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freedom\uff09\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u81ea\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff1b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u539f\u5219\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2a\u4f53\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u88ab\u5d4c\u5957\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\uff08natural\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5112\u5bb6\u4e49\u52a1\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u80a9\u4e0a\u7684\u62c5\u5b50\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u66f4\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u4e8b\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u4f20\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u4eec\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u82e6\u529b\u201d\u6b63\u5728\u586b\u8865\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5974\u96b6\u8d38\u6613\u74e6\u89e3\u540e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u771f\u7a7a\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff08citizenship\uff09\u548c\u81ea\u7531\uff08freedom\uff09\u624d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u53cd\u9762\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u665a\u6e05\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u6709\u5173\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u628a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4ea4\u6613\u5f3a\u884c\u9644\u4f1a\u5230\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u8303\u7574\u91cc\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u628a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u6539\u9769\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u53cd\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u66f4\u5e7f\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bfb\u627e\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u201c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f330\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u62a5\u520a\u8bc4\u8bba\u548c\u6cbb\u5b89\u6761\u4f8b\u4ee5\u755c\u7267\u4e1a\u548c\u6536\u517b\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u8bed\u8a00\u4e3a\u5171\u540c\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8c34\u8d23\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u517b\u5974\u5a62\u201d\u548c\u201c\u84c4\u5a62\u201d\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u4e70\u5356\u4eba\u53e3\u201d\u53ea\u662f\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u672f\u8bed\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6700\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u201c\u4e70\u548c\u5356\u201d\u4e3a\u5a5a\u59fb\u5e02\u573a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u5a18\u548c\u59be\uff0c\u4e3a\u5993\u9662\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5993\u5973\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bb6\u52a1\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5a62\u5973\u3001\u8913\u59c6\u3001\u5976\u5988\u548c\u7537\u4f63\u5973\u4f63\u3002\u5728\u7981\u6b62\u201c\u4e70\u5356\u4eba\u53e3\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9488\u5bf9\u4e70\u5356\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e2d\u88ab\u6839\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u65bd\u52a0\u6700\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\u3002\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u548c\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u5974\u96b6\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5236\u4e14\u7ecf\u5e38\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8c31\u7cfb\u5185\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4ee5\u5112\u5bb6\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c31\u7cfb\u7684\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4e70\u5356\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u662f\u4e0d\u5149\u5f69\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=1799681101,2715762018&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=554&amp;h=500\" alt=\"\u8001\u7167\u7247:1920\u5e74\u7684\u5317\u4eac\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8001\u5317\u4eac\u5185\u57ce\u8857\u666f<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\uff08Walter Johnson\uff09\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u8def\u6613\u65af\u5b89\u90a3\u5dde\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u5e02\u573a\u65f6\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u201c\u5974\u96b6\u8d22\u4ea7\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff08\u201cchattel principle\u201d\uff0c\u6216\u8bd1\u4f5c\u201c\u52a8\u4ea7\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u5974\u96b6\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u8d27\u5e01\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u665a\u6e05\u548c\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u8d22\u4ea7\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u88ab\u5974\u5f79\u8fd8\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff09\u90fd\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5974\u96b6\uff08\u5974\u5a62\uff09\u8d22\u4ea7\u539f\u5219\u201d\u4e0b\u8fc7\u6d3b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6e05\u695a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u51fa\u552e\u3001\u8f6c\u552e\u3001\u4ea4\u6362\u6216\u9001\u4eba\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5ea6\u7279\u6709\u7684\u201c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u201d\u4e5f\u56f0\u6270\u7740\u88ab\u5356\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6\u5ead\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u8d29\u5356\u7684\u4eba\u662f\u5987\u5973\u3001\u513f\u7ae5\u548c\u7a77\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u7684\u7269\u6d41\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5974\u5f79\u548c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u3001\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u3001\u5974\u5f79\u548c\u80c1\u8feb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5341\u5206\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u8c08\u8bba\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u5974\u5f79\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6587\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u4e89\u6267\u4e0d\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u522b\u518d\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5728\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u601d\u8003\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5974\u5f79\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u6301\u5b58\u3002\u548c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u6293\u4f4f\u4e86\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u3001\u6700\u5177\u7ea6\u675f\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u53f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u5974\u96b6\u8d38\u6613\u5f3a\u8c03\u5974\u96b6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5974\u96b6\u4e3b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d22\u5bcc\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u975e\u6d32\u5b66\u8005\u5219\u66f4\u52a0\u5173\u6ce8\u5974\u96b6\u5728\u590d\u6742\u4eb2\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u201c\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u201d\u4ee5\u524d\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u634d\u536b\u8005\u548c\u5e9f\u5974\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u90fd\u63f4\u5f15\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7ecf\u6587\u6765\u652f\u6301\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u6d32\u793e\u7fa4\u5f3a\u8c03\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5728\u91cd\u65b0\u5e73\u8861\u90e8\u843d\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u793e\u7fa4\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4eb2\u7f18\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u4ece\u4eba\u8d29\u5b50\u548c\u5974\u96b6\u4e3b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u542f\u53d1\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u9610\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5974\u96b6\u4e3b\u4f9d\u9760\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u666e\u904d\u903b\u8f91\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u548c\u7ef4\u6301\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u7279\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u201c\u4e3b\u5f20\u201d\uff08\u201ccliams\u201d\uff09\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u5316\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u90fd\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u201c\u4e3b\u5f20\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6301\u6709\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u884c\u4f7f\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5bf9\u88ab\u5356\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u4e3b\u5f20\u201d\uff0c\u65e2\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u6743\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u884c\u4f7f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u201c\u4e3b\u5f20\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5927\u81f4\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u5c06\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u8d22\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb\uff08a property relationship\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u5c06\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u89c6\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\uff08a power relationship\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u201c\u8d22\u4ea7\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5974\u96b6\u7b49\u4e8e\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u76f8\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u9020\u6210\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u5974\u96b6\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u5229\u6301\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u540e\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u5411\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u4e9b\u5974\u96b6\u4e5f\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u79ef\u7d2f\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u56f4\u7ed5\u8d22\u4ea7\u79ef\u7d2f\u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u534e\u741b\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u4ece\u8d22\u4ea7\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u519c\u6751\uff0c\u88ab\u5974\u5f79\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5974\u96b6\u8d22\u4ea7\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u79cd\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\uff0c\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u9886\u8896\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u4ed6\u6765\u70ab\u8000\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4ece\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u4eb2\u5c5e\u3002\u534e\u741b\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u4e70\u6765\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0d\u4e16\u88ad\u3001\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u52a0\u5165\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5973\u4f63\uff08\u201c\u59b9\u4ed4\u201d\uff09\u662f\u5974\u96b6\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u201c\u59b9\u4ed4\u201d\u5728\u4e3b\u4eba\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u83b7\u5f97\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6e05\u671d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5974\u5a62\uff08\u5974\u96b6\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4f63\u4eba\u3001\u59be\u3001\u59bb\u4e5f\u90fd\u88ab\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c6\u4e3a\u8d22\u4ea7\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u6587\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u201c\u5927\u6e05\u5f8b\u4f8b\u201d\u7684\u5077\u76d7\u7c7b\u522b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u62d0\u8d70\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u662f\u62a2\u52ab\uff0c\u4f24\u5bb3\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5974\u5a62\u662f\u7834\u574f\u8d22\u4ea7\u3002\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u89c1\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u51fa\u552e\u5987\u5973\u548c\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u8d22\u4ea7\u6765\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=3272475527,3270597207&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=120&amp;f=JPEG?w=798&amp;h=500\" alt=\"\u6e05\u671d\u4e2b\u9b1f,\u6362\u6210\u73b0\u57285\u4e07\u4e00\u4e2a,\u4e70\u56de\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e8b\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u5965\u5170\u591a\u00b7\u5e15\u7279\u68ee\uff08Orlando Patterson\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u201c\u8d22\u4ea7\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\u76f8\u5bf9\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u8d22\u4ea7\u201d\u89c2\u70b9\u65e0\u6240\u4e0d\u5305\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e8e\u5c06\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u5f81\u670d\u3001\u652f\u914d\u3001\u5f02\u5316\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e3b\u4eba\u5bf9\u5974\u5a62\u548c\u96c7\u5de5\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u7236\u6bcd\u4f53\u7f5a\u5b69\u5b50\u65f6\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u6b8b\u9177\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5356\u6389\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6bb4\u6253\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u7236\u6743\u5236\uff08patriarchal\uff09\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\uff08\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u5987\u5973\uff0c\u5728\u4e08\u592b\u7f3a\u5e2d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ee5\u592b\u5bb6\u540d\u4e49\u884c\u4e8b\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u613f\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5236\u6b62\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6ee5\u7528\u3002\u5728\u6e05\u671d\uff0c\u4e3b\u4eba\u5728\u5bf9\u5974\u5a62\u8fdb\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u6bb4\u6253\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5f97\u5230\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u4f46\u60e9\u6212\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u8feb\u5728\u7709\u776b\u65f6\uff0c\u7537\u5973\u4e3b\u4eba\u90fd\u5f88\u5c11\u63d2\u624b\u53bb\u7ba1\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e3b\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u8bb8\u53ef\u624d\u80fd\u628a\u5974\u5a62\u6253\u5230\u534a\u6b7b\uff0c\u4f46\u7236\u4eb2\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bb8\u53ef\u5c31\u80fd\u5bf9\u513f\u5b50\u5b9e\u65bd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7ba1\u6559\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u590d\u6742\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u8d29\u5b50\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u5356\u5bb6\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u6025\u5207\u7684\u610f\u613f\u548c\u6050\u60e7\u3002\u5f15\u8bf1\u3001\u865a\u5047\u627f\u8bfa\u3001\u6002\u607f\u3001\u6b3a\u9a97\u3001\u903c\u4ece\u3001\u5f3a\u63b3\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u8d29\u5b50\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u806a\u660e\u7684\u4eba\u8d29\u5b50\u5f88\u5c11\u52a8\u7528\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u950b\u5229\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u5c31\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u5ed6\u7389\u5ef7\u529d\u544a\u7a0b\u9ec4\u6c0f\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u8981\u771f\u60f3\u56f0\u4f4f\u67d0\u4eba\uff0c\u7528\u4e0d\u7740\u62d4\u5200\uff0c\u4f60\u8981\u7528\u4e09\u5bf8\u4e0d\u70c2\u4e4b\u820c\u6293\u4f4f\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529e\u6cd5\u514d\u4e0d\u4e86\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u5356\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5386\u4e0d\u4e00\uff08\u5974\u5f79\u548c\u52b3\u5f79\uff0c\u5356\u6deb\u548c\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u6536\u517b\u548c\u5f3a\u8feb\u4ee3\u5b55\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u88ab\u5356\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u4e3b\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u5229\u3001\u4e3b\u4eba\u4eb2\u81ea\u884c\u4f7f\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u4e3b\u4eba\u8bc9\u8bf8\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4f7f\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u6700\u5177\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\u3001\u6700\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u5bb6\u5ead\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5974\u5a62\u53ea\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u88ab\u5356\u4eba\u53e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u7c7b\u522b\u4e2d\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u7981\u6b62\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u548c\u201c\u5e9f\u5974\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u5bb6\u5ead\u7ee7\u7eed\u201c\u84c4\u5a62\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5987\u5973\u548c\u5973\u5b69\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6267\u884c\u65b0\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5974\u5a62\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u6e34\u671b\u9769\u9664\u5c01\u5efa\u6b8b\u4f59\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5974\u96b6\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u7edd\u5bf9\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5951\u7ea6\u6027\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u5c42\u5c42\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u5356\u6deb\u3001\u5a5a\u59fb\u548c\u6536\u517b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u592a\u6562\u627f\u8ba4\u91d1\u94b1\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u4eba\u9645\u548c\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u5f62\u6210\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u75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\/ slavery pattern\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5269\u4f59\/\u5de5\u8d44\u6a21\u5f0f\uff08surplus \/ wage 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5730\u533a\u6ca1\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6027\u4ea4\u6613\uff08\u6027\u4ea4\u6613\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u7b49\u5357\u65b9\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u53e3\u5cb8\u5f88\u51fa\u540d\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u4f7f\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u5c06\u4eba\u53e3\u8d29\u5356\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5356\u6deb\u548c\u4e70\u59bb\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6269\u5c55\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u8d3a\u8427\uff08Gail Hershatter\uff09\u548c\u5b89\u514b\u5f3a\uff08Christian 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