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\u600e\u4e48\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u5462\uff1f\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u5230\u5e95\u62e5\u62a4\u7684\u662f\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u5171\u548c\u5462\uff1f\u4ed6\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0a\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9a\u89c1\uff1f\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u4f24\u8111\u7b4b\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\u3001\u72c4\u5fb7\u7f57\u548c\u5362\u68ad\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bbd\u523a\uff08satire\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6b63\u8bdd\u53cd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u5632\u7b11\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20\u541b\u4e3b\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u8d2f\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u5fb7\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u5df4\u9686\uff08Hans Baron\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u5199\u4f5c\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u5728\u524d\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7acb\u573a\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u6709\u4e86\u620f\u5267\u6027\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u548c\u8bba\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5217\u5965\u00b7\u65bd\u7279\u52b3\u65af\uff08Leo Strauss\uff09\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4fee\u6614\u5e95\u5fb7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6765\u8c03\u6574\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u5de6\u6d3e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u9887\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u770b\u6cd5\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u5230\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ece\u6587\u672c\u5230\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u76ee\u7684\u548c\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\u52d2\uff08Stephen Milner\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f1513\u5e74\u5bf9\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u7684\u902e\u6355\u4ee4\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u6d88\u5931\u4e86500\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u53d1\u73b0\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u672c\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u902e\u6355\u4ee4\u53d1\u51fa\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u5199\u4f5c\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u52d2\u5728\u56de\u987e\u8fd9\u9879\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6fc0\u52a8\u4e0d\u5df2\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002\u2018\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u2019\u2026\u2026\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u5c31\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u4e00\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\u88ab\u7ecf\u5e38\u6027\u5730\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4efd\u902e\u6355\u4ee4\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u53bb\u5199\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n

1498\u5e74\uff0c\u5e74\u4ec529\u5c81\u7684\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u8eab\u5904\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5171\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5148\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u5916\u4ea4\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u62c5\u4efb\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u804c\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u6c11\u670d\u52a1\uff08civil servant\uff09\u30021494\u5e74\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u957f\u8fbe\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u7f8e\u7b2c\u5947\u5bb6\u65cf\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u7531\u8428\u4f0f\u90a3\u6d1b\u62c9\u6210\u7acb\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u957f\u8fbe\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u7531\u7d22\u4ee3\u91cc\u5c3c\u7ee7\u7eed\u7edf\u9886\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u662f\u5171\u548c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5821\u5792\u3002\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u51fa\u4efb\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56fd\u52a1\u5385\u7684\u957f\u5b98\uff0c\u517c\u4efb\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5e73\u5341\u4eba\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u56fd\u9632\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u9996\u5e2d\u6267\u653f\u5b98\u7684\u5fc3\u8179\u3002\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u519b\u519b\u7eaa\u677e\u5f1b\uff0c\u6781\u529b\u4e3b\u5f20\u5efa\u7acb\u672c\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u519b\u30021505\u5e74\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u6c11\u519b\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u56fd\u6c11\u519b\u4e5d\u4eba\u6307\u6325\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u62c5\u4efb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u79d8\u4e66\uff0c\u57281506\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u652f\u5c0f\u578b\u6c11\u5175\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u66fe\u4eb2\u81ea\u7387\u9886\u90e8\u961f\u4e0a\u524d\u7ebf\u5e76\u6307\u6325\u4f5c\u6218\uff0c\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5fe0\u5fc3\u803f\u803f\u3002<\/p>\n

1512\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u5931\u5229\uff0c\u7d22\u4ee3\u91cc\u5c3c\u88ab\u8feb\u4e0b\u53f0\uff0c\u7f8e\u7b2c\u5947\u5bb6\u65cf\u5728\u6559\u7687\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u653b\u9677\u4e86\u4f5b\u7f57\u4f26\u8428\uff0c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u968f\u4e4b\u74e6\u89e3\u3002\u65b0\u638c\u6743\u7684\u6731\u5229\u4e9a\u8bfa\u00b7\u8fea\u00b7\u6d1b\u4f26\u4f50\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f8e\u7b2c\u5947\uff08Giuliano di Lorenzo de\u2019Medici\uff09 \u7acb\u5373\u6e05\u6d17\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u9762\u641c\u6355\u30021512\u5e74\u5e74\u672b\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u88ab\u89e3\u9664\u4e00\u5207\u516c\u804c\uff0c\u5e76\u57281513\u5e74\u88ab\u4ee5\u5bc6\u8c0b\u53db\u53d8\u7f6a\u6295\u5165\u76d1\u72f1\u3002\u4ed6\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u540a\u5211\uff08Strappado\uff09\u7684\u4e25\u9177\u6298\u78e8\uff0c\u80a9\u8180\u8131\u8282\u3001\u6d51\u8eab\u5267\u75db\uff0c\u540e\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5199\u4f5c\u4e86\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u5fc3\u529b\u4ea4\u7601\u3001\u8d2b\u56f0\u6f66\u5012\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u628a\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u732e\u7ed9\u90a3\u4e2a\u5dee\u70b9\u6ca1\u628a\u4ed6\u6574\u6b7b\u7684\u6731\u5229\u4e9a\u8bfa\uff0c\u597d\u6362\u53d6\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u6731\u5229\u4e9a\u8bfa\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u732e\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u4f84\u5b50\u6d1b\u4f26\u4f50\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u8457\u4f5c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e24\u4f4d\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u5782\u9752\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u539f\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u4f9b\u541b\u4e3b\u5185\u90e8\u53c2\u8003\u7684\u201c\u6587\u4ef6\u201d\u800c\u975e\u4f9b\u666e\u901a\u8bfb\u8005\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u751f\u524d\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u5b83\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u8868\u3002\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u5728\u4e66\u91cc\u4e5f\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8a00\u7684\u201c\u6587\u4ef6\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005:(\u610f)\u5c3c\u79d1\u6d1b\u00b7\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u91cc\u00a0 \u00a0\u8bd1\u8005: \u6f58\u6c49\u5178<\/p>\n

\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5efa\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5728\u79ef\u6781\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u81ea\u5df1\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u60e9\u7f5a\u548c\u9177\u5211\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u3002\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u6d1e\u5bdf\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u548c\u9634\u6697\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u9119\u89c6\u7684\u8f6f\u5f31\u800c\u53ef\u601c\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c31\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u65ad\u8a00\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u7684\u8fdd\u5fc3\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u906d\u9047\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u4ed6\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u613f\u610f\u53bb\u5199\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8457\u4f5c\u5982\u6b64\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdc\u975e\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u6240\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u6240\u8d21\u732e\u4e8e\u541b\u738b\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u666e\u901a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u672f\u5411\u5bfc\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0e\u4e13\u5236\u541b\u4e3b\u7edf\u6cbb\u8054\u7cfb\u7279\u522b\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u672f\u6307\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u8981\u523017\u4e16\u7eaa\u65b9\u624d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u653f\u6cbb\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u5bf9\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u4e13\u5236\u5217\u4e3a\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u4f53\u4e00\u6837\u6709\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u628a\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u4f53\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u653f\u4f53\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u90fd\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u603b\u662f\u574f\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u3002\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u53ef\u6016\u7684\u201d\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee5\u201c\u8f7b\u89c6\u751f\u547d\u6765\u6362\u53d6\u8363\u8000\u201d\u3002\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\u5374\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u4f3c\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5b89\u5b9a\uff08\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\uff09\uff1a\u201c\u5b89\u5b9a\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u592a\u5e73\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u654c\u4eba\u5373\u5c06\u5360\u9886\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u7f04\u9ed8\u201d\u3002\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u201c\u662f\u6dfb\u52a0\u5728\u5df2\u6709\u6050\u60e7\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u79cd\u6050\u60e7\u201d\u3002\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u8ba9\u81e3\u6c11\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\uff0c\u628a\u4eba\u5f53\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u628a\u53cd\u590d\u65e0\u5e38\u7684\u964c\u751f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f3a\u52a0\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8e\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\u4e2d\u663e\u7136\u662f\u5728\u4e0e\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u8c08\u5230\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u4ece\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u6709\u8fdb\u5c55\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u8fdb\u8a00\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u8282\u5236\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u66fe\u7ecf\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u826f\u7b56\u7684\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8d25\u7b14\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e13\u5236\u53ca\u5176\u837c\u6bd2\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u538c\u6076\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdc\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u719f\u6089\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u591a\u53d8\u800c\u65e0\u5b9a\u5f62\uff08shapeless\uff09\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u3002\u66fe\u4efb\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6885\u5c14\u6587\u00b7\u91cc\u5e0c\u7279\uff08Melvin Richter\uff09\u5728\u7ed9\u5927\u578b\u53c2\u8003\u4e66\u300a\u89c2\u5ff5\u53f2\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\uff08Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas\uff09\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e13\u5236\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff1a\u66b4\u653f\u3001\u72ec\u88c1\u3001\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6781\u6743\u7b49\u3002\u4e13\u5236\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u672f\u8bed\u5bb6\u5c5e\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u5b83\u53d8\u5f97\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u4e43\u662f17\u300118\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u6bd4\u8f83\u6216\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u201c\u4e13\u5236\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u53d6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u201c\u66b4\u653f\u201d\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e13\u5236\u7279\u6307\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u654c\u3001\u5168\u9762\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u3002\u4e13\u5236\u201c\u5f88\u5c11\u5355\u72ec\u7528\u4e8e\u65e0\u503e\u5411\u6027\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u7528\u6765\u5426\u5b9a\u548c\u8c34\u8d23\u67d0\u79cd\u201c\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\u6216\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u4ece\u8d35\u65cf\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u89c2\u5ff5\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5c06\u4e13\u5236\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u628a\u4e13\u5236\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u72ec\u88c1\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6781\u6743\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u8c0b\u58eb\uff0c\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u79f0\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u201c\u6743\u8c0b\u4e4b\u58eb\u201d\uff08Machiavellians\uff09\u3002\u201c\u4ed6\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u6d3b\u8dc3\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u8eab\u5f80\u5f80\u53c8\u4e0d\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u5c5e\u8005\u6216\u8005\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7518\u613f\u957f\u671f\u5c48\u5c45\u4ece\u5c5e\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5fe0\u5b9e\u7684\u667a\u56ca\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4ed6\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6743\u8c0b\u4e4b\u58eb\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u51fa\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u60f3\u8bf4\u4f46\u53c8\u4e0d\u4fbf\u76f4\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u201c\u6b63\u5982\u6280\u672f\u9ad8\u8d85\u7684\u9a97\u5b50\u4f1a\u88c5\u51fa\u4e00\u526f\u8bda\u5b9e\u7684\u9762\u5b54\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u5f0f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u6234\u7740\u4e00\u526f\u6052\u4e45\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u9762\u5177\u3002\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5904\u7406\u5bf9\u5916\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c11\u5730\u516c\u5f00\u8fd0\u7528\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u9664\u4e86\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u79cd\u7518\u613f\u957f\u671f\u5c48\u5c45\u4ece\u5c5e\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6743\u8c0b\u4e4b\u58eb\uff0c\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u64c5\u957f\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u9053\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u4e66\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf911\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u968f\u60f3\u89e3\u7b54\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u8003\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u6211\u7684\u8111\u6d77\u4e2d\u6d8c\u73b0\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u76f4\u622a\u4e86\u5f53\u3001\u8a00\u7b80\u610f\u8d45\uff0c\u5374\u5e76\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u56de\u7b54\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u4f53\u4f1a\u518d\u52a0\u4ee5\u8054\u60f3\u548c\u8865\u5145\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6743\u8c0b\u4e4b\u58eb\u79c9\u627f\u548c\u6b23\u8d4f\u7684\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e4b\u7b56\u662f\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e13\u5236\u4f0e\u4fe9\u548c\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u732e\u4e4b\u7b56\u4fbf\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u52a0\u5f3a\u67d0\u79cd\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u81ea\u5df1\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6781\u6743\u4e13\u5236\u3002\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f3a\u5236\u548c\u6b3a\u9a97\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u7684\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u64cd\u63a7\u7740\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u660e\u77e5\u9053\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u53cd\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u4f46\u4ecd\u65e7\u505a\u597d\u51c6\u5907\u91c7\u53d6\u6216\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f11\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u3002\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd911\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u8bba\u53ca\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eba\u4eec\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f9d\u65e7\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u6216\u5bbd\u5bb9\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7528\u6c99\u5c14\u592b\u65af\u5766\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u75be\u75c5\u6216\u8005\u57fa\u56e0\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdd\u80cc\u2018\u5929\u4f7f\u884c\u4e3a\u2019\u5e7b\u60f3\u7684\u8868\u6f14\u3002\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f34\u968f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\uff08\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5177\u6709\u4f55\u79cd\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u7684\u501f\u53e3\u548c\u6258\u8bcd\uff09\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u4e3e\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6765\u81ea\u8bb8\u591a\u8bfb\u8005\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4e24\u672c\u540d\u8457\uff1a\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5229\u592b\u987f\uff08Robert Lifton\uff09\u6240\u8457\u300a\u7eb3\u7cb9\u533b\u751f\uff1a\u533b\u5b66\u5c60\u6740\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u706d\u7edd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff08The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide\uff09\u548c\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\uff08Christopher Browning\uff09\u6240\u8457\u300a\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff1a\u540e\u5907\u8b66\u5bdf101\u8425\u548c\u5728\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u300b\uff08Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland\uff09\u3002\u4e24\u672c\u4e66\u91cc\u63cf\u8ff0\u548c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u666e\u901a\u533b\u751f\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5728\u7eb3\u7cb9\u8b66\u5bdf\u961f\u4f0d\u91cc\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7801\u5934\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u5361\u8f66\u53f8\u673a\u3001\u4ed3\u5e93\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u767d\u9886\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u826f\u5fc3\u6216\u826f\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c2\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u90aa\u6076\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u4f5c\u6076\u662f\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5229\u7528\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6b3a\u9a97\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff08\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9690\u853d\u7684\u66b4\u529b\uff09\u6240\u8425\u9020\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u65e2\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6fc0\u53d1\u70ed\u60c5\u201d\u7684\u6781\u6743\u64cd\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005: [\u7f8e] \u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u6770\u4f0a\u00b7\u5229\u592b\u987f\u00a0 \u00a0\u8bd1\u8005: \u738b\u6bc5 \/ \u5218\u4f1f<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005: [\u7f8e]\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u5f17\u00b7R\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\u5b81\u00a0 \u00a0\u8bd1\u8005: \u5f20\u5b5d\u94ce<\/p>\n

\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u603b\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4f17\u4e3a\u4ed6\u89c4\u5b9a\u548c\u6307\u660e\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u4e8b\u4e1a\u732e\u51fa\u6e3a\u5c0f\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u201c\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u5f53\u5982\u6c11\u4f17\u6240\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5927\u4f17\u798f\u5229\u800c\u727a\u7272\u4e2a\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\uff1f\u201d\u8fd9\u6d89\u53ca\u4e13\u5236\u72ec\u88c1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6b32\u4e0e\u4ed6\u81ea\u79f0\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002\u201c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5bf9\u5916\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5f80\u5f80\u8ba4\u4e3a\u727a\u7272\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5c06\u2018\u6ee1\u8db3\u81ea\u6211\u6b32\u6c42\u2019\u4e0e\u2018\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eba\u8c0b\u798f\u5229\u2019\u4e24\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u5206\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5341\u5206\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u4e49\u540c\u5229\u4ed6\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u5e76\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u660e\u6670\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u590d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ee5\u653e\u8086\u5984\u4e3a\u548c\u72e1\u8bc8\u4f0e\u4fe9\u4e3a\u50b2\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u5c24\u5176\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u65e6\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u7ed9\u6240\u6709\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u8d85\u8fc7\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f53\u4e13\u5236\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u201c\u4e0d\u8ba1\u540e\u679c\u7684\u539a\u989c\u65e0\u803b\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4ed6\u4eec\u7262\u7262\u5730\u638c\u63a7\u66b4\u529b\uff08\u519b\u961f\uff09\u548c\u6b3a\u9a97\uff08\u5ba3\u4f20\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5b89\u5168\u7b03\u5b9a\u548c\u653e\u5fc3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u65f6\u65f6\u60ca\u9b42\u4e0d\u5b9a\u3001\u5bdd\u98df\u96be\u5b89\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4ed6\u4eec\u600e\u6837\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u5f3a\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u6b3a\u9a97\uff0c\u90fd\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u800c\u75c5\u6001\u822c\u5730\u7591\u795e\u7591\u9b3c\uff0c\u201c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u5f0f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u952e\u7684\u7279\u8d28\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u53ca\uff1a\u6000\u7591\u3002\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u5177\u6709\u654c\u610f\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u751f\u6d3b\u2026\u2026\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u8d56\u611f\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u201d\u3002\u6000\u7591\u522b\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u65bd\u4ee5\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u9634\u8c0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u6210\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u6ee5\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u9634\u8c0b\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u4f1a\u5f02\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d8\u672c\u52a0\u5389\u5730\u8fd0\u7528\u8ba1\u8c0b\u548c\u6743\u672f\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u201c\u4f1a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u652f\u64c5\u957f\u6253\u63a2\u60c5\u62a5\u548c\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u76d1\u89c6\u7684\u5bc6\u63a2\u90e8\u961f\uff0c\u4ee5\u62b5\u6321\u654c\u5bf9\u529b\u91cf\u2026\u2026\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u5178\u578b\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e92\u76f8\u76d1\u89c6\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u5185\u7684\u76d1\u89c6\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4e92\u76d1\u89c6\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4fbf\u662f\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5965\u5a01\u5c14\u5728\u300a1984\u300b\u4e2d\u6240\u63cf\u7ed8\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u8001\u5927\u54e5\u6781\u6743\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n

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18\u4e16\u7eaa\u201c\u5f00\u660e\u541b\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u7fd8\u695a\uff0c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u56fd\u738b\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u4e8c\u4e16\u4e0d\u4ec5\u719f\u8bfb\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u8fd8\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u672c\u6709\u540d\u7684\u300a\u53cd\u5bf9\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u300b\uff08Anti-Machiavelli\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u4ed6\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u54f2\u4eba\u670b\u53cb\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\u4fee\u6539\u6da6\u8272\u3002\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u9010\u7ae0\u9a73\u65a5\u4e86\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e4b\u9053\uff1a\u9634\u9669\u72e1\u8bc8\uff0c\u53e3\u662f\u5fc3\u975e\uff0c\u80cc\u4fe1\u5f03\u4e49\uff0c\u6b8b\u66b4\u65e0\u60c5\uff0c\u628a\u529f\u52b3\u636e\u4e3a\u5df1\u6709\u3001\u628a\u9519\u8bef\u8d23\u4efb\u63a8\u7ed9\u4e0b\u5c5e\uff08\u201c\u6709\u529f\u5219\u541b\u6709\u5176\u8d24\uff0c\u6709\u8fc7\u5219\u81e3\u4efb\u5176\u7f6a\u201d\uff09\u3002\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5957\u6743\u672f\u89c6\u4e3a\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u4e1b\u6797\u6cd5\u5219\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u672f\u6709\u8fb1\u738b\u4f4d\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u548c\u541b\u738b\u7684\u9ad8\u8d35\uff0c\u4e5f\u914d\u4e0d\u4e0a\u541b\u738b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9ad8\u5c1a\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4ed6\u8c34\u8d23\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u548c\u5949\u884c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u541b\u4e3b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u53ef\u8c13\u4e49\u6b63\u8bcd\u4e25\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u6709\u5b83\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e13\u5236\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u6807\u699c\u7684\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u8f6c\u79fb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u56db\u9879\u7ed3\u76df\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u80cc\u53db\u540c\u76df\u56fd\uff08\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u540c\u76df\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5148\u80cc\u53db\u6211\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u80cc\u53db\u6211\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u7684\u5b9e\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u575a\u5b88\u6b64\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7ed3\u76df\u8005\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5e2e\u4e0d\u4e0a\u6211\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u7684\u7d2f\u8d58\u3002\u8fd9\u662f18\u4e16\u7eaa\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u4e89\u96c4\u65b0\u5f62\u52bf\u4e0b\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005: William J. Dobson<\/p>\n

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