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<\/p>\n

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6\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e0e\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u5171\u4e3e\u884c\u4f1a\u8c08\u4e24\u6b21\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5411\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u89e3\u51b3\u201d\u4e2d\u5171\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u5171\u519b\u961f\u3001\u9655\u7518\u5b81\u8fb9\u533a\u653f\u5e9c\u7b49\u4e09\u7c7b18\u6761\uff0c\u4e3b\u65e8\u662f\u4e2d\u5171\u519b\u961f\u63a5\u53d7\u6539\u7f16\u3001\u670d\u4ece\u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8fd8\u201c\u63ed\u9732\u201d\u4e2d\u5171\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u201c\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u8206\u8bba\u538b\u8feb\u4e2d\u592e\u5bf9\u5171\u515a\u5c48\u670d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u5176\u8981\u6c42\u201d\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u7f8e\u65b9\u4e0d\u8981\u201c\u4e0a\u5f53\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u7f8e\u65b9\u6001\u5ea6\u575a\u51b3\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7acb\u5373\u7b54\u5e94\u7f8e\u519b\u8c03\u67e5\u56e2\u8d74\u4e2d\u5171\u63a7\u5236\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6401\u7f6e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7a7a\u519b\u98de\u884c\u5458\u8d74\u7f8e\u8bad\u7ec3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8981\u631f\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u65e0\u5948\uff0c\u201c\u5352\u52c9\u5141\u5176\u8bf7\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u65e5\u8bb0\u591a\u6570\u53ea\u8bb0\u4e0b\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8bf4\u8f9e\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u5bf9\u7b49\u201d\u5730\u8bb0\u8f7d\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6218\u5c40\u6025\u8f6c\u76f4\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6025\u9700\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5904\u7406\u597d\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e5f\u6025\u4e8e\u6539\u5584\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u611f\u8fdb\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u65b9\u9762\u4f5c\u51fa\u91cd\u5927\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u4ece\u539f\u6765\u7aed\u529b\u9694\u7edd\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u5141\u8bb8\u7f8e\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\u8fdb\u5165\u5ef6\u5b89\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u9ed8\u8bb8\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u8c03\u89e3\u56fd\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

7\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u4e03\u5468\u5e74\u81f4\u7535\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6218\u5c40\u5371\u6025\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8ba9\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\uff08Joseph W.Stilwell\uff09\u6307\u6325\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u5171\u519b\u961f\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5168\u90e8\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u652f\u914d\u4e00\u5207\u79df\u501f\u7269\u8d44\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u975e\u5e38\u6c14\u6124\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b64\u4e3a\u201c\u6b32\u7edf\u5236\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u5e72\u6d89\u4e2d\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u4e4b\u5fc3\uff0c\u662d\u7136\u82e5\u63ed\u77e3\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u5916\u62d2\u7edd\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0e\u7f13\u548c\u4e4b\u4e09\u79cd\u65b9\u9488\u201d\u3002\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e0d\u6562\uff1b\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e0d\u7518\u3002\u4e09\u8005\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u80fd\u9009\u62e9\u201c\u7f13\u548c\u201d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5148\u627f\u5e94\uff0c\u7528\u62d6\u5ef6\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f85\u673a\u884c\u4e8b\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u81ea\u6211\u5bbd\u6170\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5373\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u7b3c\u7edc\u3001\u5229\u7528\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5982\u6211\u80fd\u8fd0\u7528\u5f97\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u6b64\u5373\u4e8e\u6211\u4e3a\u6709\u5bb3\u800c\u65e0\u76ca\u770b\u8033\u3002\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bf9\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u65bd\u538b\u3002\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u56de\u56fd\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u5e7f\u64ad\u8bb2\u8bdd\uff0c\u76f4\u8a00\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5185\u90e8\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\uff0c\u65b9\u80fd\u5728\u6218\u540e\u5f97\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u534f\u52a9\u3002\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5219\u5728\u7ed9\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u7535\u62a5\u4e2d\uff0c\u7279\u610f\u63d0\u5230\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5411\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u8868\u793a\u8981\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u201c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u53ea\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u6cd5\u6c42\u4e00\u89e3\u51b3\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u5728\u8ba9\u5176\u5151\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

7\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u4e2d\u5370\u7f05\u6218\u533a\u9a7b\u5ef6\u5b89\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\uff08\u4ee3\u53f7\u201c\u8fea\u514b\u897f\u4f7f\u56e2\u201d\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u6210\u5458\u5728\u7ec4\u957f\u5305\u745e\u5fb7\uff08David D.Barrett\uff09\u4e0a\u6821\u7387\u9886\u4e0b\u8fdb\u5165\u5ef6\u5b89\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6309\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u89c4\u683c\u7531\u539f\u5148\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u4ee3\u8868\u56e2\u964d\u4e3a\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4ecd\u7136\u6807\u5fd7\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u63a5\u89e6\u8fdb\u5165\u65b0\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u5916\u4ea4\u6218\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u7a81\u7834\u3002\u51e0\u5929\u540e\uff0c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u51fa\u5e2d\u6b22\u8fce\u7f8e\u519b\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\u7684\u665a\u5bb4\u65f6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u63d0\u51fa\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ef\u5728\u5ef6\u5b89\u8bbe\u7acb\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u4e3a\u300a\u89e3\u653e\u65e5\u62a5\u300b\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u793e\u8bba\u300a\u6b22\u8fce\u7f8e\u519b\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\u7684\u6218\u53cb\u4eec\uff01\u300b\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u773c\u775b\uff0c\u603b\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u4f1a\u4eae\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u679c\u7136\u6162\u6162\u5730\u4eae\u8d77\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u4e2d\u5916\u8bb0\u8005\u56e2\u4e0e\u7f8e\u519b\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\uff0c\u5747\u5148\u540e\u51b2\u7834\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u5c01\u9501\u7ebf\uff0c\u6765\u5230\u5ef6\u5b89\u4e86\u3002\u201d8\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u5468\u6069\u6765\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u8d77\u8349\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u5916\u4ea4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6307\u793a\u300b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e2d\u5171\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u7ebf\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u53ca\u540c\u5916\u56fd\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u653f\u7b56\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u95ee\u9898\u4f5c\u51fa\u539f\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5e94\u628a\u5916\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u548c\u7f8e\u519b\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8fb9\u533a\u8bbf\u95ee\u548c\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u201c\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u7ebf\u7684\u5f00\u5c55\uff0c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5916\u4ea4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u3001\u6731\u5fb7\u4e0e\u7f8e\u519b\u89c2\u5bdf\u7ec4\u6210\u5458\u5728\u5ef6\u5b89<\/p>\n

\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u987e\u5fcc\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u62c5\u5fc3\u6b64\u4e3e\u4f1a\u589e\u5f3a\u4e2d\u5171\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u524a\u5f31\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u9690\u5fe7\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee5\u201c\u59d1\u606f\u201d\u4e2d\u5171\u3001\u727a\u7272\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5728\u5168\u7403\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u4e89\u96c4\u7684\u7b79\u7801\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u56fd\u5185\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u6cbb\u52bf\u529b\u4f1a\u52a0\u5267\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u6743\u7684\u79bb\u5fc3\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u653f\u5c40\u66f4\u8d8b\u4e0d\u7a33\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e0e\u534e\u83b1\u58eb\u8bbf\u534e\u65f6\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5c06\u8d23\u4efb\u4e3b\u8981\u5f52\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8bef\u4fe1\u4e86\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u201c\u5ba3\u4f20\u9634\u8c0b\u201d\u7565\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u628a\u201c\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u671f\u95f4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u5f3a\u8feb\u201d\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f52\u7f6a\u4e8e\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u672c\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u594b\u529b\u62b5\u6297<\/strong><\/p>\n

1944\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u201c\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u4ee5\u7f8e\u56fd\u59a5\u534f\u3001\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u88ab\u8c03\u79bb\u4e2d\u56fd\u6536\u573a\uff0c\u9b4f\u5fb7\u8fc8\uff08Albert C.Wedemeyer\uff09\u63a5\u4efb\u4e2d\u56fd\u6218\u533a\u7f8e\u519b\u53f8\u4ee4\u517c\u4efb\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u53c2\u8c0b\u957f\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5f97\u9042\u6240\u613f\uff0c\u4f46\u7f8e\u56fd\u8981\u6c42\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769\u3001\u63a5\u7eb3\u4e2d\u5171\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u538b\u529b\u5e76\u672a\u51cf\u8f7b\u3002\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\uff08Patrick Jay Hurley\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u4ee3\u8868\u6765\u534e\u8c03\u89e3\u201c\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5bf9\u5176\u9887\u4e3a\u611f\u6fc0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u8c03\u89e3\u56fd\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u5dee\u591a\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5b8b\u7f8e\u9f84\u3001\u9b4f\u5fb7\u8fc8\u3001\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u3001\u53f8\u5f92\u96f7\u767b<\/p>\n

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10\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u63a5\u5230\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u91cd\u5e86\u4e0e\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u89c1\u9762\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u540e\u6279\u793a\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u848b\uff08\u4ecb\u77f3\uff09\u6700\u6015\u6307\u540d\u6279\u8bc4\u4ed6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ea6\u6015\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u848b\uff0c\u6545\u5728\u8bb8\u848b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6765\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u5c31\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e2d\u5171\u4e0e\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u57fa\u8c03\u300211\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u4e3b\u6301\u4e2d\u5171\u516d\u5c4a\u4e03\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u56e2\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u8ba8\u8bba\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

11\u67087\u65e5\u81f310\u65e5\uff0c\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u8bbf\u95ee\u5ef6\u5b89\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u7b49\u4eba\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e09\u5929\u56db\u6b21\u6b63\u5f0f\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u8fbe\u6210\u4e94\u9879\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5e26\u56de\u91cd\u5e86\u8ba9\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7b7e\u7f72\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u59d4\u6258\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u5c06\u6b64\u534f\u5b9a\u8f6c\u8fbe\u7ed9\u7f57\u65af\u798f\uff0c\u5e76\u4eb2\u81ea\u7ed9\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5199\u4fe1\u79f0\uff0c\u6b64\u534f\u5b9a\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u548c\u65b9\u5411\u201c\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u516b\u5e74\u6765\u5728\u6297\u65e5\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u7ebf\u4e2d\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

11\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u89c1\u5230\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u5e26\u56de\u7684\u4e94\u9879\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u6c14\u6124\uff1a\u201c\u4f59\u521d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u54c8\u96f7\u4e4b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u8001\u6210\uff0c\u8d74\u5171\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u5fc5\u4e0d\u5982\u5176\u4ed6\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d47\u8584\u8005\u6d41\uff0c\u4e3a\u5171\u532a\u6240\u8bf1\u60d1\uff0c\u4e0d\u6599\u5176\u7cca\u6d82\u5931\u5bdf\uff0c\u751a\u4e8e\u4e00\u5207\u7f8e\u4eba\u4e5f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4ee5\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u6761\u4ef6\u7b7e\u5b57\u540e\uff0c\u5f7c\u4e43\u5141\u53ef\uff0c\u643a\u4e4b\u800c\u56de\u4e5f\u3002\u6b64\u5b9e\u4e8e\u6211\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6700\u5927\u4e4b\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5171\u532a\u8be1\u8ba1\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u4e4b\u6210\u5c31\u4e5f\u3002\u201d\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u8bbf\u95ee\u5ef6\u5b89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u51fa\u4e4e\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u610f\u6599\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u5916\u63f4\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2d\u5171\u201c\u591a\u4e00\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u591a\u4e00\u6709\u529b\u4e4b\u540e\u76fe\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u5929\uff0c\u6b63\u9762\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u6842\u6797\u3001\u67f3\u5dde\u9677\u843d\uff0c\u5b8b\u7f8e\u9f84\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e7\u75c5\u52a0\u5267\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e00\u65e5\u8fde\u63a5\u4e09\u6761\u6076\u52a3\u4e0d\u5e78\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u201c\u987f\u89c9\u60b2\u60e8\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u8bbf\u95ee\u5ef6\u5b89<\/p>\n

\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u5e26\u56de\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u663e\u7136\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6297\u6218\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6240\u516c\u5f00\u8d5e\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u8981\u627f\u8ba4\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2d\u5171\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u653f\u6cbb\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u7269\u8d44\uff0c\u8fd9\u53c8\u662f\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bb8\u53ef\u7684\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7406\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u5fc3\u53e3\u4e0d\u4e00\u7684\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u68d8\u624b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u79c1\u4e0b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee5\u63f4\u52a9\u76f8\u8981\u631f\uff0c\u5f3a\u8feb\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u201c\u59a5\u534f\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u660f\u8499\u201d\u4e4b\u4e3e\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u5171\u4f1a\u501f\u6b64\u201c\u5229\u7528\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u5236\u534e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6765\u6270\u4e71\u6211\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u52a8\u6447\u6211\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u6211\u6297\u6218\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5176\u593a\u53d6\u653f\u6743\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u727a\u7272\u201c\u56fd\u4f53\u4e0e\u4eba\u683c\u201d\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u201c\u4e00\u610f\u8fc1\u5c31\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u65ad\u7edd\u63f4\u52a9\u4e5f\u5728\u6240\u4e0d\u60dc\u3002\u53ef\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u53c8\u4e0d\u6562\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u793a\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u201c\u5a49\u8f9e\u529d\u8beb\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4fbf\u5f3a\u786c\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u82e6\u8877\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u6b63\u9762\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u519b\u961f\u4ecd\u5728\u6e83\u8d25\uff0c\u5f53\u5c40\u653f\u7b56\u906d\u5230\u6c11\u4f17\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u653f\u5c40\u4e0d\u7a33\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6025\u9700\u7f8e\u56fd\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u5728\u201c\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u4e2d\u6709\u6240\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u672c\u4eba\u5bf9\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u6076\u611f\u4e0d\u51cf\u53cd\u589e\u300211\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u79c1\u4eba\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u524d\u6218\u65f6\u751f\u4ea7\u5c40\u5c40\u957f\u7eb3\u5c14\u900a\uff08Donald M.Nelson\uff09\u4e00\u884c\u62b5\u8fbe\u91cd\u5e86\u3002\u7eb3\u5c14\u900a\u5bf9\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u524d\u540c\u610f\u7684\u7a7a\u8fd0\u673a\u6570\u867d\u4ecd\u7167\u62e8\uff0c\u4f46\u987b\u5ef6\u81f3\u660e\u5e742\u6708\u65b9\u80fd\u4ea4\u8d27\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u611f\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u662f\u5728\u501f\u673a\u65bd\u538b\uff0c\u201c\u968f\u65f6\u5931\u4fe1\u723d\u7ea6\u4e0d\u7b97\u4e3a\u4e8b\u4e5f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7ecf\u4e0e\u4e0b\u5c5e\u534f\u5546\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u907f\u514d\u4e0e\u7f8e\u65b9\u6b63\u9762\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u62d6\u201d\u5b57\u8bc0\u52a0\u4ee5\u5e94\u5bf9\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8c03\u89e3\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u6848\u4e0a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e2d\u5171\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u518d\u5c06\u8d23\u4efb\u63a8\u5230\u4e2d\u5171\u65b9\u9762\u300211\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e0e\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u5546\u8c08\u56fd\u5171\u4ea4\u6d89\u534f\u8bae\u65f6\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u534f\u8bae\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u56fd\u5171\u5408\u4f5c\u80fd\u5728\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u201c\u8303\u56f4\u201d\u5185\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8303\u56f4\u6709\u4e09\u6761\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u3001\u4e2d\u5171\u4ee3\u8868\u53c2\u52a0\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u5b9a\u804c\u4f4d\u4e0e\u4eba\u6570\u3002\u4e8c\u3001\u4e2d\u5171\u6539\u7f16\u4e3a\u56fd\u519b\uff0c\u5e94\u4ee5\u5341\u4e8c\u5e08\u4e3a\u9650\u3002\u4e09\u3001\u4e2d\u5171\u4ee3\u8868\u53c2\u52a0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5171\u515a\u516c\u5f00\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u5c06\u5176\u519b\u961f\u6539\u7f16\u4ee5\u540e\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e09\u6761\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u8981\u4e2d\u5171\u201c\u6295\u964d\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u5171\u987b\u5148\u6539\u7f16\u519b\u961f\u3001\u7f29\u5c0f\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u653e\u5f03\u6b66\u88c5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u5f00\u653e\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u8981\u6c42\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u201c\u8054\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\u5dee\u8ddd\u751a\u8fdc\u3002\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\u8bbf\u95ee\u5ef6\u5b89\u540e\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u6709\u5207\u5b9e\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u201c\u8bef\u5bfc\u201d\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u8bf4\u670d\u4e0d\u4e86\u8d6b\u5c14\u5229\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u82e6\u607c\u4e4b\u60c5\uff1a\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8892\u62a4\u4e2d\u5171\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u4e4b\u9192\u609f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

11\u670822\u65e5\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e2d\u5171\u4ee3\u8868\u5468\u6069\u6765\uff0c\u5546\u8c08\u56fd\u5171\u5408\u4f5c\u4e8b\u5b9c\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u672a\u8bb0\u4f1a\u8c08\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u8bb0\u4e0b\u5468\u6069\u6765\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff1a\u201c\u5176\u4f53\u6001\u9a84\u8086\uff0c\u5df2\u4e0d\u5982\u4ece\u524d\u4e4b\u656c\u614e\u77e3\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u63a8\u6d4b\u8fd9\u662f\u5468\u6069\u6765\u631f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u81ea\u91cd\uff1a\u201c\u5f7c\u7b49\u5728\u5782\u6bd9\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u610f\u5916\u4e4b\u62ef\u6551\uff0c\u81ea\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u610f\u5fd8\u5f62\uff0c\u5f7c\u81ea\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b64\u6b21\u4ea4\u6d89\uff0c\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u201d\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6307\u793a\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u65b9\u9762\u53c2\u4e0e\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u738b\u4e16\u6770\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u5171\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u201c\u5176\u51e1\u5408\u7406\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f59\u5fc5\u81ea\u52a8\u529e\u7406\uff0c\u82e5\u51fa\u5f7c\u4e4b\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5219\u51b3\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e5f\u201d\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ea4\u6d89\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6743\u5fc5\u987b\u64cd\u4e4b\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u540c\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e5f\u62c5\u5fe7\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u5f00\u7aef\u6269\u5927\u5e72\u6d89\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6d88\u89e3\u4ed6\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5b8b\u5e86\u9f84\u53d7\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u4e4b\u201c\u52fe\u8bf1\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u8bbf\u95ee\u5ef6\u5b89\u7684\u6253\u7b97\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u7f8e\u519b\u5904\u5904\u4ee5\u6b66\u5668\u4e3a\u8bf1\u9975\uff0c\u5438\u5f15\u5730\u65b9\u90e8\u961f\u548c\u519b\u9600\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u8bf1\u60d1\u5bf9\u8c61\u6709\u9f99\u4e91\u3001\u859b\u5cb3\u7b49\u3002\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6709\u201c\u9632\u4e0d\u80dc\u9632\u201d\u4e4b\u611f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80af\u9000\u8ba9\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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