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<\/p>\n

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\u800c\u5728\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4f20\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u521a\u521a\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4ea6\u53d7\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u9887\u70ed\u5fc3\u897f\u5b66\u7684\u7ae0\u592a\u708e\uff0c1902\u5e74\u5c31\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u5cb8\u672c\u80fd\u6b66\u592a\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b\u4e8c\u5377\uff0c\u662f\u5e74\u4e5d\u6708\u7531\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e7f\u667a\u4e66\u5c40\u51fa\u7248\u53d1\u884c\u3002\u7ae0\u592a\u708e\u5728\u5e8f\u6587\u4e2d\u5148\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e86\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u548c\u5409\u4e01\u65af(\u7ae0\u8bd1\u4f5c\u845b\u901a\u54e5\u65af)\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e3a\u524d\u8005\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u751f\u7406\u800c\u540e\u8005\u4fa7\u91cd\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u80af\u5b9a\u5cb8\u672c\u6c0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u517c\u5bb9\u4e8c\u8005\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u62df\u6709\u673a\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u5eb6\u4e8b\u8fdb\u5316\u3001\u4eba\u5f97\u5206\u804c\u4e3a\u4faf\u5ea6\uff1b\u53ef\u8c13\u53d1\u6325\u901a\u60c5\u77e5\u5fae\u77e5\u7ae0\u8005\u77e3\u201d\u3002\u901a\u89c2\u8fd9\u7bc7\u4e0d\u957f\u7684\u5e8f\u6587\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5\u7ae0\u6c0f\u5f53\u65f6\u8d5e\u8d4f\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u85cf\u5f80\u77e5\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u8ba8\u8bba\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u5eb6\u4e8b\u8fdb\u5316\u201d\u548c\u5404\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89d2\u8272\u53ca\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5b66\u95ee\u3002\u5de7\u5408\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u9a6c\u541b\u6b66\u5c31\u8bd1\u51fa\u4e86\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u5434\u5efa\u5e38\u4ea6\u628a\u5409\u4e01\u65af\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u8bd1\u4f5c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u63d0\u7eb2\u300b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e66\u5747\u57281903\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5e74\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e8b\u4f8b\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u901a\u8be0\u300b\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u901a\u8be0\u300b\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u9ad8\u7ea7\u8bb2\u5e08\u7504\u514b\u65af(Edwardjenks\uff0c1981\u20141939)\u4e8e1900\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u7b80\u53f2\u300b(A History of Politics)\uff0c\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u8bd1\u4e66\u540d\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u901a\u8be0\u300b\uff0c\u4e8e1904\u5e74\u6625\u7531\u521a\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u539f\u5e8f\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u592b\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u901a\u6709\u5fae\u3002\u901a\u8005\u7d5c\u7eb2\u7ef4\uff0c\u6eaf\u6d41\u53d8\uff0c\u81ea\u7e41\u9890\u800c\u89c2\u5176\u4f1a\u5f52\u8005\u4e5f\uff1b\u5fae\u8005\u5256\u4f53\u5206\u808c\uff0c\u81f4\u4e00\u66f2\u4e4b\u8bda\uff0c\u81ea\u540c\u7269\u800c\u6307\u5176\u6b8a\u8da3\u8005\u4e5f\u3002\u4eca\u543e\u4e66\uff0c\u901a\u4e5f\uff0c\u975e\u5fae\u4e5f\u3002\u201d(\u6587\u5b57\u7528\u4e25\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0b\u540c)\u4ed6\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u628a\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u592a\u53e4\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u5b97\u6cd5\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u5176\u5b97\u6cd5\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u6307\u5bb6\u957f\u5236\u6216\u79cd(\u90e8)\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\uff1b\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u5219\u662f\u519b\u4e8b\u7684\u6216\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e25\u590d\u628a\u540e\u8005\u8bd1\u4e3a\u519b\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6848\u8bed\u4e2d\u79f0\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u56fd\u662f\u201c\u5b97\u6cd5\u5c45\u5176\u4e03\uff0c\u800c\u519b\u56fd\u5c45\u5176\u4e09\u201d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u201c\u4ee5\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3a\u56fd\u57fa\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4ee5\u7fbc\u6742\u4e3a\u5389\u7981\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4ee5\u5faa\u53e4\u4e3a\u5929\u804c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4ee5\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e3a\u672c\u4f4d\u201d\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u4e25\u590d\u7684\u8a00\u8bf4\uff0c\u88ab\u6c6a\u7cbe\u536b\u3001\u80e1\u6c49\u6c11\u548c\u6b64\u65f6\u9887\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7ae0\u592a\u708e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u6392\u6ee1\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u7ae0\u592a\u708e\u79f0\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u79e6\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u4e16\u4e1a\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5177\u6709\u62e9\u4e1a\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u201c\u767e\u59d3\u4e0d\u4ee5\u9636\u7ea7\u76f8\u4e3d\u201d\u3002\u80e1\u6c49\u6c11\u5219\u5bf9\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u201d\u8bf4\u52a0\u4ee5\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b64\u7c7b\u201c\u62df\u8bae\u201d\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u4eec\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u673a\u5173(\u6307\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u8005)\u4e4b\u6027\u8d28\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u6574\u4f53\u3001\u88ab\u538b\u8feb\u8005\u4e0e\u538b\u8feb\u8005\u3001\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0e\u7edf\u6cbb\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u533a\u522b\u548c\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u897f\u65b9\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd8\u662f\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u5305\u7f57\u4e07\u8c61\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u56f4\u548c\u6240\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5404\u6709\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42(stratum)\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u7ea7(social class)\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u540e\u6765\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u628a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u79f0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00(\u5176\u4ed6\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u6d3e\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6709\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\u3001\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u5373\u540e\u8bd1\u4e3a\u675c\u5c14\u51ef\u59c6\u3001\u683c\u5965\u5c14\u683c\u00b7\u9f50\u7f8e\u5c14\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\u7b49)\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u9636\u5c42\u6216\u9636\u7ea7\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5f53\u7136\u5404\u6709\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u9636(\u5c42)\u7ea7\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u9636(\u5c42)\u7ea7\u518d\u751f\u4ea7(\u6307\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u5347\u964d\u548c\u6d41\u52a8)\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u6709\u5f3a\u8c03\u7269\u8d28\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u4ee5\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u5360\u6709\u72b6\u51b5\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4ee5\u201c\u6587\u5316\u201d\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5982\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e43\u81f3\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u53c2\u7167\u7684\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u8ba4\u540c\uff1b\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u9636(\u5c42)\u7ea7\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\uff0c\u5219\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u8bba\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u8bba(\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e3a\u76f8\u5173\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u8bf4\u548c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u8bf4)\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u6e05\u672b\u6c11\u521d\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u8a00\u8bf4\u4f17\u8bf4\u7eb7\u7ead\u3002\u53d7\u5230\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u79f0\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6731\u6267\u4fe1\u5219\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u5bb6\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u65f6\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u540e\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u672a\u5fc5\u90fd\u5df2\u660e\u786eSocialism(\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49)\u548cSociology(\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66)\u7684\u5206\u91ce\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u540c\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6e05\u672b\u6c11\u521d\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u8a00\u8bf4\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u201c\u53e4\u4e49\u201d\u5230\u201c\u4eca\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u201c\u897f\u4e49\u201d\u5230\u201c\u4e2d\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u878d\u8d2f\u521b\u5236\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u8a00\u8bf4\u8005\u90fd\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e86\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u521d\u6b65\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4ece\u201c\u540d\u201d\u5230\u201c\u5b9e\u201d\u7684\u201c\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u6784\u5efa\u3002\u5982\u6731\u6267\u4fe1\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8c6a\u53f3\u3001\u7ec6\u6c11\u8005\u5219\u4ee5\u8bd1\u6b27\u6587Bourgeis\uff0cProleterians\u4e4b\u4e8c\u5b57\uff0c\u5176\u7528\u95f4\u6709\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u4e49\u6b8a\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e5f\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u4e8e\u8c6a\u53f3\u8bd1\u4ee5\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u6216\u7ec5\u58eb\u9600\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u8a00\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u82e5\u8a00\u7ec5\u58eb\u5219\u66f4\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e49\u6b8a\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ad\u7528\uff0c\u6545\u6682\u9521\u4ee5\u6b64\u540d\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u7ec6\u6c11\u5219\u65e5\u672c\u901a\u8bd1\u5e73\u6c11\u6216\u52b3\u52a8\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u5e73\u6c11\u4e4b\u4e49\u591a\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u7528\u4e4b\uff0c\u590d\u4ee5\u8bd1\u6b64\uff0c\u6050\u81f4\u9519\u4e71\u8033\u76ee\u3002\u82e5\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e4b\u89c2\u5ff5(\u65e5\u6587\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e13\u6307\u5de5\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u8005)\uff0c\u5219\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u53e4\u751a\u72ed\uff0c\u4e8e\u519c\u4eba\u7b49\u7686\u4e0d\u51fd\u4e4b\uff0c\u6545\u4ea6\u96be\u8a00\u9002\u5f53\u3002\u7ec6\u6c11\u8005\u53e4\u4e49\u7387\u6307\u529b\u5f79\u81ea\u517b\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u6545\u53d6\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8bd1\u4e5f\u3002\u201d\u7ae0\u592a\u708e\u5219\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\u4e25\u590d\u8bd1\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u901a\u8be0\u300b\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5b66\u4e0e\u8a00\u8d28\u5b66(\u65f6\u79f0\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3a\u8d28\u6d4b\u4e4b\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u8005)\u8005\u6b8a\u79d1\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u5f15\u8fdb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u501f\u9274\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u76f8\u4e92\u53c2\u7167\uff0c\u201c\u8003\u8ff9\u5f02\u540c\u201d\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eba\u4e91\u4ea6\u4e91\u5730\u201c\u6267\u897f\u7528\u4e2d\u3002\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f15\u8fdb\u548c\u8fd0\u7528\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u751a\u81f3\u7acb\u8db3\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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