u9669\u751f\u6d3b\u6bd4\u5446\u5728\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u4f5c\u574a\u91cc\u8981\u523a\u6fc0\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u822a\u884c\u8db3\u8ff9\u904d\u5e03\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6cbf\u5cb8\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u9a76\u51fa\u76f4\u5e03\u7f57\u9640\u6d77\u5ce1\u7684\u8fdc\u822a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u5546\u8239\u906d\u5230\u6d77\u76d7\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u8d1f\u4f24\u843d\u6c34\u7684\u4ed6\u4fa5\u5e78\u6cc5\u6e21\u5230\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/225c6f8523059f73\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5229\u53e4\u91cc\u4e9a\u5730\u533a\u53ca\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u6e7e \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1agoogle<\/p>\n<p>\u8461\u8404\u7259\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u6d32\u6700\u6709\u751f\u6c14\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u9752\u5e74\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5982\u9965\u4f3c\u6e34\u5730\u5b66\u4e60\u5404\u79cd\u4e0e\u822a\u6d77\u6709\u5173\u7684\u65b0\u9c9c\u4e8b\u7269\uff1a\u8461\u8404\u7259\u8bed\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bed\u3001\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u3001\u9020\u8239\u672f\u3001\u5236\u56fe\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5730\u7406\u3001\u6c34\u6587\u3001\u6c14\u8c61\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u5f1f\u5f1f\u5728\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u4ece\u4e8b\u5730\u56fe\u548c\u6d77\u56fe\u7ed8\u5236\u4e0e\u9500\u552e\u5e97\u94fa\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u4e66\u7c4d\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8001\u4e61\u9a6c\u53ef\u00b7\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u300a\u6e38\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u6e38\u8bb0\u300b\u9875\u8fb9\u4e0a\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u6b63\u5bf9\u9762\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/c9ac9cd7c203d84c\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u8bfb\u8fc7\u7684\u9a6c\u53ef\u00b7\u6ce2\u7f57\u300a\u6e38\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u9875\u8fb9\u4e0a\u7684\u62c9\u4e01\u6587\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u624b\u8ff9\u3002\u73b0\u85cf\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u585e\u7ef4\u5229\u4e9a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u6863\u6848\u9986<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u201c\u822a\u6d77\u738b\u5b50\u201d\u6069\u91cc\u514b\uff08Don Alfonso Enrique\uff0c1394-1460\uff09\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece15\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u5c31\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u6cbf\u7740\u975e\u6d32\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u5357\u4e0b\u7684\u822a\u8def\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u7ed5\u8fc7\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u76f4\u8fbe\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u638c\u63a7\u7740\u4ece\u4e1c\u65b9\u83b7\u5f97\u9999\u6599\u548c\u73e0\u5b9d\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e1d\u7ef8\u3001\u74f7\u5668\u548c\u8336\u53f6\uff09\u7684\u8d38\u6613\u547d\u8109\uff08\u53c2\u770b\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6d77\u4e0a\u82b1\u5217\u4f20(I)\uff08II\uff09\uff09\u3002\u800c\u65e9\u57281474\u5e74\uff0c\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5360\u661f\u5b66\u5bb6\u6258\u65af\u5361\u5185\u5229\uff08Paolo Toscanelli\uff0c1397-1482\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u5728\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u5927\u6559\u5802\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u53cb\u4eba\uff0c\u5411\u8461\u8404\u7259\u738b\u5ba4\u4f20\u8fbe\u4e86\u5411\u897f\u822a\u884c\u5230\u9999\u6599\u7fa4\u5c9b\u548c\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u4e8e\u7403\u5f62\u5927\u5730\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u65e0\u61c8\u53ef\u51fb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9664\u5374\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u8fd8\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u7f8e\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u5c4f\u969c\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6258\u65af\u5361\u5185\u5229\u4e25\u91cd\u4f4e\u4f30\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5468\u957f\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8461\u8404\u7259\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u6295\u8d44\u8fd9\u4e00\u865a\u65e0\u7f25\u7f08\u7684\u5192\u9669\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8e0f\u8e0f\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5730\u5f00\u62d3\u975e\u6d32\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ece\u5176\u5c3d\u5934\u7ed5\u5230\u4e1c\u65b9\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u4e45\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5c31\u83b7\u6089\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e1c\u65b9\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u6c34\u624b\u7684\u91ce\u5fc3\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5230\u5904\u6e38\u8bf4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u52bf\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u90fd\u88ab\u667e\u5728\u4e00\u8fb9\u30021483\u5e74\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u56fd\u738b\u82e5\u671b\u4e8c\u4e16\uff08Jo\u00e3o II\uff0c1455-1495\uff09\u63a5\u89c1\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5e76\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4ea4\u4ed8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u822a\u6d77\u5bb6\u4eec\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u738b\u5ba4\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5730\u7403\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u8fd8\u662f\u672a\u77e5\u6570\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u76ee\u4e2d\u65e0\u4eba\u4e0e\u5938\u5938\u5176\u8c08\u4e5f\u4ee4\u4eba\u53cd\u611f\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u8981\u6c42\u5305\u62ec\u62e5\u6709\u8230\u961f\u53f8\u4ee4\uff08admiral\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u8bd1\u4f5c\u6d77\u519b\u4e0a\u5c06\uff09\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u8d35\u65cf\u79f0\u53f7\uff0c\u62c5\u4efb\u53d1\u73b0\u5730\u603b\u7763\u5e76\u4e3a\u540e\u4ee3\u4fdd\u7559\u7ee7\u627f\u6743\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u4eba\u83b7\u53d6\u4ece\u5f53\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u3001\u73e0\u5b9d\u548c\u9999\u6599\u768410%\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u62a5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=3151462767,3786490131&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=727\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Jose M.Velasco\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\u300b(1856)\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u56fd\u5bb6\u827a\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u56fd\u4e0e\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5973\u738b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u4e2d\u90e8\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u90fd\u88ab\u4fe1\u5949\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u6469\u5c14\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u7740\u30021469\u5e74\uff0c\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u738b\u56fd\u7ed3\u4e3a\u79e6\u664b\u4e4b\u597d\u2014\u2014\u963f\u62c9\u8d21\u7684\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u591a\u56fd\u738b\uff08 Fernando II\uff0c1452-1516\uff09\u4e0e\u5361\u65af\u8482\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5973\u738b\uff08Isabella\uff0c1451-1504\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u5171\u540c\u541b\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=1485819815,4281158265&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=669\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u62c9\u8d21\u7684\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u591a\u4e8c\u4e16(1452-1516)\u00a0 Michael Sittow\u7ed8\uff0815\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff09 \u73b0\u85cf\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u827a\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=34391788,569989907&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=619\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u65af\u8482\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u5c14(1451-1504)\u00a0 \u4f5a\u540d(c.1490) \u73b0\u85cf\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u666e\u62c9\u591a\u535a\u7269\u9986<\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u7ea6\u57281485\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5728\u79d1\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u5361\u8428\u5bab\u89d0\u89c1\u56fd\u738b\u592b\u5987\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u591a\u4e8c\u4e16\u6b63\u5fd9\u4e8e\u524d\u65b9\u5f81\u6218\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u8d22\u653f\u4e0e\u540e\u52e4\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5973\u738b\u5bf9\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5979\u7279\u522b\u6307\u6d3e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fcf\u6094\u795e\u7236\u9886\u5bfc\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u62ec\u6570\u5b66\u4e0e\u822a\u6d77\u4e13\u5bb6\u5728\u5185\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5ba1\u67e5\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u2014\u2014\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u535a\u5b66\u4e4b\u58eb\u4e0e\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u5730\u7403\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u90fd\u8fdc\u8fdc\u4f4e\u4e8e\u5b9e\u9645\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u540c\u610f\u738b\u5ba4\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u6c34\u624b\u7684\u75af\u72c2\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=1727589223,1669755526&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=600&amp;h=500\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4f5a\u540d\u300a\u5973\u738b\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u5ba1\u67e5\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u300b\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bae\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u56fe\u4e3a\u5fb7\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u6d1b\u4f0a\u8328\uff08Emanuel Leutze\uff0c1816-1868\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u89d0\u89c1\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5973\u738b\u300b\uff0c\u573a\u666f\u5b89\u6392\u5728\u5177\u6709\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u60c5\u8c03\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u5361\u8428\u5bab\u4e2d\uff0c\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u6b63\u5411\u56fd\u738b\u592b\u5987\u4ecb\u7ecd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u65c1\u8fb9\u90a3\u4e2a\u5750\u7740\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u67e5\u770b\u4ed6\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5730\u56fe\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u5176\u80f8\u524d\u4f69\u6234\u7684\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u770b\u5e94\u8be5\u5c31\u662f\u5973\u738b\u7684\u5fcf\u6094\u795e\u7236\u3001\u540e\u6765\u62c5\u4efb\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u8fbe\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u5854\u62c9\u97e6\u62c9\uff08Hernando de Talavera\uff0c1428-1507\uff09\uff1b\u4e00\u4f4d\u5c11\u5e74\u5c55\u793a\u7740\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u732e\u7ed9\u738b\u5ba4\u7684\u793c\u7269\u2014\u2014\u4e1c\u65b9\u7684\u73e0\u5b9d\u4e0e\u4e1d\u7ef8\uff1b\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u591a\u4e8c\u4e16\u4e0e\u51e0\u4f4d\u671d\u81e3\u90fd\u4ee5\u534a\u4fe1\u534a\u7591\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u5ba1\u89c6\u7740\u773c\u524d\u7684\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u540c\u9f84\u7684\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5973\u738b\u76ee\u5149\u4f4e\u5782\u3001\u4ee5\u624b\u6258\u989d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6b63\u9677\u5165\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u601d\u8003\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/6845a55142df6a5d\" 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src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/7bb76c4a2eadff10\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Francisco Pradilla Ortiz\u300a\u6536\u590d\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u8fbe\u300b(1882)\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8bae\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6<\/p>\n<p>\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u8fbe\u7684\u9677\u843d\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u52bf\u529b\u5728\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u534a\u5c9b800\u5e74\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u738b\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5b83\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5973\u738b\u4e5f\u6562\u4e8e\u6700\u7ec8\u62cd\u677f\u8d44\u52a9\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u897f\u822a\u5370\u5ea6\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u6536\u590d\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u8fbe\u4e03\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u8239\u961f\u5f00\u59cb\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6a2a\u8de8\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u3002\u4e0b\u56fe\u662f\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e02\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5e7f\u573a\u4e2d\u592e\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u5757\u6d6e\u96d5\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u53ea\u6709\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e0e\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5973\u738b\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u51f8\u663e\u5973\u738b\u624d\u662f\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u5173\u952e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=2832792402,247552486&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=575&amp;h=500\" 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src=\"https:\/\/i03piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/0ca5cd44b90f7e63\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u591a\u56fd\u738b\u4e0e\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u738b\u540e\u9881\u53d1\u7ed9\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u7279\u6743\u8bc1\u4e66\u9996\u9875 \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u9a6c\u8fbe\u91cc\u4e9a\u52a0\uff0c2011<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=3509932712,468766322&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=339&amp;h=500\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u8bf4\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u738b\u540e\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9996\u9970\u8d60\u9001\u7ed9\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u8fdc\u822a 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src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=750102258,2830234982&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=748\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u7528\u8c0e\u8a00\u4e0e\u6050\u5687\u6765\u5bf9\u4ed8\u9a9a\u52a8\u7684\u6c34\u624b 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src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=2617702159,2931528901&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=615&amp;h=500\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5229\u7528\u6708\u5168\u98df\u6050\u5687\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba \u56fe\u7247\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u9a6c\u8fbe\u91cc\u4e9a\u52a0\uff0c2011<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u6708\u5168\u98df\u53d1\u751f\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u6708\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ce2\u62c9\u65af\u5144\u5f1f\uff08France and Diego\uff0cPorras\uff09\u4e3a\u9996\u7684\u53db\u4e71\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u30025\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5fe0\u4e8e\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u6c34\u624b\u4eec\u4e0e\u53db\u4e71\u8005\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u6751\u5e84\u5c55\u5f00\u51b3\u6218\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u751f\u64d2\u53db\u9996\u3002\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u5219\u5728\u4e00\u65c1\u89c2\u770b\u8fd9\u573a\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u960b\u5899\u4e4b\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1504\u5e7411\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u8eab\u5fc3\u75b2\u60eb\u7684\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5144\u5f1f\u4e58\u5750\u4e00\u8258\u79df\u6765\u7684\u65e7\u8239\u56de\u5230\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u3002\u53c8\u8fc7\u4e8619\u5929\uff0c1504\u5e7411\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u4fe1\u4efb\u5e76\u4fdd\u62a4\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u4f0a\u838e\u8d1d\u62c9\u5973\u738b\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\u3002\u957f\u671f\u7684\u822a\u6d77\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u80cc\u4fe1\u5f03\u4e49\u3001\u4e0e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u7684\u4e89\u6597\u7ed9\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u5e26\u6765\u5f88\u5927\u4f24\u5bb3\u30021506\u5e745\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u9971\u7ecf\u98ce\u971c\u548c\u75be\u75c5\u6298\u78e8\u7684\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5317\u90e8\u5df4\u5229\u4e9a\u591a\u5229\u5fb7\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u5c0f\u65c5\u5e97\u91cc\u8f9e\u4e16\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4e0d\u523055\u5c81\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u9057\u4f53\u968f\u540e\u88ab\u5b89\u846c\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u4e00\u5ea7\u5723\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u7684\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5893\u5730\u3002\u4e0b\u56fe\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u753b\u5bb6\u666e\u6717\uff08Louis Prang\uff0c1824-1909\uff09\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u77f3\u7248\u753b\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e4b\u6b7b\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i01piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/ffa2f0bb8683c15e\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u666e\u6717\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e4b\u6b7b\u300b\uff081893\uff09\uff0c\u73b0\u85cf\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u56fe\u4e66\u9986<\/p>\n<p>\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u9ab8\u9aa8\u88ab\u6570\u6b21\u79fb\u846c\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u88ab\u8fc1\u5f80\u4ed6\u8fdc\u822a\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u5730\u53e4\u90fd\u585e\u7ef4\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u5176\u5b50\u8fed\u6208\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5c9b\u603b\u7763\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u8de8\u6d77\u9001\u5230\u4ed6\u6240\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6700\u65e9\u6b96\u6c11\u70b9\u7684\u5723\u591a\u660e\u5404\u57ce\u30021795\u5e74\u6cd5\u897f\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u5723\u591a\u660e\u5404\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5360\u9886\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u9057\u9aa8\u5219\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u53e4\u5df4\u7684\u54c8\u74e6\u90a3\u30021898\u5e74\u7f8e\u897f\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\u53e4\u5df4\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5176\u9057\u9aa8\u53c8\u88ab\u8f6c\u56de\u5230\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u585e\u7ef4\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u6559\u5802\u9686\u91cd\u5b89\u846c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u52a0\u4eba\u5728\u4fee\u7f2e\u5723\u591a\u660e\u5404\u5927\u6559\u5802\u65f6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5893\u7a74\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u5177\u94c5\u76ae\u68fa\u6750\uff0c\u5185\u4e2d\u53d6\u51fa41\u5757\u9057\u9aa8\u548c\u4e00\u9897\u5b50\u5f39\uff0c\u800c\u636e\u8bf4\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5e74\u8f7b\u65f6\u5de6\u817f\u53d7\u8fc7\u67aa\u4f24\uff0c\u5b50\u5f39\u7ec8\u751f\u672a\u80fd\u53d6\u51fa\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u68fa\u4e0a\u7684\u88c5\u9970\u4e0e\u5176\u4e2d\u591a\u4e2a\u7269\u4ef6\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6807\u8bb0\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6d41\u4f20\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u542c\u4e0a\u53bb\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f1795\u5e74\u5306\u5fd9\u4ece\u5893\u7a74\u91cc\u6316\u51fa\u6765\u8fd0\u5f80\u54c8\u74e6\u90a3\u7684\u68fa\u6750\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u88c5\u7684\u662f\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u513f\u5b50\u8fed\u6208\u7684\u9057\u9aa8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u524d\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u52a0\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u90fd\u58f0\u79f0\u672c\u56fd\u5b58\u653e\u7684\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u9057\u9aa8\u662f\u771f\u7684\u30022003\u5e74\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u585e\u7ef4\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u9057\u9aa8\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86DNA\u9274\u5b9a\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u503e\u5411\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0e\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u901d\u4e16\u65f6\u7684\u5e74\u7eaa\u548c\u4f53\u683c\u4e0d\u7b26\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u68c0\u6d4b\u5219\u786e\u5b9a\u9057\u9aa8\u4e0e\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7684\u6bcd\u7cfb\u5bb6\u65cf\u6709\u5173\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u52a0\u5f53\u5c40\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5f00\u68fa\u83b7\u53d6\u9057\u9aa8\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u81f3\u4eca\u5c1a\u672a\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u65b0\u5927\u9646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u53d1\u73b0\u65b0\u5927\u9646\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u51fa\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u7b97\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff0c\u65e9\u572811\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u7ef4\u4eac\u4eba\u5c31\u5230\u8fc7\u4eca\u65e5\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4e1c\u5317\u7684\u6d77\u5cb8\u4e00\u5e26\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u7f8e\u6d32\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u5176\u4e0a\u6eaf\u5230\u4e00\u4e07\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u51b0\u6cb3\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u672b\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5bf9\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u6700\u949f\u60c5\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5c31\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e86\uff0c\u524d\u5f15\u8303\u5fb7\u6797\u7684\u90a3\u5f20\u5de8\u5e45\u6cb9\u753b\u300a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u767b\u9646\u300b\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5c31\u60ac\u6302\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u5927\u53a6\u7684\u5706\u5f62\u5927\u5385\u91cc\uff0c\u8be5\u5927\u5385\u5468\u8fb9\u5168\u662f\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u53ca\u65e9\u671f\u5386\u53f2\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6cb9\u753b\u4e0e\u96d5\u50cf\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4ece\u672a\u62b5\u8fbe\u73b0\u4eca\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u672c\u571f\uff0c\u4ed6\u81f3\u6b7b\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\u7684\u662f\u5370\u5ea6\u53ca\u5176\u5916\u6d77\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u5c9b\u5c7f\u3002\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u628a\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u767b\u9646\u74dc\u7eb3\u54c8\u5c3c\u5c9b\u768410\u670812\u65e5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5e86\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5219\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5929\uff081971\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u6539\u6210\u6bcf\u5e7410\u6708\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u661f\u671f\u4e00\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u65e5\u201d\u52a0\u4ee5\u5e86\u795d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u62c9\u4e01\u7f8e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u7eb7\u7eb7\u6548\u4eff\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u9996\u90fd\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5927\u533a\u79f0\u4e3a\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7279\u533a\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\u7684\u5168\u7f8e\u9876\u5c16\u540d\u6821\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u5927\u5b66\u540d\u4e3a\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6570\u4e0d\u5c3d\u7684\u4ee5\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e3a\u540d\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=3592148548,69973376&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=608&amp;h=403\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u7684\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u5e7f\u573a<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/i02piccdn.sogoucdn.com\/484893437b78d13e\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u585e\u7f57\u90a3\u7684\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891<\/p>\n<p>\u7ee7\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u8461\u7b49\u56fd\u4e5f\u90fd\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5bf9\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u63a2\u9669\u548c\u5f81\u670d\u30021497\u5e74\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u70ed\u90a3\u4e9a\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u63a2\u9669\u5bb6\u5361\u6ce2\u7279\uff08John Cabot\uff0cc.1450-c.1500\uff09\u5728\u82f1\u738b\u4ea8\u5229\u4e03\u4e16\uff08Henry VII\uff0c1457-1509\uff09\u8d44\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u822a\u884c\u5230\u5317\u7f8e\u7ebd\u82ac\u5170\u4e00\u5e26\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u4e1c\u6d77\u5cb8\uff0c\u4ea8\u5229\u4e03\u4e16\u636e\u6b64\u5ba3\u79f0\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u5f52\u82f1\u56fd\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u540e\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6d3b\u52a8\u6253\u4e0b\u201c\u6cd5\u7406\u201d\u57fa\u7840\u30021500\u5e74\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u56fd\u738b\u66fc\u7ebd\u5c14\u4e00\u4e16\uff08Manuel I\uff0c1469-1521\uff09\u6d3e\u51fa\u5361\u5e03\u62c9\u5c14\uff08Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral\uff0cc.1467-1520\uff09\u8239\u961f\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u662f\u8981\u7ed5\u8fc7\u597d\u671b\u89d2\u524d\u5f80\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e2d\u9014\u8ff7\u822a\uff0c\u610f\u5916\u5730\u6f02\u6d41\u5230\u5357\u7f8e\u6d32\u4e1c\u90e8\u4eca\u65e5\u5df4\u897f\u4e00\u5e26\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5728\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u5bf9\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u897f\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u5bf9\u54e5\u4f26\u5e03\u53d1\u73b0\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u6000\u7591\u5c31\u8d8a\u6df1\u30021498\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u8fbe\u4f3d\u9a6c\uff08Pedro \u00c1lvares 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