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\u7f18\u8d77<\/p>\n

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1\uff0e\u897f\u5468\u5171\u548c\u5143\u5e74\uff08\u516c\u5143\u524d841\u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u897f\u5468\u65e9\u3001\u4e2d\u671f\u548c\u665a\u671f\u524d\u540e\u6bb5\u5404\u738b\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff1b<\/p>\n

2\uff0e\u5546\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u4ece\u5546\u738b\u6b66\u4e01\u81f3\u5e1d\u8f9b(\u7ea3)\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u6bd4\u8f83\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff1b<\/p>\n

3\uff0e\u5546\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f83\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u6846\u67b6\uff1b<\/p>\n

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\u8d28\u7591<\/p>\n

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\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u2014\u2014\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8fa9\u8bba<\/p>\n

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\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d77\u5916\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u9053\u5fb7\u4ea7\u751f\u6000\u7591\u3002\u5982\uff1a\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u7684Edward Shaughnessy\u6559\u6388\u63d0\u95ee\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u516c\u5143\u524d899\u5e74\u5468\u61ff\u738b\u2018\u5929\u518d\u65e6\u4e8e\u90d1\u2019\u7684\u65e5\u8680\u662f\u300a\u7b80\u672c\u300b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u3001\u7535\u89c6\u5747\u4f5c\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u62a5\u5bfc\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5916\uff0c\u65e9\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e5\u8680\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u897f\u5468\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d77\u5916\u5b66\u8005\u89c9\u5f97\u300a\u7b80\u672c\u300b\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u56fd\u5916\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u3002\u201d\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u5c06\u6b66\u738b\u4f10\u7ea3\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b9a\u4e3a\u516c\u5143\u524d1046\u5e74\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005David Pankenier\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u300a\u7b80\u672c\u300b\u5bf9\u6b64\u53ea\u5b57\u672a\u63d0\u3002Shaughnessy\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u4e13\u5bb6\u8463\u4f5c\u5bbe\u65e9\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u5929\u518d\u65e6\u201d\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5929\u660e\u65f6\u523b\u7684\u65e5\u8680\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6b64\u4e00\u5929\u6587\u73b0\u8c61\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b9a\u4e3a\u516c\u5143\u524d966\u5e74\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u65b9\u5584\u67f1\u57281975\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d966\u5e74\u6709\u8bef\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5e94\u4e3a\u516c\u5143\u524d899\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u534e\u76db\u987f\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u672a\u80fd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4f5c\u5145\u5206\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\uff0c\u4f46\u674e\u5b66\u52e4\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u53d7\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u5b66\u8005\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u65bd\u884c\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u96c6\u4e2d\u5236\u201d\u662f\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u4ece\u6765\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u771f\u7406\u6709\u65f6\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e2a\u522b\u4eba\u624b\u91cc\u201d\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u201c\u5929\u518d\u65e6\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u674e\u5b66\u52e4\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\uff0c\u300a\u7b80\u672c\u300b\u7bc7\u5e45\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u5c06\u524d\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e00\u7f57\u5217\u3002\u5f20\u57f9\u745c\u5219\u627f\u8ba4\u5bf9\u201c\u5929\u518d\u65e6\u201d\u7684\u62a5\u5bfc\u6709\u4e0d\u59a5\u5f53\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ec7\u4e16\u534e\u5bf9\u78b3-14\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u77e5\u8bc6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u2014\u2014\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u8fa9\u8bba<\/p>\n

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\u601d\u8003<\/p>\n

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\u5e73\u5fc3\u800c\u8bba\uff0c\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u53c2\u52a0\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u5982\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f20\u57f9\u745c\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u300a\u7b80\u672c\u300b\u7684\u786e\u5b58\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u6216\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u786c\u4f24\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u89e3\u51b3\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5176\u89c2\u70b9\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u57c3\u53ca\u5728\u5185\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5171\u540c\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u3002 \u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u56fd\u9632\u65e0\u5173\u3001\u96be\u5ea6\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u9080\u8bf7\u56fd\u9645\u6709\u5173\u4e13\u5bb6\u53c2\u52a0\uff0c\u8d77\u7801\u8981\u542c\u53d6\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u548c\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u95ed\u95e8\u9020\u8f66\u3002\u201c\u62df\u5408\u201d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8fc7\u7a0b\u81f3\u4eca\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u5f00\uff0c\u6240\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u78b3-14\u6570\u636e\u4e5f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u516c\u5f00\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u6210\u679c\u7684\u5ba1\u6838\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u53c2\u52a0\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u641e\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u5e74\u8868\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u80fd\u8ba9\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u63a5\u53d7\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u7b14\u8005\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8bfb\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d77\u5916\u5b66\u8005\u6279\u8bc4\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9884\u8a00\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u62a5\u544a\u5c06\u4f1a\u88ab\u56fd\u9645\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u201c\u65af\u6210\u788e\u7247\u201d\u7684Nivison\u6559\u6388\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c49\u5b66\u754c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7684\u9886\u5934\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u524d\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684Shaughnessy\u5c31\u51fa\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u95e8\u4e0b\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0cNivison\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4ece\u5b66\u672f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u90fd\u6709\u6587\u732e\u6750\u6599\u6216\u8005\u91d1\u6587\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u8868\u793a\u4ed6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4f46\u7686\u88ab\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u5728\u4f17\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6216\u89c2\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6311\u9009\u4e00\u79cd\u800c\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6392\u9664\u65f6\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u8db3\u4ee5\u53e6\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4e0e\u8bc1\u636e\u3002Nivison\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u5e76\u975e\u5b64\u7acb\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u6210\u5bb6\u5f7b\u90ce\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e5f\u8c08\u5230\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u5bf9\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7591\u95ee\u7f6e\u4e4b\u4e0d\u7406\uff0c\u6210\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e14\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6307\u51fa\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u5b66\u8005\u201c\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e0d\u5229\u7684(\u6587\u732e)\u8d44\u6599\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6539\u53d8\u4e0d\u5229\u7684(\u91d1\u6587)\u8bb0\u8ff0\u201d\u7b49\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8eab\u4e3a\u534e\u88d4\u7684\u848b\u7956\u68e3\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684Nivison\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6210\u5bb6\u5f7b\u90ce\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u672c\u8457\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u6cbb\u5b66\u6001\u5ea6\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\u548c\u8861\u91cf\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4f7f\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u672a\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u539f\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u6709\u79ef\u6781\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u5bb9\u4e0d\u5f97\u534a\u70b9\u865a\u5047\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u300a\u7e41\u672c\u300b\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u300a\u7b80\u672c\u300b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\uff0c\u300a\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5e74\u8868\u300b\u5c31\u5df2\u88ab\u300a\u8f9e\u6d77\u300b\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b57\u5178\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u8981\u5199\u5165\u4e2d\u3001\u5c0f\u5b66\u751a\u81f3\u5927\u5b66\u8bfe\u672c\u3002\u8fd1\u671f\u8fd8\u6709\u4e2d\u5b66\u6559\u5e08\u5728\u51fa\u9ad8\u8003\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u8003\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u300a\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5e74\u8868\u300b\u89c6\u4e3a\u60df\u4e00\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5982\u679c\u300a\u7e41\u672c\u300b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u672a\u7ecf\u4fee\u6539\u800c\u5f3a\u884c\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u5176\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5c06\u88ab\u793e\u4f1a\u89c6\u4e3a\u5b9a\u8bba\u800c\u5168\u90e8\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u8bef\u5bfc\u4e2d\u534e\u5b50\u5f1f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u201c\u5de5\u7a0b\u201d\u53d1\u626c\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u6cbb\u5b66\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u8457\u60a0\u4e45\u6587\u660e\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u8c6a\u611f\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

\u5de5\u7a0b\u4ecb\u7ecd<\/p>\n

\u80cc\u666f<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u534e\u6587\u660e\u5177\u6709\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u6587\u732e\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u201c\u4fe1\u53f2\u201d\u5374\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u897f\u5468\u5171\u548c\u5143\u5e74\uff08\u524d841\u5e74\uff0c\u89c1\u4e8e\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u00b7\u5341\u4e8c\u8bf8\u4faf\u5e74\u8868\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5e74\u4ee3\u90fd\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u4e0d\u6e05\u7684\u3002\u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1\u5728\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u300b\u91cc\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u770b\u8fc7\u6709\u5173\u9ec4\u5e1d\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5e74\u4ee3\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u4ee3\u6bd4\u8f83\u6a21\u7cca\u4e14\u53c8\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4fbf\u5f03\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u00b7\u4e09\u4ee3\u4e16\u8868\u300b\u4e2d\u4ec5\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5404\u738b\u7684\u4e16\u7cfb\u800c\u65e0\u5177\u4f53\u5728\u4f4d\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5171\u548c\u5143\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u5e74\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u5143\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u662f\u897f\u6c49\u665a\u671f\u7684\u5218\u6b46\u3002\u5218\u6b46\u7684\u63a8\u7b97\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u540e\u88ab\u6536\u5f55\u4e8e\u300a\u6c49\u4e66\u00b7\u5f8b\u5386\u5fd7\u300b\u3002\u4ece\u5218\u6b46\u4ee5\u540e\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e2d\u53f6\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u5143\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63a8\u7b97\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u63a8\u7b97\u6240\u7528\u7684\u6587\u732e\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc7\u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1\u6240\u89c1\u5230\u7684\u6587\u732e\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u96be\u6709\u6240\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u665a\u6e05\u4ee5\u540e\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u6839\u636e\u9752\u94dc\u5668\u7684\u94ed\u6587\u4f5c\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u8d44\u6599\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u30021899\u5e74\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u53c8\u4e3a\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u6750\u6599\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u8fdb\u516520\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u53c8\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7acb\u9879\u8fc7\u7a0b<\/p>\n

1995\u5e74\u79cb\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u59d4\uff08\u4eca\u79d1\u6280\u90e8\uff09\u4e3b\u4efb\u5b8b\u5065\u9080\u8bf7\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u8005\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5ea7\u8c08\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5b8b\u5065\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u4e0e\u5927\u5bb6\u8ba8\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bbe\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n

1995\u5e74\u5e95\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u53ec\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u59d4\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u793e\u79d1\u9662\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6559\u59d4\uff08\u4eca\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\uff09\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6587\u7269\u5c40\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u534f\u5171\u4e03\u4e2a\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bae\u8058\u8bf7\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u674e\u5b66\u52e4\u3001\u78b3-14\u4e13\u5bb6\u4ec7\u58eb\u534e\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6\u674e\u4f2f\u8c26\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u5e2d\u6cfd\u5b97\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u9996\u5e2d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

1996\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\u5b66\u79d1\u768421\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\uff0c\u5e76\u62df\u5b9a\u4e86\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1\u62a5\u544a\u57281996\u5e745\u6708\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n

1996\u5e745\u670816\u65e5\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u4f1a\u8bae\u6b63\u5f0f\u5ba3\u5e03\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u5f00\u59cb\u542f\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u79d1\u7814\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u6d4b\u5e74\u7b49\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u5171\u52069\u4e2a\u8bfe\u9898\uff0c44\u4e2a\u4e13\u9898\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\u8fbe200\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5de5\u7a0b\u76ee\u6807<\/p>\n

\u897f\u5468\u5171\u548c\u5143\u5e74(\u516c\u5143\u524d841\u5e74)\u4ee5\u524d\u5404\u738b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f83\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002
\n\u5546\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u6b66\u4e01\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u738b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f83\u51c6\u786e\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002
\n\u5546\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6bd4\u8f83\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u6846\u67b6\u3002
\n\u590f\u4ee3\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898
\n\u6709\u5173\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5e74\u4ee3\u3001\u5929\u8c61\u3001\u90fd\u57ce\u6587\u732e\u7684\u6574\u7406\u53ca\u53ef\u4fe1\u6027\u7814\u7a76\uff1b
\n\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5929\u6587\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\uff1b
\n\u590f\u4ee3\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1b
\n\u5546\u4ee3\u524d\u671f\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1b
\n\u5546\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1b
\n\u6b66\u738b\u4f10\u7ea3\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1b
\n\u897f\u5468\u5217\u738b\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1b
\n\u78b314\u6d4b\u5e74\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6539\u8fdb\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\uff1b
\n\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5e74\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4e0e\u603b\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5
\n\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u5bf9\u4f20\u4e16\u7684\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u732e\u548c\u51fa\u571f\u7684\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u3001\u91d1\u6587\u7b49\u6750\u6599\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u641c\u96c6\u3001\u6574\u7406\u3001\u9274\u5b9a\u548c\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u5bf9\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5929\u6587\u73b0\u8c61\u548c\u5386\u6cd5\u8bb0\u5f55\u901a\u8fc7\u73b0\u4ee3\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u7ed9\u4e88\u8ba1\u7b97\u4ece\u800c\u63a8\u5b9a\u5176\u5e74\u4ee3\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\u5bf9\u6709\u5178\u578b\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u8003\u53e4\u9057\u5740\u548c\u5893\u846c\u6750\u6599\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6574\u7406\u548c\u5206\u671f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u53d1\u6398\uff0c\u83b7\u53d6\u6837\u54c1\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u78b3-14\u6d4b\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0e\u610f\u4e49
\n2000\u5e7411\u67089\u65e5\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u6b63\u5f0f\u516c\u5e03\u4e86\u300a\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5e74\u8868\u300b\u3002\u300a\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5e74\u8868\u300b\u5b9a\u590f\u671d\u7ea6\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e\u524d2070\u5e74\uff0c\u590f\u5546\u5206\u754c\u5927\u7ea6\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d1600\u5e74\uff0c\u76d8\u5e9a\u8fc1\u90fd\u7ea6\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d1300\u5e74\uff0c\u5546\u5468\u5206\u754c\uff08\u6b66\u738b\u4f10\u7ea3\u4e4b\u5e74\uff09\u5b9a\u4e3a\u524d1046\u5e74\u3002\u4f9d\u636e\u6b66\u738b\u4f10\u7ea3\u4e4b\u5e74\u548c\u61ff\u738b\u7684\u5143\u5e74\u7684\u786e\u7acb\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5546\u738b\u6b66\u4e01\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u5e74\u8868\u548c\u897f\u5468\u8bf8\u738b\u5e74\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u5de5\u7a0b\u987a\u5229\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c06\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u6807\u5c3a\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u5de5\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7e41\u672c\u62a5\u544a\u8fdf\u8fdf\u672a\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u80fd\u5426\u8fbe\u5230\u5b58\u5728\u8f83\u5927\u7591\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6279\u8bc4\u4e0e\u8d28\u7591
\n\u6b64\u6761\u76ee\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u3001\u8bed\u8c03\u53ef\u80fd\u5e26\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u89c2\u70b9\u6216\u5730\u65b9\u8272\u5f69\u3002\uff082007\u5e748\u67086\u65e5\uff09
\n\u52a0\u4e0a\u6b64\u6a21\u677f\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u8005\u9700\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u9875\u8bf4\u660e\u6b64\u6587\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u8ba9\u5404\u7f16\u8f91\u8005\u8ba8\u8bba\u548c\u6539\u5584\u3002
\n\u5728\u7f16\u8f91\u4e4b\u524d\u8bf7\u52a1\u5fc5\u5bdf\u770b\u8ba8\u8bba\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u4ece\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u6b63\u5f0f\u516c\u5e03\u300a\u590f\u5546\u5468\u65ad\u4ee3\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u516d\u2014\u4e8cOOO\u5e74\u9636\u6bb5\u6210\u679c\u62a5\u544a\uff08\u7b80\u672c\uff09\u300b\u548c\u300a\u590f\u5546\u5468\u5e74\u8868\u300b\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7ed3\u8bba\u5df2\u88ab\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u8bcd\u5178\u548c\u6559\u6750\u91c7\u7528\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5173\u4e8e\u5468\u61ff\u738b\u5143\u5e74\u5929\u518d\u65e6\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u5728\u201c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5386\u53f2\u201d[1]\u671f\u520a\uff08East Asian History\uff09\u4e0a\uff0cDouglas J. Keenan\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\u8d28\u7591\u5468\u61ff\u738b\u5143\u5e74\u5929\u518d\u65e6\u662f\u897f\u5143\u524d899\u5e74[2]\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5de5\u7a0b\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\uff1a<\/p>\n

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