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Dehergne S. 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Gaubil\uff0c1689-1759)\u795e\u7236\u6709\u5173\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u76848\u5c01\u4e66\u7b80(1722\u20141759\u5e74)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5229\u739b\u7aa6(Matteo Ricci\uff0c1552-1610)\u4e8e\u5176\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fdc\u5f81\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u4ed6\u4e0e\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u827e\u7530\u4f1a\u89c1\u7684\u8bb0\u8ff0\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\u5165\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb-\u4e2d\u56fd\u526f\u7701\u4f1a\u957f\u548c\u5de1\u6309\u4f7f\u4f55\u5927\u5316(Antonio Gouvea\uff0c1592-1677)\u4e8e1644\u5e74\u81f4\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\u7684\u6709\u5173\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e66\u4e2d\u8fd8\u8be6\u7ec6\u5217\u4e3e\u4e8617-18\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d74\u5f00\u5c01\u5b9e\u5730\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5165\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u540d\u8868\u3001\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7b80\u53f2(\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5176\u5165\u534e\u53f2\u3001\u8fc1\u5c45\u53f2\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u53f2\u3001\u7ecf\u6587\u53f2\u3001\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7b49)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5a1c\u5a77\u00b7\u4f69\u4f26(Nadine Perront)\u5973\u58eb\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba-\u5f00\u5c01\u548c\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u795e\u5947\u5386\u53f2\u300b\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u4e8e1998\u5e74\u7531\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u963f\u5c14\u73ed\uff0e\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14(Albin Michel)\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u300a\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b\u4e1b\u4e66\u4e2d\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u867d\u7136\u7bc7\u5e45\u77ed\u5c0f\uff0c\u4f46\u65e2\u901a\u4fd7\u6613\u61c2\uff0c\u53c8\u9ad8\u5c4b\u5efa\u74f4\u3001\u5168\u9762\u5730\u8ffd\u8ff0\u4e86\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u88ab\u540c\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u6c49\u5b66\u754c\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u754c\u3001\u5546\u754c\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5165\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u7ba1\u5b9c\u7a46(Jerorme 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Leitao)\u88ab\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u6d3e\u5f80\u5f00\u5c01\uff0c\u4ee5\u6838\u5b9e\u72b9\u592a\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f00\u5c01\u7684\u8001\u638c\u6559\u5e76\u4e0d\u592a\u5173\u5fc3\u5c5e\u4e8e\u795e\u5b66\u8303\u7574\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u786e\u4fdd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u56e2\u6c38\u8fdc\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u5148\u7956\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u60f4\u60f4\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u5bb3\u6015\u4e8e\u5176\u5468\u56f4\u518d\u4e5f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u719f\u6089\u5176\u6559\u5f8b\u6cd5\u800c\u7ee7\u627f\u62c9\u6bd4\u804c\u52a1\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5411\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u795e\u7236\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u8bf7\u5229\u6c0f\u4e3b\u6301\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4f1a\u5802\u6216\u793c\u62dc\u5802\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u656c\u91cd\u795e\u7236\u7684\u540d\u671b\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u795e\u7236\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5982\u96f7\u8d2f\u8033\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u795e\u7236\u80fd\u591f\u5fcc\u98df\u732a\u8089\u5e76\u80fd\u5230\u4ed6\u8eab\u8fb9\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u60c5\u613f\u5c06\u638c\u6559\u7684\u804c\u52a1\u8ba9\u7ed9\u795e\u7236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u540e\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u672a\u7ed9\u638c\u6559\u4f5c\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u7b54\u590d\uff0c\u638c\u6559\u53bb\u4e16\u4e8e1608\u5e74\u3002\u76f4\u52301609\u5e74\uff0c3\u540d\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u9752\u5e74(\u5176\u4e00\u4e3a\u827e\u7530\u7684\u4f84\u5b50)\u524d\u5f80\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u62dc\u8bbf\u4e86\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd93\u4e2a\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u60b2\u89c2\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u516c\u5f00\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u5f3a\u70c8\u5411\u5f80\u80cc\u79bb\u5176\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5e76\u6539\u5b97\u4fe1\u5949\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u793e\u56e2\u4ecd\u6781\u5176\u6d3b\u8dc3\u548c\u7e41\u8363\u5174\u65fa\u3002\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u795e\u7236\u575a\u4fe1\u4e9f\u9700\u5728\u5f00\u5c01\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u80fd\u4f7f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u80fd\u56de\u5f52\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u6000\u62b1\u3002\u5229\u739b\u7aa6\u4e8e1610\u5e74\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\u4fbf\u843d\u5230\u4e86\u7ee7\u627f\u4eba\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u8eab\u4e0a\u4e86\u3002\u5f533\u540d\u72b9\u592a\u9752\u5e74\u4e8e1609\u5e74\u6765\u8bbf\u65f6\uff0c\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u4e5f\u66fe\u5728\u573a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u66fe\u575a\u4fe1\u5f52\u5316\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5f53\u4ed6\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u533a\u7684\u4f1a\u957f(\u4ed6\u4e8e1622\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u62c5\u4efb\u8fd9\u4e00\u804c\u4f4d)\uff0c\u4fbf\u5411\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u7f57\u9a6c\u603b\u4f1a\u957f\u514b\u6d1b\u8fea\u5965\uff0e\u963f\u74dc\u7ef4\u74e6(Claudio Aquavivo)\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u63f4\u52a9\u4e2d\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4ee5\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u5438\u5f15\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u4e00\u65b9\u201d\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6d3e\u9063\u4e00\u4e24\u4f4d\u7cbe\u901a\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u7684\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u90a3\u61c2\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u7684\u638c\u6559\u901d\u4e16\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6587\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2<strong>\u3001<\/strong>\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4f7f\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5316\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u906d\u5230\u5931\u8d25(17\u4e16\u7eaa)<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6279\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u827e\u5112\u7565\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u4e8e1613\u5e74\u5bf9\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u9020\u8bbf\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5f00\u5c01\u7684\u60df\u4e00\u8bb0\u8ff0\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u66fe\u5fb7\u662d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002\u66fe\u5fb7\u662d\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u5927\u5e1d\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u827e\u5112\u7565\u66fe\u5f97\u4ee5\u53c2\u89c2\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4f1a\u5802\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u80fd\u63a5\u89e6\u4ed6\u4eec\u6536\u85cf\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u7ecf\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1619\u5e74\uff0c\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u5728\u4fee\u58eb\u949f\u9e23\u793c(Jean Fernandes)\u7684\u966a\u540c\u4e0b\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u66fe\u4eb2\u81ea\u524d\u5f80\u5f00\u5c01\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u70ed\u70c8\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u53d8\u5f97\u56f0\u96be\u91cd\u91cd\u4e86\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4f55\u5927\u5316(Antonio de Gouvea)\u6240\u53d9\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u795e\u7236\u8ba4\u540c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4fbf\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u76db\u5927\u7684\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u65e6\u5f53\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u6240\u6301\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u753b\u50cf\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4fbf\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u538c\u6076\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u53c8\u83b7\u6089\u795e\u7236\u4eec\u4e0d\u5b9e\u65bd\u5272\u793c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u884c\u7528\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eea\u8f68\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8e\u662f\u4fbf\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u7b49\u662f\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u3001\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u8005\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u5f3a\u8c03\u8981\u628a\u795e\u7236\u4ece\u793c\u62dc\u5802\u4e2d\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4f1a\u5802\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u5192\u6627\u9020\u8bbf\u800c\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u4eb5\u6e0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9f99\u534e\u6c11\u795e\u7236\u4e8e\u4e5d\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u66fe\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u8ffd\u968f\u57fa\u7763\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u5723\u50cf\u8868\u793a\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u5374\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u91cc\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u65e9\u5148\u8981\u591a\u8fbe5\u20146\u4e07\u4eba\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u53ea\u67091\u4e07\u4eba\uff1b\u5176\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u6df7\u5408\u6709\u5f02\u6559\u6210\u5206\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u53c2\u52a0\u79d1\u4e3e\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6c42\u804c\u5b98\u7235\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5982\u56de\u6559\u5f92\u90a3\u6837\u53d7\u4eba\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1628\u5e74\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u6bd5\u65b9\u6d4e(FrancescoSambiasi)\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u5728\u8ddd\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4f1a\u5802\u4e0d\u8fdc\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ea7\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4f4f\u9662\u30023\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u8461\u8404\u7259\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u8d39\u4e50\u5fb7(Rodrigo de Figueirodo)\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u6b64\u4eba\u4e8e1642\u5e74\u5728\u6df9\u6ca1\u4e86\u5f00\u5c01\u57ce\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9ec4\u6cb3\u6c34\u60a3\u4e2d\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u6069\u7406\u683c(Christiano Enriques)\u795e\u7236\u4e8e1662\u5e74\u62161663\u5e74\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u5f00\u5c01\u53ca\u5176\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4f1a\u5802\u3002\u4ed6\u4e8e1676\u5e74\u53c8\u8fd4\u56de\u5f00\u5c01\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4fee\u5efa\u4e00\u5ea7\u65b0\u7684\u4f4f\u9662\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f4f\u9662\u5df2\u88ab1642\u5e74\u7684\u6c34\u60a3\u6240\u6df9\u6ca1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u523017\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\u4f7f\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f52\u5316\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ee5\u5931\u8d25\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u4f46\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u641c\u96c6\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u6570\u91cf\u76f8\u5f53\u53ef\u89c2\u7684\u6709\u5173\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3<strong>\u3001<\/strong>\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u793c\u4eea\u4e4b\u4e89\u7684\u5173\u7cfb(18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u53f6)<\/p>\n<p>18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u53f6\uff0c\u5728\u4f7f\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\u4e0e\u591a\u660e\u6211\u4f1a\u58eb\u548c\u65b9\u6d4e\u5404\u4f1a\u58eb\u5904\u4e8e\u4e25\u5cfb\u5bf9\u5cd9\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u90a3\u573a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793c\u4eea\u4e4b\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\u4e5f\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e03\u9053\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u6709\u7406\u6709\u636e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5165\u534e\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\u7684\u8b66\u544a\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u88ab\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3a\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u793c\u4eea\u7684\u8ba9\u6b65\u4f5c\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\u5f53\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u8fdb\u884c\u6297\u4e89\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u81ea\u6c49\u4ee3\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e76\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7acb\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6c49\u5316\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u5176\u72ec\u795e\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7f57\u9a6c\u786e\u5b9a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u9002\u5e94\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u30021703\u5e74\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8981\u6c42\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\u56fd\u793c\u4eea\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f15\u8d77\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ece\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u53cd\u9a73\u5176\u62a8\u51fb\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u9879\u4efb\u52a1\u88ab\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u4e86\u9a86\u4fdd\u7984\u795e\u7236\u3002\u4ed6\u5e76\u975e\u662f\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8e1704\u5e7411\u67085\u65e5\u81f4\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u5bb6\u6240\u671f\u671b\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>(1)\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5d07\u62dc\u5929\u5730\u7684\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5929\u201d(Tiem)\u3001\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e0a\u5929\u201d\u7b49\u3002(2)\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6587\u58eb\u4eec\u4e5f\u5982\u540c\u5112\u751f\u4eec\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e8e\u5b54\u5e99\u4e2d\u884c\u5c0a\u5b54\u793c\u4eea\u3002(3)\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8e\u2018\u7956\u5802\u2019\u4e2d\u796d\u7956\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u7075\u724c\u3002(4)\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5176\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u2018\u4e00\u8d50\u4e50\u4e1a\u2019\u6559\u3002\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u53e4\u8001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u540e\u88d4\u53ca\u5176\u65cf\u957f\u4e9a\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55(\u963f\u65e0\u7f57\u6c49)\u3001\u4ee5\u6492(\u4ee5\u601d\u54c8\u6b8b)\u3001\u96c5\u5404(\u96c5\u5475\u53a5\u52ff)\u3001\u4e00\u8d50\u4e50\u4e1a12\u90e8\u65cf(12\u5b97\u6d3e)\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7acb\u6559\u4eba\u4e5c\u6444\u6216\u9ed8\u820d(\u9ed8\u897f\uff0cMoise)\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e\u897f\u5948\u5c71\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u6761\u6848\u684c\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u300a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e66\u300b\u548c\u5341\u8beb\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u963f\u5475\u8054(\u4e9a\u4f26\uff0cAaron)\u3001\u6708\u901f\u7a9d(\u7ea6\u4e66\u4e9a\uff0cJosue)\u3001\u853c\u5b50\u5587(Esdras\u3001\u4ee5\u65af\u62c9)\u7b49\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u6469\u897f\u5904\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6469\u897f\u4e94\u7ecf\u300b)\u6216\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u300a\u521b\u4e16\u8bb0\u300b(Beresith)\u3001\u300a\u51fa\u57c3\u53ca\u8bb0\u300b(Veellesemoth)\u3001\u300a\u5229\u672a\u8bb0\u300b(Vaijcra)\u3001\u300a\u6c11\u6570\u8bb0\u300b(Vaiedabbier)\u3001\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8bb0\u300b(Haddebarim)\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e00\u5957\u7ecf\u4e66\u4e3a\u300a\u6258\u62c9\u300b(Taura\uff0cThora)\uff0c\u5373\u300a\u6469\u897f\u4e94\u4e66\u300b\u6216\u300a\u6469\u897f\u4e94\u7ecf\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4<strong>\u3001<\/strong>\u6709\u5173\u300a\u5854\u6728\u5fb7\u300b\u6d3e\u5b66\u8005\u7be1\u6539\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u672c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u8bba\u6218(18\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6)<\/p>\n<p>\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u524d\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u7ee7\u4e2d\u56fd\u793c\u4eea\u4e4b\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u53c8\u91cd\u65b0\u88ab\u7275\u6d89\u8fdb\u4e00\u573a\u8bec\u8511\u6027\u7684\u5b98\u53f8\u4e2d\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b21\u662f\u7531\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u4eec\u5411\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53d1\u52a8\u7684\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4eec\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u300a\u5854\u6728\u5fb7\u300b\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4ece\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5220\u9664\u4e86\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u964d\u4e34\u53ca\u5176\u4f7f\u547d\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6bb5\u843d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u5723\u00b7\u67e5\u58eb\u4e01(Saint 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X\u2162\uff0c1572-1587)\u6559\u7687\u4efb\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u628a\u8d1f\u8d23\u8d77\u8349\u7981\u6b62\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u4e86\u610f\u5927\u5229\u300a\u5854\u6728\u5fb7\u300b\u5b66\u8005\u62c9\u624e\u9c81\u65af\u00b7\u7ef4\u6cf0\u5c14\u535a(Laxarus de 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Edrehi)\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7528\u4e2d\u6587\u4e0e\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u7b54\u590d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f20\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u6587\u53ef\u80fd\u4fdd\u5b58\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u8bae\u4f1a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c2\u6b21\u901a\u8baf\u5c1d\u8bd5\u662f\u7531\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u4e13\u5bb6\u4fbf\u96c5\u95f5\u00b7\u514b\u5c3c\u79d1\u7279(Benjamin Kennicott)\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6587\u672c\u30021769\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u53c8\u81f4\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u3002\u4f46\u59cb\u7ec8\u672a\u83b7\u7b54\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u4e8e1777\u5e74\uff0c\u540e\u4e8e1779\u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u4e13\u5bb6\u5965\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u683c\u54c8\u5fb7\u00b7\u8482\u5e0c\u68ee(Olav Gerhard Tychshen)\uff0c\u7ecf\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ef4\u4e9a(\u96c5\u52a0\u8fbe)\u4e24\u6b21\u81f4\u4fe1\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u672a\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1795\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u4e24\u540d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6240\u7f57\u95e8\u00b7\u897f\u59c6\u677e(Salomon Simson)\u548c\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u5e0c\u5c14\u65bd(Alexandre Hirsh)\uff0c\u8054\u8882\u81f4\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u793e\u56e2\u5143\u8001\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef6\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u91cd\u590d\u4e86\u7531\u524d\u4eba\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u4e86\u8c6a\u5384\u5c14(Howell)\u8239\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u4fe1\u4e8e\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u9000\u56de\u4e86\uff0c\u4fe1\u5c01\u4e0a\u6279\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u201c\u8c6a\u5384\u5c14\u8239\u957f\u672a\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u201d(\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1815\u5e74\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53c8\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u7684\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b83\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4e86\u5e38\u9a7b\u5e7f\u5dde\u7684\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u9a6c\u793c\u900a(Robert 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Lesser)\u62c9\u6bd4\u7684\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u63f4\u6551\u4f1a\uff0c\u52df\u96c6\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u53c8\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\u90fd\u5148\u540e\u6d41\u4ea7\u30021864\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u53c8\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u7684\u63f4\u6551\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u4fbf\u96c5\u95f5\u8fc7\u53bb\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c45\u4f4f\u8fc7\uff0c\u6b64\u6b21\u53c8\u6b32\u4ece\u4e8b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u65c5\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5374\u5728\u5b9e\u65bd\u5176\u8ba1\u5212\u4e4b\u524d\u901d\u4e16\u4e86\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u57281864\u5e74\uff0c\u81ea50\u5e74\u6765\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3a\u590d\u5174\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u56e2\u800c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u5927\u62c9\u6bd4\u5185\u68ee\u00b7\u9a6c\u5e93\u65af\uff0e\u963f\u5fb7\u52d2(Nathan Marcus Adler)\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6c99\u900a(Sassoon)\u72b9\u592a\u94f6\u884c\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u5206\u884c\u7ecf\u7406\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u63a5\u5f85\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53d7\u601d\u4e61\u75c5\u7684\u6298\u78e8\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u672a\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u5b57\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4fbf\u88ab\u9063\u56de\u4e86\u6545\u4e61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1867\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u540d\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u9752\u5e74\u8fdb\u4eac\uff0c\u968f\u8eab\u643a\u5e26\u4e86\u300a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u7ecf\u5377\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u6b64\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u827e\u7ea6\u745f(Joseph Edkins)\u795e\u7236\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u80fd\u7269\u8272\u5230\u4e70\u4e3b\u3002\u4e01\u97ea\u826f\u6536\u8d2d\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u53c8\u5c06\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u8f6c\u8ba9\u7ed9\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u548c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u536b\u4e09\u754f(S\uff0eWells Williams)\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u4e8e1870\u5e74\u7531\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u8c22\u5c14\u7b56(Karl von Scherzer)\u6240\u5f97\u3002\u4e09\u540d\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u9752\u5e74\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5c45\u4f4f\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5723\u516c\u4f1a\u65bd\u7ea6\u745f(Samuel Isaac Joseph 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Mills)\u795e\u7236\u5728\u5f00\u5c01\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e86\u4e24\u5929\u3002\u636e\u5176\u8bbf\u95ee\u62a5\u544a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u90a3\u91cc\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd8\u751f\u6d3b\u6709200\u4e2a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u7684\u4e03\u59d3\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u56e0\u7d20\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u76f8\u533a\u522b\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0e\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\u901a\u5a5a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4fee\u6301\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u77db\u76fe\u6709\u65f6\u53c8\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u540c\u6559\u6559\u53cb\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u572812\u5377\u300a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5c1a\u7531\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u638c\u63e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>3\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u56fd\u5bb6\u5723\u7ecf\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u963f\u8bfa(A\uff0eS\uff0eAnnaud)\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u8fd8\u4eb2\u8d74\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u53e4\u4f1a\u5802\u9057\u5740\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u53d1\u73b0\u77f3\u7891\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fd8\u8bc1\u660e\u4e00\u8d50\u4e50\u4e1a\u6559\u7684\u540e\u88d4\u4eec\u59cb\u7ec8\u751f\u6d3b\u4e8e\u4f1a\u5802\u7684\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u4e00\u540d\u9752\u5e74\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u6b64\u4eba\u5411\u4ed6\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u8be5\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u56e2\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u4f20\u7edf\u4e03\u59d3\u4e2d\u7684\u516d\u59d3\u4e86\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709500\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u56e2\u3002\u4f46\u636e\u56de\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u4e0d\u8db3\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u534a\u6570\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1899\u5e74\uff0c\u6c5f\u5357\u5b97\u5ea7\u4ee3\u7267\u4e3b\u6559\u5b89\u897f\u6ee1(Volonterie)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u4eec\uff0c\u6536\u8d2d\u5230\u4e86\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u5377\u300a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6240\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5377\u7ecf\u6587\u3002\u4ed6\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u51e0\u79cd\u7ecf\u6587\u6284\u672c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u5bc4\u5f80\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u8fd8\u9644\u67091679\u5e74\u7ad6\u8d77\u7684\u4e00\u901a\u77f3\u7891\u7684\u7891\u6587\u62d3\u7247\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u8be5\u77f3\u7891\u5df2\u88ab\u9576\u5d4c\u5728\u4e00\u5bb6\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f4f\u5b85\u7684\u5899\u58c1\u4e0a\u3002\u7891\u6587\u5df2\u4e0d\u582a\u5352\u8bfb\uff0c\u4ece\u672a\u88ab\u89e3\u8bfb\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1900\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\uff0e\u9c8d\u5a01\u5c14(Robert Powell)\u5728\u65ad\u65ad\u7eed\u7eed\u5730\u4e8e\u5f00\u5c01\u5c45\u4f4f\u6570\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u4f30\u8ba1\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6570\u76ee\u5728150\u4eba\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u5305\u62ec\u516b\u59d340\u6237\u4eba\u5bb6\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u5f88\u8d2b\u7a77\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c42\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u518d\u9075\u5b88\u5176\u4eea\u8f68\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u4f5b\u6559\u548c\u5c1a\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u80af\u9002\u5e94\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\u7684\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5374\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u901a\u5a5a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1905\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u83f2\u5229\u666e\u00b7\u8d1d\u7279\u6d1b(PhilippeBerthelot)\u4f1a\u89c1\u4e86\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u516d\u59d3\u5bb6\u957f\u3002\u5f20\u6c0f\u5bb6\u65cf\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u8be5\u57ce\u3002\u8d75\u6c0f\u662f\u8336\u53f6\u5546\uff0c\u827e\u6c0f\u662f\u978b\u5546\uff0c\u9ad8\u6c0f\u662f\u6ce5\u74e6\u5320\uff0c\u674e\u6c0f\u662f\u5175\u52c7\uff0c\u91d1\u6c0f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u96be\u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u7a77\u4eba\uff0c\u77f3\u6c0f\u662f\u4e1d\u7ef8\u6279\u53d1\u5546\u3002\u77f3\u6c0f\u5728\u4eba\u53e3\u6570\u91cf\u4e0a\u5c45\u591a\uff0c\u5171\u670972\u4eba\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u4eec\u59cb\u7ec8\u81ea\u79f0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u5374\u5bf9\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u4e00\u7a8d\u4e0d\u901a\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u56e2\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fc3\u7518\u60c5\u613f\u5730\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6216\u4f5b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1906\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4f5c\u5bb6\u73ed\u5e03\u91cc\u5947(Bainbridge)\u4ece\u5176\u5bf9\u5f00\u5c01\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e26\u56de\u4e86\u4ed6\u62cd\u6444\u7684\u4e00\u7ec4\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u6709\u300a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e66\u300b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5377\u5b50\u7684\u5916\u5957\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e00\u5ea7\u6e05\u771f\u5bfa\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u3002\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8bf7\u6c42\u5176\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u540c\u6559\u6559\u53cb\u4eec\u524d\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4ee5\u91cd\u5efa\u5176\u4f1a\u5802\uff0c\u5e2e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ece\u8d2b\u56f0\u7edd\u5883\u4e2d\u6446\u8131\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u83b7\u4efb\u4f55\u6210\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>8<strong>\u3001<\/strong>\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u632f\u5174\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6700\u7ec8\u5931\u8d25(20\u4e16\u7eaa)<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6b64\u540e\u53c8\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u591a\u9879\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5982\u5e0c\u5c14\u65bd\u4e8e1842\u5e74\uff0c\u4fbf\u96c5\u95f5\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e8e1864\u5e74\uff1b1852\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u534f\u4f1a\u52df\u96c6\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u7b14\u57fa\u91d1\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u6d32\u5185\u6218\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u7b14\u57fa\u91d1\u59cb\u7ec8\u672a\u80fd\u6c47\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1900\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u793e\u56e2\u53c8\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u8482\u83ab\u897f\u00b7\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7(Timothy Richard)\u81f4\u4fe1\u4e0a\u6d77\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u6240\u7f57\u95e8(Solomon)\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b89\u897f\u6ee1\u4e3b\u6559\u8fd1\u671f\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u5377\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u300a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e66\u300b\u7a3f\u672c\uff0c\u4ed6\u575a\u4fe1\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u7406\u7531\u907f\u514d\u8be5\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u793e\u56e2\u7684\u5f7b\u5e95\u74e6\u89e3\uff1b\u6240\u4ee5\u8036\u7a23\u4f1a\u58eb\u6240\u7f57\u95e8\u8054\u5408\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u5176\u4ed644\u540d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e8e1900\u5e743\u670813\u65e5\u5171\u540c\u8d77\u8349\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u88ab\u8bd1\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\u7684\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u4e66\u4fe1\uff0c\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4e86\u5176\u5728\u5f00\u5c01\u7684\u540c\u6559\u6559\u53cb\u4eec\u3002\u5728\u6307\u8d23\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u51fa\u552e\u5176\u300a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e66\u300b\u7684\u7ecf\u5377\u3001\u4e0d\u4e3e\u884c\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u8282\u5e86\u3001\u4e0d\u5e86\u795d\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u3001\u4e0e\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\u6df7\u6742\u800c\u5c45\u3001\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5176\u5148\u7956\u4eec\u57282000\u591a\u5e74\u95f4\u6240\u8d70\u8fc7\u7684\u8def\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5ba3\u5e03\u8bf4\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u5f3a\u70c8\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u529b\u6240\u80fd\u53ca\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u4eec\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4f60\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u65b0\u6cbf\u4f60\u4eec\u5148\u7956\u7684\u8db3\u8ff9\u524d\u8fdb\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u91cd\u5efa\u4f60\u4eec\u90a3\u4eca\u5929\u5df2\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u7247\u8352\u5730\u7684\u201c\u5929\u5802\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u52df\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\u5e76\u7ed9\u4f60\u4eec\u9001\u53bb\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u4eec\u4e50\u610f\u524d\u6765\u4e0a\u6d77\u9017\u7559\u6216\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u4eec\u4f5c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u5411\u4f60\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u8c0b\u751f\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u4f60\u4eec\u7ecf\u5546\uff0c\u5e76\u5c3d\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u4f60\u4eec\u5c06\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c01\u4fe1\u7ecf\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u800c\u643a\u5f80\u5f00\u5c01\uff0c\u4e2d\u9014\u5374\u88ab\u4e49\u548c\u56e2\u5175\u58eb\u52ab\u8d70\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u5176\u6284\u4ef6\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e1900\u5e748\u6708\u88ab\u8f97\u8f6c\u9001\u8fbe\u4e86\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u30021900\u5e745\u670814\u65e5\uff0c\u5171\u670931\u540d\u4e0a\u6d77\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6551\u63f4\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4f7f\u547d\u4fbf\u662f\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7fa4\u843d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u9057\u5740\u4e0e\u6587\u7269\uff0c\u5728\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u518d\u65b0\u5efa\u5176\u4ed6\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u793c\u62dc\u5802\uff0c\u4f7f\u76f4\u63a5\u51fa\u81ea\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u90fd\u56de\u5f52\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1900\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u8d75\u91d1\u8bda\uff0c\u81ea\u5f00\u5c01\u5bc4\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u7b54\u590d\u3002\u8d75\u6c0f\u662f\u4e00\u540d50\u591a\u5c81\u7684\u9762\u7c89\u6279\u53d1\u5546\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e8e1901\u5e744\u67086\u65e5\u7531\u5176\u5b50\u966a\u540c\u5230\u8fbe\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5c1a\u670950\u591a\u4e2a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5f00\u5c01\u5e9c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u9605\u8bfb\u6216\u4e66\u5199\u5e0c\u4f2f\u83b1\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u9075\u5b88\u300a\u6469\u897f\u4e94\u4e66\u300b\u8bf8\u8beb\u4e86\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u518d\u5e86\u795d\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u4e86\uff0c\u6563\u5c45\u5728\u5168\u57ce\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u7edd\u4e0d\u5d07\u62dc\u5076\u50cf\u548c\u7edd\u4e0d\u98df\u732a\u8089\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5374\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u660e\u663e\u6709\u522b\u3002\u8d75\u91d1\u8bda\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e09\u5468\u4e4b\u540e\u53c8\u8fd4\u56de\u5f00\u5c01\uff0c\u968f\u8eab\u643a\u5e26\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6551\u63f4\u4f1a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c01\u4e66\u4fe1\u30021902\u5e743\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u7531\u5176\u513f\u5b50\u966a\u540c\u53c8\u5055\u5176\u4ed66\u540d\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002\u636e\u66fe\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u4f1a\u89c1\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4f69\u5c14\u66fc(S\uff0eM\uff0ePerlmann)\u5148\u751f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5c42\u6b21\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4eba\u662f15\u5c81\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u5c45\u4f4f\u671f\u95f4\u53d7\u5272\u793c\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u6559\u540d\u201c\u4e00\u8d50\u4e50\u4e1a\u201d(Israel)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u63f4\u6551\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5212\u91cd\u5efa\u5f00\u5c01\u72b9\u592a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Charles 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