\u718a\u6708\u4e4b | \u6587<\/p>\n
\u672c\u6587\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u603b\u7edf\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u6c47\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00<\/p>\n
\u81ea\u7531(Liberty)\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u300a\u5b57\u5178\u300b(1822)\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u7406\u201d\u3002\u5728\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u5b57\u5178\u300b(1847)\u4e2d\uff0c\u88ab\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u4efb\u610f\u64c5\u4e13\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5f97\u610f\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e2d\u6587\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\u91caLiberty\u81ea\u6b64\u59cb\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u5b58\u5fb7\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u5b57\u5178\u300b(1866)\u4e2d\uff0c\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6cbb\u5df1\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u81ea\u64cd\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e4b\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u52a0\u4e86\uff0cnatural liberty(\u4efb\u4ece\u5fc3\u610f)\uff0ccivil liberty(\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4efb\u884c)\uff0cpolitical liberty(\u56fd\u6cbb\u5df1\u4e4b\u6743)\u7b49\u5177\u4f53\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u52a1\u9986\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u534e\u82f1\u97f3\u97f5\u5b57\u5178\u96c6\u6210\u300b(1902)\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6cbf\u7528\u7f57\u5b58\u5fb7\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5178\u7c4d\u4e2d\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u6c49\u4ee3\u90d1\u7384\u5728\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u00b7\u5c11\u4eea\u300b\u201c\u6e05\u89c1\u4e0d\u6e05\u9000\u201d\u7684\u6ce8\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u201c\u53bb\u6b62\u4e0d\u6562\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e00\u8bed\uff0c\u300a\u4e09\u56fd\u5fd7\u00b7\u5434\u4e66\u00b7\u6731\u6853\u4f20\u300b\u6709 \u201c\u8282\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e4b\u8bed\uff0c\u53e4\u4e50\u5e9c\u300a\u5b54\u96c0\u4e1c\u5357\u98de\u300b\u4ea6\u6709\u201c\u543e\u610f\u4e45\u6000\u5fff\uff0c\u6c5d\u5c82\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e4b\u53e5\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u6790\u5b66\u8bcd\u6c47\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n
1868\u5e747\u670828\u65e5\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u7f8e\u7eed\u589e\u65b0\u7ea6\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u4e0e\u5927\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5207\u5ff5\u6c11\u4eba\u524d\u5f80\u5404\u56fd\uff0c \u6216\u613f\u5e38\u4f4f\u5165\u7c4d\uff0c\u6216\u968f\u8fdb\u6765\u5f80\uff0c\u603b\u542c\u5176\u81ea\u4fbf\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u7981\u963b\u4e3a\u662f\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4e92\u76f8\u6765\u5f80\uff0c\u6216\u6e38\u5386\uff0c\u6216\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u6216\u4e45\u5c45\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u5229\u76ca[1]<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u7528\u6cd5\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u7528\u6cd5\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5dee\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n
1885\u5e7412\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5939\u6709\u4e2d\u6587\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u201d\u8bd1\u540d\u30021887\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u7533\u62a5\u300b<\/p>\n
\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u300a\u8bba\u897f\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u7406\u76f8\u7231\u4e4b\u60c5\u300b\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u57f9\u6839\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u897f\u56fd\u4e4b\u6240\u8c13\u81ea\u7531\u8005\uff0c\u8c13\u541b\u4e0e\u6c11\u8fd1\uff0c\u5176\u52bf\u4e0d\u76f8\u60ac\u6b8a\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e0e\u4e0b\u901a\uff0c\u5176\u60c5\u4e0d\u76f8\u9694\u9602\uff0c\u56fd\u4e2d\u6709\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u5fc5\u96c6\u5b98\u7ec5\u800c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u5eb6\u6c11\u4ea6\u5f97\u53c2\u6e05\u8bae\u7109\u3002\u541b\u66f0\u53ef\u800c\u6c11\u5c3d\u66f0\u5426\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u884c\u4e5f\u3002\u6c11\u5c3d\u66f0\u53ef\uff0c\u800c\u541b\u72ec\u66f0\u5426\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5f97\u884c\u4e5f\u3002\u76d6\u6240\u8c13\u56fd\u4e8b\u8005\uff0c\u541b\u4e0e\u5eb6\u6c11\u5171\u4e4b\u8005\u4e5f\u3002\u867d\u6709\u66b4\u541b\u5728\u4e0a\uff0c\u6bcb\u5f97\u79c1\u8650\u4e00\u6c11\u3002\u6c11\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u541b\u4e0d\u5f97\u66f2\u6cd5\u4ee5\u5bb5\u4e4b\u3002\u76d6\u6cd5\u8005\uff0c\u5929\u4e4b\u6240\u5b9a\uff0c\u4eba\u5fc3\u4e4b\u516c\u4e49\uff0c\u975e\u541b\u4e00\u4eba\u6240\u80fd\u4e88\u593a\u5176\u95f4\uff0c\u6545\u4ea6\u6bcb\u5f97\u79c1\u5e87\u4e00\u6c11\u3002\u7ef4\u5f7c\u5eb6\u6c11\uff0c\u82df\u80fd\u5949\u516c\u5b88\u6cd5\uff0c\u5162\u5162\u81ea\u7231\uff0c\u6000\u5211\u800c\u754f\u7f5a\uff0c\u867d\u81f3\u8001\u6b7b\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u8bbc\u5ead\uff0c\u4e0d\u89c1\u5b98\u957f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f18\u6e38\u4e8e\u7257\u4e0b\uff0c\u665a\u996d\u4ee5\u5f53\u8089\uff0c\u5b89\u6b65\u4ee5\u5f53\u8f66\uff0c\u65e0\u7f6a\u4ee5\u5f53\u5bcc\u8d35\uff0c\u6e05\u9759\u8d1e\u6b63\u4ee5\u81ea\u5a31\uff0c\u5373\u8d2b\u4e14\u8d31\uff0c\u4f55\u5bb3\u7109\u3002\u6b64\u4e4b\u8c13\u81ea\u7531\u3002[2]<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u665a\u6e05\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u5177\u4f53\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u524d\u540e\uff0c1885\u5e74\uff0c\u5085\u5170\u96c5\u4e0e\u5e94\u7956\u9521\u7ffb\u8bd1\u300a\u4f50\u6cbb\u5f53\u8a00\u300b\uff0c1890\u5e74\u524d\u540e\u4f55\u542f\u3001\u80e1\u793c\u57a3\u4f5c\u300a\u65b0\u653f\u771f\u8bca\u300b\uff0c\u90fd\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u4f5c\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e4b\u6743\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u30021895\u5e74\u4e25\u590d\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u4e16\u53d8\u4e4b\u51fd\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u539f\u5219\u5bf9\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u6bd4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u592b\u81ea\u7531\u4e00\u8a00\uff0c\u771f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53e4\u5723\u8d24\u4e4b\u6240\u6df1\u754f\uff0c\u800c\u4ece\u672a\u5c1d\u7acb\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6559\u8005\u4e5f\u3002\u5f7c\u897f\u4eba\u4e4b\u8a00\u66f0\uff1a\u552f\u5929\u751f\u6c11\uff0c\u5404\u5177\u8d4b\u5f02\uff0c\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\u8005\u4e43\u4e3a\u5168\u53d7\u3002\u6545\u4eba\u4eba\u5404\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u56fd\u56fd\u5404\u5f97\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u7b2c\u52a1\u4ee4\u6bcb\u76f8\u4fb5\u635f\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4f7f\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u8005\uff0c\u65af\u4e3a\u9006\u5929\u7406\uff0c\u558a\u4eba\u9053\u3002\u5176\u6740\u4eba\u3001\u4f24\u4eba\u53ca\u76d7\u8680\u4eba\u8d22\u7269\uff0c\u7686\u4fb5\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u6781\u81f4\u4e5f\u3002\u6545\u4fb5\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u867d\u56fd\u541b\u4e0d\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5211\u7981\u7ae0\u6761\uff0c\u8981\u7686\u4e3a\u6b64\u8bbe\u8033[3]<\/p>\n
1900\u5e74\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u4ece\u7b2c136\u518c\u8d77\u8fde\u8f7d\u65af\u5bbe\u5bd2\u5c14\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u7bc7)) \uff0c 1903\u5e74\u4e25\u590d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u7a46\u52d2(John S. Mill)\u7684on Liberty\uff0c\u5b9a\u540d\u300a\u7fa4\u5df1\u6743\u754c\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u9a6c\u541b\u6b66\u5c06\u6b64\u4e66\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5b9a\u540d\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u539f\u7406\u300b\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u628a\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u601d\u60f3\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e00\u8bcd\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u601d\u60f3\u4f20\u5165\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e8c<\/p>\n
\u6c11\u4e3b(Democracy)\uff0c\u5728\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u300a\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u201c\u65e2\u4e0d\u53ef\u65e0\u4eba\u7edf\u7387\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u591a\u4eba\u4e71\u7ba1\u201d\u3002\u4ec5\u6b64\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u4ed6\u627e\u4e0d\u51fa\u5408\u9002\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u5728\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u91cc\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u201c\u4f17\u4eba\u7684\u56fd\u7edf\uff0c\u4f17\u4eba\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u591a\u4eba\u4e71\u7ba1\uff0c\u5c0f\u6c11\u5f04\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u4f3c\u610f\u5b58\u8d2c\u6291\u3002\u7f57\u5b58\u5fb7\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u653f\uff0c\u4f17\u4eba\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u767d\u4e00\u59d3\u5f04\u6743\u201d\u3002\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u300a\u534e\u82f1\u97f3\u97f5\u5b57\u5178\u96c6\u6210\u300b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f57\u5b58\u5fb7\u7684\u8bed\u6c14\u4e0a\u7565\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u653f\uff0c\u767d\u4e00\u59d3\u64cd\u6743\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u56fd\u653f\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u201c\u5f04\u6743\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u64cd\u6743\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u5bf9Democracy\u8fd8\u57fa\u672c\u6301\u8d2c\u4e49\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5230\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u5728\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u8bcd\u5178\u4e2d\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5df2\u662f\u4e2d\u6027\u8bcd\u6c47\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u91cc\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u672c\u6765\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u201c\u6c11\u4e4b\u4e3b\u201d\u3002\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u300b\u3002\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u7b80\u4ee3\u590f\u4f5c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d \uff1b\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u300b\u4e91\uff1a \u201c\u5176\u8bed\u5077\u4e0d\u4f3c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6c11\u4e3b\u90fd\u662f\u6c11\u4e4b\u4e3b\uff1b \u5728\u665a\u6e05\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0e\u897f\u6587Democracy\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u6307\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n
1864\u5e74\uff0c\u4e01\u5319\u826f\u5728\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff1a\u201c\u7f8e\u5408\u90a6\u4e4b\u5927\u6cd5\uff0c\u4fdd\u5404\u90a6\u6c38\u5f52\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u65e0\u5916\u654c\u4fb5\u4f10\u201d[4]\uff1b\u201c\u82e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u56fd\u5219\u516c\u4e3e\u9996\u9886\u5b98\u957f\uff0c\u5747\u7531\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e00\u5faa\u56fd\u6cd5\u201d[5]\uff1b\u9063\u4f7f\u63a5\u4f7f\u4e4b\u804c\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u56fd\uff0c\u6216\u7cfb\u9996\u9886\u6267\u638c\uff0c\u6216\u7cfb\u56fd\u4f1a\u6267\u638c\uff0c\u6216\u7cfb\u9996\u9886\u3001\u56fd\u4f1a\u5408\u884c\u6267\u638c\u201d[6]\u3002\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u51fa\u4f7f\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u8c08\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u65f6\uff0c\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bcd\u8bed\u30021870\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u90ed\u9ad8\u71b9\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u591a\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bcd\u6c47\uff1a\u201c\u5218\u4e91\u751f\u4e91\uff1a\u6b64\u6cd5\u8bda\u5584\uff0c\u7136\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u56fd\uff0c\u5219\u52bf\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u884c\u3002\u897f\u6d0b\u6240\u4ee5\u4eab\u56fd\u957f\u4e45\uff0c\u541b\u6c11\u517c\u4e3b\u56fd\u653f\u6545\u4e5f\u201d\u3002[7]<\/p>\n
\u201c\u897f\u6d0b\u7acb\u56fd\uff0c\u6709\u541b\u4e3b\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4e8b\u6743\u4e00\u64cd\u4e4b\u8bae\u9662\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u6c11\u6c14\u4e3a\u5f3a\u201d[8]\u3002\u9ec4\u9075\u5baa\u5728\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u5fd7\u300b\u4e2d\u79f0\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u201c\u6709\u4e00\u4eba\u4e13\u5236\u79f0\u4e3a\u541b\u4e3b\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u5eb6\u4eba\u8bae\u653f\u79f0\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u4e0a\u4e0b\u5206\u4efb\u4e8b\u6743\u79f0\u4e3a\u541b\u6c11\u5171\u4e3b\u8005\u201d\uff0c[9]\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5df2\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u201c\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e3b\u201d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u665a\u6e05\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6709\u65f6\u6307\u201c\u6c11\u4e4b\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\uff1a\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6613\u4eba\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d [10]\u3002\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f0\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\uff0c\u81ea\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4e3a\u59cb\u201d[11]\u30021890\u5e7411\u6708\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u6c11\u4e4b\u4e3b\u201d\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u201c\u6c11\u4e4b\u4e3b\u201d\u5728\u8bcd\u6027\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u542b\u4e49\u5374\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6709 \u201c\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u8f7d\u534e\u76db\u987f\u50cf\uff0c\u6807\u9898\u4fbf\u662f\u201c\u5927\u7f8e\u5f00\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u534e\u76db\u987f\u50cf\u201d\u3002\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e7\u8bcd\u65b0\u7528\uff0c\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u6c49\u5b57\u6784\u8bcd\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u4e09<\/p>\n
\u603b\u7edf(President)\uff0c\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u300a\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u957f\uff0c\u5934\u76ee\u201d\u3002\u5728\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u5934\u76ee\uff0c\u5c1a\u4e66\uff0c\u6b63\u5802\uff0c\u5929\u537f\uff0c\u5730\u537f\u201d\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u5b58\u5fb7\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6cbf\u7528\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff1a\u201cThe president of the united States\uff0c\u82b1\u65d7\u5408\u90e8\u5927\u5baa\u201d\u3002\u5728\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u300a\u534e\u82f1\u97f3\u97f5\u5b57\u5178\u96c6\u6210\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u53e5\u82f1\u6587\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u6587\u91ca\u4e49\u5df2\u662f\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u5236\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e2a\u964c\u751f\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5f00\u5934\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u5bf9President\u6240\u7528\u7684\u8bd1\u540d\u79f0\u547c\u6709\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u5934\u4eba\u30021817\u5e74(\u5609\u5e86\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74)\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u848b\u679a\u94bb\u5728\u5411\u671d\u5ef7\u62a5\u544a\u6709\u5173\u7f8e\u56fd\u8239\u53ea\u8d70\u79c1\u9e26\u7247\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u79f0\u7c73\u5229\u575a\u201c\u8be5\u5937\u5e76\u65e0\u56fd\u4e3b\uff0c\u6b62\u6709\u5934\u4eba\uff0c\u7cfb\u90e8\u843d\u4e2d\u516c\u4e3e\u6570\u4eba\uff0c\u62c8\u9609\u8f6e\u5145\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u4e00\u6362\u3002\u8d38\u6613\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4efb\u542c\u5404\u4eba\u81ea\u884c\u51fa\u672c\u7ecf\u8425\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u5934\u4eba\u4e3b\u6301\u5dee\u6d3e[12]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u603b\u7406\u30021819\u5e74\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u5730\u7406\u4fbf\u7ae5\u7565\u4f20\u300b\uff0c\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u5143\u9996\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u603b\u7406\u201d\uff1a\u516d\u5341\u4e5d\u95ee\uff1a\u82b1\u65d7\u56fd\u4e4b\u671d\u5ef7\u5982\u4f55\uff1f\u7b54\u66f0\uff1a\u82b1\u65d7\u56fd\u4e4b\u671d\u5ef7\uff0c\u7565\u50cf\u82f1\u5409\u5229\u4e4b\u671d\u5ef7\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e24\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u7cae\u7a0e\u7b49\u4e8b\uff0c\u60df\u82b1\u65d7\u56fd\u65e0\u571f\uff0c\u53cd\u6709\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u603b\u7406\u8005\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u4efb\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5f97\u4f4d[13]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u56fd\u4e3b\u30021838\u5e74\u90ed\u5b9e\u814a\u5728\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u53e4\u4eca\u4e07\u56fd\u7eb2\u9274\u300b\u5377\u4e8c\u5341\u300a\u4e9a\u58a8\u7406\u9a7e\u5217\u56fd\u4e4b\u53f2\u300b\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u4e3b\u201d\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u6c11\u4e0d\u670d\u8650\u653f\uff0c\u62e9\u56fd\u4e4b\u5c0a\u8d35\u8005\u4e3a\u516c\u4f1a\u6444\u56fd\u653f\uff0c\u4e58\u529b\u9a71\u9010\u82f1\u5409\u5229\u519b–\u4e00\u56fd\u4e3b\u88ab\u6c11\u9009\uff0c\u6216\u4e09\u5e74\u6216\u516d\u5e74\uff0c\u627f\u63a5\u5927\u7edf\u4e5f\u3002\u5404\u7701\u8bbe\u516c\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e14\u6b64\u516c\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5c0a\u8d35\u4eba\uff0c\u8d74\u56fd\u4e4b\u5927\u7edf\u5408\u9662\uff0c\u5546\u91cf\u59a5\u8bae\u56fd\u4e8b[14]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56db\u3001\u914b\u3001\u914b\u957f\u3001\u5927\u914b\u3002\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u53f6\u949f\u8fdb\u300a\u82f1\u5409\u5229\u56fd\u5937\u60c5\u8bb0\u7565\u300b\u4e2d\u79f0\uff0c\u7c73\u5229\u575a\u201c\u8bbe\u5341\u4e8c\u914b\u957f\u4ee5\u7406\u4e8b\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u914b\u6b7b\uff0c\u590d\u516c\u4e3e\u4e4b\u201d\u3002\u9b4f\u6e90\u5728\u300a\u6d77\u56fd\u56fe\u5fd7\u300b\u4e2d\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u914b\u201d\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5168\u56fd\u201c\u516c\u4e3e\u4e00\u5927\u914b\u603b\u6444\u4e4b\uff0c\u532a\u60df\u4e0d\u4e16\u53ca\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u56db\u8f7d\u5373\u53d7\u4ee3\u201d[15]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e94\u3001\u90a6\u957f\u30021860\u5e74\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\u5728\u300a\u8d44\u653f\u65b0\u7bc7\u300b\u4e2d\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u90a6\u957f\u4e94\u5e74\u4e00\u4efb\uff0c\u9650\u4ee5\u68d2\u7984\uff0c\u4efb\u6ee1\u5219\u517b\u5c0a\u5904\u4f18\uff0c\u5404\u7701\u518d\u4e3e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001\u7edf\u9886\u3001\u603b\u7edf\u9886\u3001\u5927\u7edf\u9886\u3001\u603b\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u524d\u52301870\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u79f0\u547c\u5f88\u591a\u30021838\u3001\u5e74\u8896\u7ba1\u88e8\u6cbb\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u7406\u54e5\u5408\u7701\u56fd\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u201c\u7edf\u9886\u201d\u30021844\u5e74\u6881\u5ef7\u6960\u5728\u300a\u5408\u7701\u56fd\u8bf4\u300b\u4e2d\u6cbf\u7528\u201c\u7edf\u9886\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\uff1a\u201c\u901a\u56fd\u8bbe\u4e00\u7edf\u9886\uff0c\u53c8\u8bbe\u4e00\u526f\u7edf\u9886\u4e3a\u4e4b\u4f50\u201d\u30021844\u5e74\u5f90\u7ee7\u4eba\u820d\u5728\u300a\u8d62\u5bf0\u8003\u7565\u300b\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u90e8\u6b63\u7edf\u9886\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u53c8\u63a8\u4e00\u603b\u7edf\u9886\uff0c\u5c45\u4e8e\u4eac\u57ce\uff0c\u4e13\u4e3b\u4f1a\u76df\u3001\u6218\u4f10\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u5404\u90e8\u7686\u542c\u547d\u3002\u5176\u63a8\u62e9\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0e\u63a8\u62e9\u5404\u90e8\u7edf\u9886\u540c\uff0c\u4ea6\u4ee5\u56db\u5e74\u4e3a\u4efb\u6ee1\uff0c\u518d\u4efb\u5219\u516b\u5e74\u201d[16]\u3002<\/p>\n
1860\u5e74\u739b\u6842\u82ac\u5728\u300a\u6821\u90a3\u5e90\u6297\u8bae\u300b\u624b\u7a3f\u4e2d\u79f0\uff0c\u201c\u7c73\u5229\u575a\u4ee5\u603b\u7edf\u9886\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u4f20\u8d24\u4e0d\u4f20\u5b50\u201d[17]\u3002<\/p>\n
1875\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u571f\u97ec\u300a\u74ee\u717d\u4f59\u8c08\u300b\uff0c\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u4e3a\u201c\u5927\u7edf\u9886\u201d\u3002\u201c\u82b1\u65d7\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5584\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u8bf8\u90a6\u7686\u6240\u4e0d\u902e\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u4e00\u56fd\u4e2d\u5927\u7edf\u9886\u8005\uff0c\u5c81\u4ff8\u4ee5\u94f6\u4e8c\u4e07\u4e94\u5343\u5706\u201d[18]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u62a5\u520a\u5df2\u5c06President\u4e60\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u3002\u59821878\u5e741\u670812\u65e5\u300a\u7533\u62a5\u300b\u6240\u8f7d\u300a\u8bba\u6cf0\u897f\u56fd\u52bf\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u591a\u5904\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u534e\u76db\u987f\u521b\u7acb\u63a8\u4e3e\u4e4b\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u60df\u4ee5\u6c11\u671b\u6240\u5f52\u5c45\u603b\u7edf\u4e4b\u4efb\u201d\u4e91\u4e91\u3002<\/p>\n
\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u662f\u4e2a\u8001\u8bcd\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u91cc\u539f\u6709\u4e8c\u4e49\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u603b\u7ba1\u3001\u603b\u63fd\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u662f\u52a8\u8bcd\u3002\u300a\u6c49\u4e66\u00b7\u767d\u4e00\u5b98\u516c\u537f\u8868\u300b\u4e91\uff1a\u201c\u592a\u5e08\u3001\u592a\u5085\u3001\u592a\u4fdd\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e09\u516c\uff0c\u76d6\u53c2\u5929\u4e86\uff0c\u5750\u800c\u8bae\u653f\uff0c\u65e0\u4e0d\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e00\u804c\u4e3a\u5b98\u540d\u201d\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u519b\u5b98\u540d\uff0c\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\u662f\u6307\u8fd1\u536b\u8425\u957f\u5b98\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6240\u7528\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u53d6\u53e4\u4ee3\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u603b\u7ba1\u3001\u603b\u63fd\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u662f\u52a8\u8bcd\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u5316\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u9886\u201d\u7684\u7b80\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c06President\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u9996\u9886\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bb9\u5fcd\u30021879\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5bd3\u5c45\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u5b57\u6797\u897f\u62a5\u300b\u8bf4\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u9996\u9886\u201d\u6700\u597d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u70ae\u8247\u4e0a\u7684\u8239\u957f\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u5f3a\u76d7\u5934\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u897f\u65b9\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7ade\u7136\u9996\u521b\u7528\u201c\u9996\u9886\u201d\u7ffb\u8bd1President\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u8352\u5510\u900f\u9876\u3002[19]\u6240\u8c13\u9996\u521b\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bd1\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f30\u8ba1\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u88e8\u6cbb\u6587\u57281838\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u7406\u54e5\u5408\u7701\u56fd\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u201c\u7edf\u9886\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e03\u3001\u7687\u5e1d\u3001\u56fd\u541b\u3001\u56fd\u7687\u30021860\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f31870\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u300a\u6559\u4f1a\u65b0\u62a5\u300b\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u9887\u591a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7687\u5e1d\u4f20\u8d24\u4e0d\u4f20\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u524d\u7985\u8ba9\u4e4b\u541b\u6bd5\u5c14\u601d\u4eae\u201d[20]\uff1b\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u56db\u5e74\u6362\u7acb\uff0c\u7686\u7531\u6c11\u95ee\u516c\u4f17\u5c0a\u4e4b\u201d[21] \uff1b\u201c\u73b0\u4eca\u4e4b\u7f8e\u7687\u53e4\u96be\u5f97\uff0c\u4ea6\u5df2\u7eed\u63a5\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u4e24\u6b21\u4e5f\u201d[22]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u516b\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u5f15\u6587\u89c1\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e5d\u3001\u4f2f\u52d2\u683c\u65af\u3001\u4f2f\u7406\u559c\u987f\u3001\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u30021844\u5e74\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u4e2d\u7f8e\u300a\u671b\u53a6\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u4e2d\u5df2\u6709\u201c\u4e9a\u7f8e\u7406\u9a7e\u6d32\u5927\u5408\u4f17\u56fd\u5927\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u7279\u6d3e\u94a6\u5dee\u5168\u6743\u5927\u81e3\u201d\u4e91\u4e91\u30021850\u5e74\u4ee3\u5e2e\u52a9\u6155\u7ef4\u5ec9\u7ffb\u8bd1\u897f\u4e66\u7684\u848b\u6566\u590d\u79f0\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u90a6\u4e4b\u767e\u59d3\uff0c\u63a8\u62e9\u4e00\u4eba\u7edf\u5176\u4f17\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f2f\u52d2\u683c\u65af(\u541b\u6c11\u5171\u653f\u4e4b\u79f0)\u3002\u4f17\u4f2f\u52d2\u683c\u65af\u4e2d\u63a8\u62e9\u4e00\u4eba\u4e3a\u5927\u4f2f\u52d2\u683c\u65af\uff0c\u519b\u56fd\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u54b8\u53d6\u51b3\u7109\u3002[23] \u3002<\/p>\n
1868\u5e74\u968f\u4f7f\u6b27\u7f8e\u7684\u5fd7\u521a\u79f0\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u5341\u516d\u65e5\uff0c\u84b2\u4f7f\u7b49\u516c\u540c\u5f80\u8c12\u4f2f\u7406\u559c\u987f–\u4e00\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u56fd\u4e66\u9012\u4e0e\u4f2f\u7406\u559c\u987f\u4eb2\u63a5\u5c55\u793a\u3002[24]<\/p>\n
1864\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e01\u5319\u826f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u6cd5\u300b\u4e91\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u5176\u4e3b\u6743\u804c\u4e8b\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u7e41\uff0c\u5373\u6709\u5408\u90a6\u4e4b\u9996\u9886\uff0c\u4ee5\u7edf\u884c\u4e4b\uff0c\u9996\u9886\u4e43\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u8bed\uff0c\u6240\u79f0\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u8005\u662f\u4e5f[25]\u3002<\/p>\n
1870\u5e74\u4ee3\u51fa\u4f7f\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u90ed\u9ad8\u71b9\u3001\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u53c2\u52a0\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u7684\u674e\u572d\u5747\u7528\u201c\u4f2f\u7406\u5947\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u201d\u79f0\u547c\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u3002[26]<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4e2d\uff0c\u7528\u7684\u6700\u591a\u7684\u662f\u201c\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u6982\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f2f\u52d2\u683c\u65af\u3001\u4f2f\u7406\u559c\u987f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bd1\u540d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8bd1\u97f3\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u201c\u638c\u7406\u7389\u73ba\u3001\u4eab\u6709\u5929\u5fb7\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u8054\u60f3\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5929\u5b50\u7684\u610f\u601d\u6697\u5408\u3002\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u51fa\u4f7f\u4eba\u5458\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u2018\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u603b\u7edf\u9886\u4e0e\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u4e24\u8bcd\u4e00\u540c\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u6b63\u89c4\u7684\u573a\u5408\u7528\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u65f6\u5019\u7528\u603b\u7edf\u9886\u30021879\u5e74\uff0c\u968f\u4f7f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u9ece\u5eb6\u660c\u79f0\u6cd5\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u4e3a\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u6216\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4e24\u8bcd\u4ea4\u66ff\u4f7f\u7528\u30021889\u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5d14\u56fd\u56e0\u5f84\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u30021890\u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u4f7f\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u859b\u798f\u6210\uff0c\u5728\u5411\u6cd5\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9012\u4ea4\u56fd\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fbf\u79f0\u201c\u5927\u6e05\u56fd\u5927\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u95ee\u5927\u6cd5\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5927\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u597d\u201d[27]\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6b64\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8bf4\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\u662f\u4fd7\u79f0\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u6cf0\u897f\u7acb\u56fd\u6709\u4e09\u7c7b\uff1a\u66f0\u853c\u59c6\u6d3e\u7259(Empire )\uff0c\u8bd1\u8a00\u738b\u56fd\uff0c\u4e3b\u653f\u8005\u6216\u738b\u6216\u7687\u5e1d\uff1b\u66f0\u607a\u75d5\u7279\u59c6(Kingdom)\uff0c\u8bd1\u8a00\u4faf\u56fd\uff0c\u4e3b\u653f\u8005\u6216\u4faf\u6216\u4faf\u5983\uff1b\u4e8c\u8005\u7686\u4e16\u53ca\u3002\u66f0\u800c\u65b9\u6cfc\u52c3\u7acb\u514b( Republic )\uff0c\u8bd1\u8a00\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\uff0c\u4e3b\u653f\u8005\u66f0\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\uff0c\u4fd7\u79f0\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u516c\u4e3e\uff0c\u6216\u4e03\u5c81\u6216\u56db\u5c81\u800c\u4e00\u6613\u3002[28]<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5173\u4e8ePresident\u7684\u4e5d\u7c7b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5934\u4eba\u3001\u914b\u3001\u914b\u957f\uff0c\u90fd\u542b\u6709\u9119\u5937\u3001\u770b\u4e0d\u8d77\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u90a3\u65f6\u79f0\u6b27\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u5937\u3001\u756a\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63d0\u6cd5\u52301860\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u4fbf\u4e0d\u591a\u89c1\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4f17\u591a\u79f0\u547c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u7687\u5e1d\u201d\u4e0ePresident\u539f\u4e49\u76f8\u5dee\u6700\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u4e2d\u897f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u30021838\u5e74\u88e8\u6cbb\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u7f8e\u7406\u54e5\u5408\u7701\u56fd\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u201c\u7edf\u9886[29]\u201d\u3002\u4f461861\u5e74\u7ecf\u7ba1\u55e3\u590d\u6da6\u8272\u7684\u300a\u5927\u7f8e\u8054\u90a6\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u5219\u79f0\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u541b\u201d\uff1a\u201c\u519b\u52a1\u5927\u6743\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u90a6\u56fd\uff0c\u51e1\u6c34\u9646\u4e4b\u5175\u5c06\uff0c\u6982\u5f52\u56fd\u541b\u8282\u5236\u201d\uff1b\u201c\u884c\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u4e13\u4e8e\u56fd\u541b\u201d[30]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd8\u57281870\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e60\u60ef\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5c06\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996\u79f0\u4e3a\u7687\u5e1d\u3001\u56fd\u541b\u65f6\uff0c\u5bd3\u6caa\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6797\u4e50\u77e5\u4fbf\u5728\u62a5\u520a\u4e0a\u8fa8\u6790\u7687\u3001\u571f\u3001\u603b\u7edf\u4e4b\u95ee\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1a<\/p>\n
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\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u4ecd\u7136\u5f04\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5176\u95ee\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u4e3b\u6301\u7b14\u653f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u8981\u6309\u7167\u8001\u4f20\u7edf\u79f0\u7f8e\u56fd\u5143\u9996\u4e3a\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64\u4fbf\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u5d07\u656c\u4e4b\u610f\u3002 [31]1879\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u524d\u603b\u7edf\u683c\u5170\u6b66(L\u5e72lysses Simpson Grant \uff0c1822-1885)\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u70ed\u70c8\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u683c\u5170\u6b66\u66fe\u4e24\u6b21\u62c5\u4efb\u603b\u7edf(President)\uff0c\u300a\u7533\u62a5\u300b\u5c06\u5176\u8bd1\u4e3a\u524d\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u201c\u524d\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u822c\u534e\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u793a\u5c0a\u5d07\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u5219\u5f84\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u7687\u201d\u6216\u201c\u7687\u5e1d\u201d\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u4e3b\u6301\u7b14\u653f\u7684\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u4fbf\u662f\u300a\u7eaa\u4e24\u6b21\u5728\u4f4d\u7f8e\u7687\u6765\u6caa\u76db\u5178\u300b\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u79f0\u683c\u5170\u6b66\u4e3a \u201c\u524d\u4f2f\u7406\u73ba\u5929\u5fb7\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u7687\u201d\u4e14\u6240\u7528\u8bcd\u6c47\u201c\u8df5\u795a\u3001\u201c\u7985\u4f4d\u201d\u7b49\uff0c\u5747\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7687\u5e1d\u6240\u60ef\u7528\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\uff1a<\/p>\n
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\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u534f\u52a9\u6797\u4e50\u77e5\u529e\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u6c88\u6bd3\u6842\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u5199\u8bd7\u8d5e\u9882\u683c\u5170\u6b66\u7684\u90d1\u89c2\u5e94\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u77e5\u9053President\u4e0e\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4f46\u539f\u6709\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5b9a\u52bf\u4e0e\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0d\u79f0\u7687\u5e1d\u4fbf\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8868\u793a\u5d07\u656c\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u660e\u77e5\u4e0d\u662f\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u201c\u7687\u5e1d\u201d\u4e00\u756a\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u56db<\/p>\n
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