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\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u662f1910\u5e74\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u5404\u5dee\u4f1a\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u8054\u5408\u521b\u529e\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5927\u5b66\u30021927\u5e74\u5e95\u81f31928\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u7ecf\u5b66\u6821\u6539\u7ec4\u5e76\u5411\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u7acb\u6848\u540e\uff0c\u5730\u5904\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Board of Founders\uff0c\u4e0b\u6587\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4f1a\u201d\uff09\u3001\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\uff08Board of Directors\uff09\u4e0e\u6821\u957f\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7c4d\u884c\u653f\u56e2\u961f\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u6821\u65b9\u201d\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u6821\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e3a\u201c\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4f1a\u2014\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u2014\u6821\u65b9\u201d\u3002\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u5747\u4e3a\u91d1\u5927\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7684\u6743\u9650\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5411\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7acb\u6848\u540e\u53d7\u5230\u8f83\u5927\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u662f\u6821\u4ea7\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4fdd\u7ba1\u8be5\u6821\u7684\u57fa\u91d1\u53ca\u8058\u4efb\u5916\u7c4d\u5e38\u4efb\u6559\u804c\u5458\u7b49\uff1b\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u62e5\u6709\u5236\u5b9a\u5b66\u6821\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u9009\u4efb\u6821\u957f\u3001\u8058\u4efb\u6559\u804c\u5458\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u5bf9\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u4e0e\u8d22\u52a1\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u5411\u91d1\u5927\u62e8\u4ed8\u7ecf\u8d39\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u57fa\u672c\u91d1\u5229\u606f\u62e8\u6b3e\u3001\u5dee\u4f1a\u62e8\u6b3e\u4e0e\u5dee\u4f1a\u6d3e\u51fa\u6559\u5e08\u7684\u85aa\u6c34\uff09\uff1b\u6821\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u589e\u5f3a\uff0c\u53ef\u72ec\u7acb\u51b3\u7b56\u6559\u5b66\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e14\u6821\u957f\u804c\u6743\u8303\u56f4\u53d8\u5927\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0b\u5c5e\u5404\u5355\u4f4d\u884c\u653f\u4e3b\u7ba1\u4eba\u9009\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e5\u672c\u5168\u9762\u4fb5\u534e\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u4e8e11\u670825\u300129\u65e5\u300112\u67083\u65e5\u5206\u6279\u8fc1\u81f3\u56db\u5ddd\u30021938\u5e743\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u501f\u6210\u90fd\u534e\u897f\u534f\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u820d\u5f00\u5b66\uff0c\u81f31946\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u4f53\u90e8\u5206\u7686\u5728\u6210\u90fd\uff0c\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e0e\u4e13\u4fee\u79d1\u5728\u91cd\u5e86\uff0c\u9644\u5c5e\u4e2d\u5b66\u5728\u4e07\u53bf\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b66\u6821\u5185\u8fc1\u662f\u6821\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u65e0\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u4e0e\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4f1a\u7684\u6388\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

1938\u5e741\u670813\u65e5\uff0c5\u540d\u5728\u6caa\u6821\u8463\u5434\u4e1c\u521d\u3001\u7f57\u8fd0\u708e\u3001\u9b4f\u6587\u701a\u3001\u97e9\u68ee\uff08V. Hanson\uff09\u3001\u845b\u5fb7\u57fa\uff08E. H. Creasy\uff09\u4e0e\u7559\u5b88\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u5510\u7f8e\u68ee\uff08J. C. Thomson\uff09\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u53ec\u5f00\u6821\u8463\u7d27\u6025\u4f1a\u8bae\u66a8\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u8ffd\u8ba4\u91d1\u5927\u5185\u8fc1\u5c5e\u6218\u65f6\u7d27\u6025\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5e76\u4efb\u547d\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\uff08M. S. Bates\uff09\u4e3a\u526f\u6821\u957f\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u8ffd\u8ba4\u4f7f\u5b66\u6821\u5185\u8fc1\u5728\u91d1\u5927\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u65e0\u8d44\u6599\u8868\u660e\u6b64\u6b21\u6821\u8463\u7d27\u6025\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u53ec\u5f00\u7cfb\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u6216\u662f\u5728\u6caa\u6821\u8463\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u8d77\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u9762\u6297\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u6821\u957f\u9648\u88d5\u5149\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0e\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4fdd\u6301\u4e66\u4fe1\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u5357\u4eac\u4e0e\u6821\u56ed\u5f62\u52bf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u57281937\u5e7412\u670828\u65e5\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u9648\u88d5\u5149\u5411\u6821\u8463\u4eec\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u53ec\u5f00\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u6b22\u8fce\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0e\u4fe1\u51fd\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u505a\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u51b3\u5b9a\u65f6\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u534f\u52a9\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4f60\u4eec\u80fd\u7ed9\u6211\u4eec\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u672c\u6821\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u201d\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u53ec\u5f00\u5e94\u8be5\u51fa\u4e8e\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u4e0e\u6821\u8463\u95f4\u7684\u9ed8\u5951\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u526f\u6821\u957f\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5f53\u65f6\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5173\u4e8e\u79c1\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u4e0d\u4fbf\u505a\u51fa\u6b64\u79cd\u51b3\u8bae\u30024\u67082\u65e5\uff0c5\u4f4d\u6821\u8463\uff08\u5176\u4e2d4\u4f4d\u53c2\u52a0\u8fc71\u670813\u65e5\u7684\u4f1a\u8bae\uff09\u4e0e\u5510\u7f8e\u68ee\u5728\u6caa\u53ec\u5f00\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u7279\u522b\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u9648\u88d5\u5149\u901a\u62a5\u5728\u6210\u90fd\u6210\u7acb\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u65f6\u671f\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53ca\u7ec4\u6210\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u6279\u51c6\u8be5\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4ee3\u4e3a\u5c65\u884c\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u7684\u804c\u8d23\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u897f\u90e8\u5730\u533a\uff09\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u975e\u5e38\u65f6\u671f\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u662f\u6218\u65f6\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u5927\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u5173\u7cfb\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u804c\u6743\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u300210\u670818\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u6caa\u6821\u8463\u53ec\u5f00\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u76f4\u81f3\u91d1\u5927\u590d\u5458\u56de\u5357\u4eac\u524d\uff0c\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u672a\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ec\u96c6\u5f00\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n

1938\u5e741\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5f00\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u53ec\u96c6\uff0c\u7531\u6821\u957f\u9648\u88d5\u5149\u3001\u4f1a\u8ba1\u4e3b\u4efb\u6bd5\u5f8b\u65af\uff08E. M. Priest\uff09\u3001\u7f8e\u4ee5\u7f8e\u4f1a\u534e\u897f\u8bae\u4f1a\uff08\u6210\u90fd\uff09\u4f1a\u7763\u9ec4\u5b89\u7d20\uff08R. A. Ward\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u621a\u5bff\u5357\u4e0e\u534e\u897f\u534f\u5408\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u6234\u8c26\u548c\uff08D. S. Dye\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u534e\u7684\u5408\u8bae\u6743\u529b\u673a\u6784\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bae\u5e76\u672a\u89c4\u5b9a\u6b64\u673a\u6784\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u53ca\u5176\u4e0e\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u30023\u670815\u65e5\uff0c\u8be5\u673a\u6784\u5728\u6210\u90fd\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u65f6\u671f\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u975e\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4f1a\u201d\uff09\u5e76\u53ec\u5f00\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u51b3\u8bae\u901a\u8fc7\u8be5\u4f1a\u548c\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u5e38\u8bbe\u7684\u6267\u884c\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u6267\u884c\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u662f\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u548c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e38\u8bbe\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u4ea4\u4ed8\u7684\u6240\u6709\u65e5\u5e38\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u95ed\u4f1a\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u6267\u884c\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\u4e0e\u51b3\u8bae\u3002\u201c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u975e\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4f1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u66ff\u6267\u884c\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5c65\u884c\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u804c\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u975e\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4f1a\u884c\u4f7f\u6cbb\u6743\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6821\u8463\u4f1a\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u5168\u4f53\u59d4\u5458\u5b9a\u671f\u96c6\u8bae\u5236\u3002\u4ece1938\u5e74\u52301945\u5e74\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4f1a\u6bcf\u5e74\u5728\u6210\u90fd\u53ec\u5f00\u4e24\u6b21\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5171\u8ba116\u6b21\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e8e1945\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u53ec\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n

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1937\u5e7411\u6708\u8fc1\u6821\u65f6\uff0c\u670935\u540d\u4e2d\u7f8e\u7c4d\u6559\u804c\u5458\u9009\u62e9\u7559\u9a7b\u5357\u4eac\u5b88\u62a4\u6821\u4ea7\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6821\u957f\u9648\u88d5\u5149\u7279\u8bbe\u7559\u4eac\u5e94\u53d8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u4ea6\u79f0\u201c\u7559\u4eac\u529e\u4e8b\u5904\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u884c\u6587\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u5e94\u53d8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u53f2\u8fc8\u58eb\uff08S. C. Smythe\uff09\u3001\u519c\u827a\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u6797\u67e5\u7406\uff08C. H. Riggs\uff09\u3001\u9f13\u697c\u533b\u9662\u533b\u751f\u5d14\u59c6\uff08C. S. Trimmer\uff09\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u5904\u517c\u6821\u4ea7\u7ba1\u7406\u5904\u804c\u5458\u9f50\u5146\u660c\u3001\u68ee\u6797\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u9648\u5d58\u548c\u4e8b\u52a1\u5904\u804c\u5458\u987e\u4fca\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5904\u7406\u91d1\u5927\u7559\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u5b9c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b88\u62a4\u6821\u4ea7\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u4eba\u5458\u6709\u6240\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5f88\u7a33\u56fa\uff0c\u8d77\u5230\u5173\u952e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u52301941\u5e74\u79bb\u5f00\u5357\u4eac\u8fd4\u7f8e\u524d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u77ed\u671f\u8d74\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u6210\u90fd\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u4e00\u76f4\u7559\u5357\u4eac\u8d1f\u4e3b\u8981\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u25b2\u4fb5\u534e\u65e5\u519b\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u96be\u6c11\u6536\u5bb9\u6240<\/p>\n

\u201c\u4e24\u5730\u529e\u5b66\u201d\u4f53\u5236\u4e0e\u5728\u6ca6\u9677\u533a\u529e\u5b66\u7684\u9650\u5ea6<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u5185\u8fc1\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c1937\u5e7412\u670813\u65e5\u5357\u4eac\u6ca6\u9677\u3002\u65e5\u519b\u8fdb\u884c\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u91d1\u5927\u88ab\u5212\u5165\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\u533a\u201d\uff0c\u6821\u56ed\u5185\u8bbe\u591a\u4e2a\u96be\u6c11\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u3002\u9648\u5d58\u548c\u9f50\u5146\u660c\u5728\u6821\u56ed\u5185\u7ec4\u7ec7\u96be\u6c11\u81ea\u4fee\u56e2\uff0c\u4e3a\u6821\u5185\u96be\u6c11\u5f00\u8bbe\u77ed\u671f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6446\u5728\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u548c\u7559\u5b88\u6559\u804c\u5458\u9762\u524d\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u6216\u4ec5\u5728\u6821\u56ed\u5185\u770b\u7ba1\u6821\u4ea7\u800c\u4e0d\u505a\u4ed6\u60f3\uff0c\u6216\u5229\u7528\u76ee\u4e0b\u5e08\u8d44\u5728\u6821\u5185\u529e\u5b66\uff0c\u6062\u590d\u7814\u7a76\u63a8\u5e7f\u5de5\u4f5c\u30021938\u5e742\u6708\u521d\uff0c\u56e0\u524d\u666f\u4e0d\u660e\uff0c\u52a0\u4e4b\u6821\u5185\u96be\u6c11\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f00\u5b66\u56f0\u96be\u30024\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u91d1\u5927\u7684\u6559\u804c\u5458\u8fc7\u591a\u53c2\u4e0e\u9488\u5bf9\u96be\u6c11\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9648\u88d5\u5149\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u672a\u6765\u5357\u4eac\u5c06\u5728\u54ea\u4e2a\u653f\u6743\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u6559\u80b2\u653f\u7b56\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u89c2\u5bdf\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u201c\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u628a\u63e1\u91d1\u5927\u7684\u6821\u4ea7\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u7684\u673a\u9047\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u57df\u4e2d\u5229\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u4e0e\u4f17\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u5fae\u5f31\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f17\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u201d\u3002\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u5927\u91cf\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u7559\u5728\u6ca6\u9677\u533a\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u8ba1\u5212\u5229\u7528\u91d1\u5927\u6821\u56ed\uff0c\u4ee5\u7559\u5b88\u6559\u804c\u5458\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u5f00\u529e\u6559\u4f1a\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4e14\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ecb\u610f\u5728\u65e5\u4f2a\u653f\u6743\u6cbb\u4e0b\u529e\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

10\u670817\u65e5\uff0c\u91d1\u5927\u5728\u6210\u90fd\u53ec\u5f00\u975e\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4f1a\u3002\u9648\u88d5\u5149\u4f20\u8fbe\u5357\u4eac\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u79f0\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u6821\u56ed\u5185\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bae\u51b3\u8bae\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u5411\u5357\u4eac\u62e8\u53d1\u4e0d\u8d85\u8fc75000\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e24\u5730\u901a\u8baf\u65f6\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5411\u4f1a\u8bae\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u6ede\u540e\u6027\uff0c\u9648\u88d5\u5149\u8f6c\u8ff0\u5357\u4eac\u529e\u5b66\u8ba1\u5212\u65f6\uff0c\u91d1\u5927\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u6821\u56ed\u539f\u5927\u5b66\u90e8\u5f00\u529e\u4e86\u521d\u4e2d\uff08\u5bf9\u5916\u79f0\u201c\u91d1\u9675\u8865\u4e60\u5b66\u6821\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u4e13\u4fee\u79d1\u6821\u820d\u529e\u4e86\u5c0f\u5b66\uff0c\u5728\u8695\u6851\u7cfb\u6821\u820d\u5f00\u529e\u4e86\u519c\u4e1a\u77ed\u671f\u8bfe\u7a0b\u30021939\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u53c8\u5728\u5927\u5b66\u519c\u5177\u5382\u529e\u5de5\u8bfb\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u5728\u8695\u6851\u7cfb\u529e\u8015\u8bfb\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u539f\u8ba1\u5212\u518d\u5f00\u529e\u4e00\u6240\u9ad8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u62a5\u540d\u8005\u592a\u5c11\u800c\u4f5c\u7f62\u30021940\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u91d1\u9675\u8865\u4e60\u5b66\u6821\u8bbe\u7f6e\u666e\u901a\u9ad8\u4e2d\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff1b\u540c\u5e74\u6691\u671f\uff0c\u8be5\u6821\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u9f13\u697c\u4e2d\u5b66\u3002\u5728\u6210\u90fd\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u5357\u4eac\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u516c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u8865\u4e60\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u8015\u8bfb\u5b66\u6821\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u5357\u4eac\u6821\u56ed\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u5b66\u6821\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u533b\u9662\uff08\u9f13\u697c\uff09\u5f00\u8bbe\u7684\u91d1\u9675\u9ad8\u7ea7\u62a4\u58eb\u804c\u4e1a\u5b66\u6821\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6982\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ece1938\u5e74\u79cb\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u91d1\u5927\u6559\u804c\u5458\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e09\u6240\u666e\u901a\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u804c\u4e1a\u7c7b\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6c11\u4f17\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u673a\u6784\u548c\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5404\u6821\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5f00\u529e\u8005\u4e3a\u91d1\u5927\u6559\u804c\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u91d1\u5927\u5e94\u53d8\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n

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1939\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\uff0c\u91d1\u5927\u7684\u4e09\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u5357\u4eac\u5176\u4ed6\u51e0\u6240\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u90fd\u6b63\u5e38\u5f00\u529e\uff0c\u53d7\u65e5\u4f2a\u4e25\u5bc6\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u201c\u5e76\u672a\u88ab\u8feb\u6309\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u7684\u6765\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u30021940\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u6c6a\u4f2a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f2a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u7ef4\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u5373\u65e5\u5ba3\u5e03\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u622a\u81f31940\u5e74\u4e0a\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u4e09\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u4ecd\u672a\u7acb\u6848\uff0c\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u201c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u7acb\u6848\uff0c\u6216\u5c06\u7acb\u6848\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5230\u6700\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u201d\uff0c\u82e5\u201c\u6709\u826f\u597d\u7684\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u53ef\u5728\u4e0d\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u5ba3\u4f20\u673a\u6784\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f00\u529e\u4e00\u6240\u6709\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5b66\u6821\u3002\u5982\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u4e4b\u540e\u60c5\u51b5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u7cdf\uff0c\u5219\u62d2\u7edd\u7acb\u6848\u6216\u5173\u95ed\u5b66\u6821\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

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1940\u5e74\u5e95\u81f31941\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u6c6a\u4f2a\u5357\u4eac\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5f3a\u5bf9\u79c1\u7acb\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u65bd\u538b\u3002\u636e\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u4e0a\u6d77\u603b\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u9886\u4e8b\u5305\u61cb\u52cb\uff08J. H. Paxton\uff09\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u7684\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6c6a\u4f2a\u5357\u4eac\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u6025\u4e8e\u63a5\u7ba1\u6240\u6709\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\u30021938\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u534e\u5927\u4f7f\u9986\u7531\u5357\u4eac\u8fc1\u5f80\u91cd\u5e86\u3002\u6c6a\u4f2a\u653f\u5e9c\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u66fe\u5bf91940\u5e74\u5ea6\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b66\u671f\uff081941\u5e74\u6625\uff09\u63a7\u5236\u533a\u57df\u5185\u5404\u7ea7\u6559\u80b2\u5355\u4f4d\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u9f13\u697c\u4e2d\u5b66\u3001\u91d1\u9675\u8015\u8bfb\u5b66\u6821\u4ee5\u53ca\u91d1\u9675\u5c0f\u5b66\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7acb\u6848\u5b66\u6821\u7684\u540d\u5355\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

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1941\u5e7412\u67087\u65e5\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u540e\uff0c\u7559\u5b88\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u7c4d\u6559\u5e08\u519c\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\u53f2\u5fb7\u851a\uff08A. N. Steward\uff09\u8d74\u5916\u5730\u907f\u96be\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u6821\u56ed\u5f00\u529e\u7684\u5c0f\u5b66\u3001\u8865\u4e60\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u8015\u8bfb\u5b66\u6821\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u7c4d\u6559\u804c\u5458\u4e3b\u6301\uff0c\u4ecd\u5728\u7ef4\u6301\u529e\u5b66\uff0c\u672a\u88ab\u65e5\u519b\u4fb5\u5360\u30021942\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u5411\u975e\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4f1a\u62a5\u544a\u76841942\u20141943\u5e74\u9884\u7b97\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ecd\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u6240\u5b66\u6821\u4e0e\u533b\u9662\u7684\u652f\u51fa\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u6b64\u65f6\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u8fd8\u5728\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4e3a\u6821\u65b9\u6240\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u6821\u56ed\u672a\u518d\u6536\u5230\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u7684\u7ecf\u8d39\uff0c\u9760\u4e2d\u5b66\u548c\u519c\u573a\u519c\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u6536\u5165\u7ef4\u6301\u8fd0\u8425\u3002<\/p>\n

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1940\u5e743\u6708\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u66fe\u63d0\u8bae\u201c\uff08\u6210\u90fd\uff09\u4e0e\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u56e2\u961f\u5171\u540c\u53ec\u5f00\u5927\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u4ee5\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201c\u96be\u4ee5\u5145\u5206\u8868\u8fbe\u770b\u6cd5\u201d\uff0c\u4e24\u5730\u56e2\u961f\u53ef\u5728\u6210\u90fd\u6216\u5357\u4eac\u53ec\u5f00\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u6b64\u524d\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u5b58\u5728\u8f83\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5357\u4eac\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002<\/p>\n

9\u6708\uff0c\u91d1\u9675\u5973\u5b50\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6216\u7b80\u79f0\u201c\u91d1\u5973\u9662\u201d\uff09\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u91d1\u5973\u9662\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u6d3e\u9063\u6bd5\u5f8b\u65af\u4e8e\u672c\u5b66\u5e74\u5ea6\u5185\u8d74\u5357\u4eac\u51fa\u5dee\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u81f3\u516d\u5468\uff08\u672c\u5b66\u5e74\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u6bd5\u5f8b\u65af\u5c06\u4f11\u5047\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u6df1\u5ea6\u4e86\u89e3\u91d1\u5973\u9662\u6210\u90fd\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u4e24\u4e2a\u6821\u56ed\u5f7c\u6b64\u95f4\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u4e0e\u91d1\u9675\u5973\u5b50\u6587\u7406\u5b66\u9662\u5404\u81ea\u6709\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e24\u6821\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u548c\u6559\u5b66\u79d1\u7814\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6bd5\u5f8b\u65af\u540c\u65f6\u62c5\u4efb\u4e24\u6821\u7684\u4f1a\u8ba1\u4e3b\u4efb\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u672a\u8ba9\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u6ee1\u610f\u300210\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d7\u6821\u65b9\u9080\u8bf7\u524d\u5f80\u6210\u90fd\u53c2\u52a0\u975e\u5e38\u6267\u884c\u4f1a\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u62a5\u544a\u201c\u5357\u4eac\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u82e5\u5e72\u9488\u5bf9\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u884c\u653f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u907f\u514d\u4e24\u5730\u51fa\u73b0\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u9694\u9602\u751a\u81f3\u77db\u76fe\uff1a<\/p>\n

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1941\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u6bd5\u5f8b\u65af\u76f4\u767d\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u534f\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08\u5357\u4eac\u4e0e\u6210\u90fd\u2014\u2014\u5f15\u8005\u6ce8\uff09\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65b9\u9762\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u5766\u7387\u5730\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\u4eec\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u51e0\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u7c4d\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6124\u6012\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e24\u8fb9\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u7f13\u548c\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\u3002\u6b64\u524d\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u8bf7\u8d1d\u5fb7\u58eb\u6765\u6210\u90fd\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u201c\u4f7f\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e2\u961f\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u5730\u56e2\u7ed3\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u201d\u3002\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4e24\u5730\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u5de5\u4f5c\u6210\u6548\u4e0d\u5f70\u3002\u6bd5\u5f8b\u65af\u53e3\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u51e0\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u7c4d\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u201d\u6982\u6307\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e3b\u7ba1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5305\u62ec\u6821\u957f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5357\u4eac\u7559\u5b88\u56e2\u961f\u4e0d\u6ee1\u6210\u90fd\u6821\u65b9\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5bf9\u524d\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e5f\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u25b21920\u5e74\u4ee3\u91d1\u9675\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u56ed<\/p>\n

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