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and Flam\uff0c2007\uff1bUtomi\uff0c2008\uff1bBaah and Jauch\uff0c2009\uff1bLee\uff0c2009\uff1bMoumouni\uff0c2010\uff1bDittgen\uff0c2010\uff1bGiese\uff0c2013\uff0c2014\uff1bArsene\uff0c2014\uff1bMen\uff0c2014\uff09\u3002\u800c\u5c31\u5df2\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u732e\u7684\u8bba\u8c03\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u2014\u2014\u201c\u65e0\u8d23\u4efb\u8fc7\u5ea6\u5f00\u91c7\u975e\u6d32\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5265\u524a\u975e\u6d32\u52b3\u5de5\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f15\u53d1\u5f53\u5730\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e0d\u9075\u5b88\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u662f\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\uff0cHuman Rights Watch\uff0c 2011\uff09\u3002\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4e2d\u975e\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u76d6\u68fa\u5b9a\u8bba\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b3c\u7edf\u3001\u7247\u9762\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u7cbe\u51c6\u6027\u3002\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u674e\u9759\u541b\uff08Ching Kwan Lee\uff09\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u2026\u2026\u6ca1\u80fd\u5168\u9762\u5730\u63ed\u793a\u6b63\u5728\u4e2d\u975e\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u8d70\u5352\u4eec\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u9650\u5236\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u201d\uff08Lee\uff0c2009\uff1a665\uff09\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7acb\u5730\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u674e\u9759\u541b\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u975e\u96c7\u4f63\u5de5\u5236\u5ea6\u653f\u6cbb\uff08politics of casualization\uff09\u65f6\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u77ff\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u548c\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u7eba\u7ec7\u5de5\u5382\u8fdb\u884c\u8d70\u8bbf\u540e\uff0c\u5979\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u52b3\u5de5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u529f\u5730\u62b5\u5236\u96c7\u4f63\u5de5\u5236\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u5730\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u4fdd\u6301\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u5979\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5021\u5bfc\u5b66\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u7ed3\u5408\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u6027\u8d28\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u5730\u201c\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u591a\u6837\u6027\u201d\uff08Lee\uff0c2009\uff1a665\uff09\u6765\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u975e\u52b3\u5de5\u7ea0\u7eb7\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u7530\u91ce\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u652f\u6301\u674e\u9759\u541b\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5373\u4ece\u5f53\u5730\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u975e\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u674e\u9759\u541b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b8c\u5584\u3001\u7ec6\u5316\u3002\u5728\u96c7\u4f63\u5de5\u5236\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u8303\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u5185\u5728\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u9c9c\u6709\u5bf9\u4e3b\u96c7\u95f4\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u5546\u8bae\u3001\u59a5\u534f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5408\u4f5c\u7b49\u79c1\u4eba\u95f4\u4ea4\u5f80\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u4ea4\u6d41\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u5bf9\u4e3b\u96c7\u4eb2\u8fd1\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6355\u6349\u3002\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u674e\u9759\u541b\u6240\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5c55\u73b0\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u5236\u7ea6\u4e2d\u975e\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9690\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u96be\u514d\u4f1a\u9057\u6f0f\u4e0d\u540c\u52b3\u5de5\u5c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u4e92\u52a8\u65f6\u7684\u557c\u4e0e\u7b11\u3001\u7231\u4e0e\u6028\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u89e6\uff08affection\uff09\u662f\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u7530\u91ce\u4e2d\u5929\u5929\u8033\u6fe1\u76ee\u67d3\u7684\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u6b32\u4ee5\u7530\u91ce\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7684\uff0c\u5d4c\u5165\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u89e6\u9879\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u534f\u8c03\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u4e2d\u975e\u52b3\u5de5\u65e5\u5e38\u4ea4\u5f80\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u800c\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u53d8\u6210\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u751f\u4ea7\u4e43\u81f3\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u3001\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u95f4\u4ea4\u5f80\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fd9\u4e00\u5fae\u89c2\u5c42\u9762\u51fa\u53d1\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u7528\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u3001\u6709\u8840\u6709\u8089\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u4e8b\u4f8b\u53bb\u8865\u8db3\u7ed3\u6784\u6cd5\u5728\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9057\u6f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u5206\u6790\u89c6\u89d2\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u7075\u611f\u53d6\u81ea\u4e8e\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u8a79\u59c6\u58eb\u00b7\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\uff08James Ferguson\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u4f9d\u9644\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08Declarations of Dependence\uff09\uff082013\uff09\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\u6311\u6218\u6027\u5730\u8d28\u7591\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u76db\u884c\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u4e3b\u201d\uff08autonomy\uff09\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5bf9\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u548c\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8c34\u8d23\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5bf9\u5357\u90e8\u975e\u6d32\u6c11\u65cf\u5fd7\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u6574\u7406\u540e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u628a\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u4ec5\u4ec5\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u7684\u5265\u524a\u548c\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4f1a\u5458\u5236\uff08membership\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u878d\u5165\uff08social inclusion\uff09\u800c\u7ed9\u4e88\u793e\u4f1a\u5927\u4f17\u751f\u5b58\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u8bba\u8ff0\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u5357\u975e\u6c11\u4f17\u6765\u8bf4\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f9d\u9644\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u611f\u5230\u6050\u60e7\uff0c\u800c\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u662f\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5b89\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u65a9\u65ad\u4e86\u7684\u7ebf\uff0c\u5760\u5165\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u8ff7\u832b\uff08Ferguson\uff0c2013\uff1a232\uff09\u2026\u2026\u73b0\u5728\u5357\u975e\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u6000\u5ff5\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u65e7\u65e5\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u4ece\u6765\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u72ec\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u6b63\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e7\u65e5\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u6070\u6070\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f9d\u9644\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u8fd9\u79cd\u88ab\uff08\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\uff09\u8d4b\u503c\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5f80\u5f80\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u6211\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u6027\u6574\u5408\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4f1a\u5458\u5236\u201d\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5411\u5f80\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff1b\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u4f9d\u9644\u7684\u6e34\u671b\u3002\uff08\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e34\u671b\uff09\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\uff08\u628a\u4eba\u4eec\uff09\u6574\u5408\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\uff08\u8fd9\u79cd\u6574\u5408\u4f1a\uff09\u9644\u5e26\u7740\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u803b\u8fb1\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u3002\uff08Ferguson\uff0c2013\uff1a235\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u6e34\u671b\u3001\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u95f4\u4f9d\u9644\u5411\u5f80\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u662f\u672c\u6587\u6b32\u5bf9\u674e\u9759\u541b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u7eb5\u89c2\u674e\u9759\u541b\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ece\u5b57\u91cc\u884c\u95f4\u91cc\u4e0d\u96be\u63a8\u65ad\uff0c\u5979\u4f3c\u4e4e\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u201c\u4e34\u65f6\u5de5\u5236\u5ea6\u201d[1]\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u674e\u9759\u541b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e34\u65f6\u5de5\u5236\u5ea6\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5265\u524a\u4e0e\u538b\u8feb\uff0c\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\u7684\u3002\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u5e94\u8be5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e14\u8981\u65f6\u523b\u53d7\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u5979\u8fd9\u4e00\u5148\u5165\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u7b14\u8005\u4e0d\u6562\u8f7b\u6613\u82df\u540c\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b14\u8005\u5bf9\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7530\u91ce\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u613f\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u5f53\u4e34\u65f6\u5de5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u4f59\u5730\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u8001\u677f\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u79cd\u7c7b\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8001\u677f\u4eec\u7684\u773c\u91cc\uff0c\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u6309\u7167\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u5904\u7406\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4f1a\u574f\u4e86\u4ea4\u60c5\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u65e5\u540e\u6ca1\u6cd5\u76f8\u5904[2]\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u53cc\u65b9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6309\u4f26\u7406\u6765\u5904\u7406\u5f7c\u6b64\u95f4\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u5173\u7cfb\u8981\u8fdc\u8fdc\u6bd4\u514b\u5df1\u590d\u6cd5\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u51e0\u70b9\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ece\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u8be0\u91ca\u4e2d\u975e\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u4f1a\u9057\u6f0f\u5bf9\u65e5\u5e38\u52b3\u5de5\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u79c1\u4eba\u6027\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5f3a\u52a0\u4e0a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5148\u5165\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u60c5\u89e6\u9879\u7684\u6548\u529b\uff08affective dimension\uff09\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5206\u6790\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u6e90\u6cc9\u662f\u963f\u8389\u00b7\u970d\u514b\u5e0c\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Arlie Hochschild\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u60c5\u611f\u6027\u52b3\u5de5\u201d\uff08emotional 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src=\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileManager\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1781638367885QVUJJZ.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1\/7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3\/2026-06-16T19:32:49Z\/86400\/host\/0ce24154bb8153fa4af55657d51b49e6301668b01bd885d998c04eb9157e74a0\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\uff3b\u7f8e\uff3d\u963f\u8389\u00b7\u62c9\u585e\u5c14\u00b7\u970d\u514b\u5e0c\u5c14\u5fb7\uff1a\u300a\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u6574\u9970\uff1a\u4eba\u7c7b\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5316\u300b<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e24\u5927\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8981\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u8d5e\u5355\u4f4d\u4e2d\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u6027\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8001\u677f\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u56fe\u5f0f\uff08cultural schema\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u548c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5c45\u6c11\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u4e2d\u90fd\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u7740\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u6587\u5316\u56fe\u5f0f\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u5546\u8bae\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u00b7\u535a\u7279\uff08Max Bolt\uff09\u535a\u58eb\u5728\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5f17\u683c\u68ee\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7b80\u8bc4\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u2026\u2026\u767d\u4eba\u519c\u573a\u4e3b\u4e0e\u5176\u9ed1\u4eba\u52b3\u5de5\u7684\u4e3b\u4ece\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u548c\u9ed1\u4eba\u5de5\u5934\u4e0e\u9ed1\u4eba\u77ff\u5de5\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201d\uff08Bolt\uff0c2013\uff1a243\uff09\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u60f3\u5448\u73b0\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6587\u5316\u610f\u4e49\u591a\u5143\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e2d\u8d5e\u4ea4\u6d41\u8bef\u89e3\u4e0e\u52b3\u5de5\u4e89\u8bae\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u79fb\u6c11\u6709\u7740\u548c\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u4e8e\u5d4c\u5165\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u89e6\u9879\uff08affective component bundled in the structure\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u4f1a\u5728\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\u90e8\u5206\u4e88\u4ee5\u9610\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7eb5\u89c2\u7b14\u8005\u7530\u91ce\u4e2d\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u60c5\u89e6\u9879\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6bb7\u52e4\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6027\uff08direction of attentiveness\uff09\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u65b9\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bb7\u52e4\u662f\u5411\u4e0a\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4e0b\u5c5e\u8981\u7ed9\u9886\u5bfc\u732e\u6bb7\u52e4\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u8d5e\u65b9\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bb7\u52e4\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5411\u4e0b\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u8001\u677f\u8981\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u4f53\u8d34\u4e9b\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5e87\u62a4\u5173\u7cfb\uff08patron-client\uff09\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u79cd\u7eb5\u5411\u4e8c\u5143\u8054\u76df\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u81f3\u5c11\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5305\u542b\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u5f62\u4e0e\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u4e92\u6362\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u8fd8\u201c\u6d89\u53ca\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u4f9d\u604b\u201d\uff08involve the direct personal attachment of two individuals to each other\uff09\uff08Schmidt et al.\uff0c1977\uff1a20\uff09\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u6bb7\u52e4\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u5c55\u73b0\u3002\u5728\u4e8c\u5143\u8054\u76df\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bb7\u52e4\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u65b9\u4ee5\u670d\u52a1\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u6362\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u548c\u9080\u7ea6\u6709\u7740\u540c\u6837\u7684\u529f\u6548\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bb7\u52e4\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u5c5e\u6027\u548c\u975e\u5300\u79f0\u6027\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u65b9\u5de5\u4f5c\u573a\u6240\u4e2d\uff0c\u7eb5\u5411\u7684\u4e3b\u96c7\u5173\u7cfb\u8981\u6c42\u4e0b\u5c5e\u9996\u5148\u4e3b\u52a8\u5bf9\u4e0a\u7ea7\u732e\u6bb7\u52e4\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u5c06\u6765\u989d\u5916\u7684\u798f\u5229\u548c\u5347\u804c\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u8d5e\u65b9\u7684\u519c\u573a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8001\u677f\u8981\u9996\u5148\u732e\u6bb7\u52e4\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u652f\u6301\u548c\u5fe0\u5fc3\u4ee5\u53ca\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u5300\u79f0\u6027\u6bb7\u52e4\u8868\u6f14\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6027\u4e0d\u5339\u914d\u662f\u4e2d\u8d5e\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u8bef\u89e3\u4e0e\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7530\u91ce\u7684\u5b9e\u5730\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5173\u4e8e\u8d5e\u65b9\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u6750\u6599\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u4e8e\u534a\u7ed3\u6784\u5f0f\uff08semi-structured\uff09\u91c7\u8bbf\u6cd5\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u6c47\u62a5\u6027\u7684\u6570\u636e\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6240\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5927\u62b5\u662f\u88ab\u91c7\u8bbf\u4eba\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u540e\u7684\u518d\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d5e\u65b9\u8001\u677f\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5316\u52a0\u5de5\u5904\u7406\u540e\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9648\u8ff0\u4e0d\u662f\u7b14\u8005\u5728\u7530\u91ce\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5b9e\u9645\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u4e0b\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6750\u6599\u5927\u90fd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7b14\u8005\u65e5\u5e38\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u6027\u89c2\u5bdf\u800c\u5f97\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6c47\u62a5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5173\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u7279\u70b9\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b14\u8005\u6240\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u7530\u91ce\u5730\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u65b9\u7684\u63f4\u5916\u519c\u573a\u548c\u56fd\u6709\u5236\u6539\u5236\u540e\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5355\u4f4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d5e\u65b9\u7684\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u5546\u4e1a\u519c\u573a\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7530\u91ce\u5730\u7279\u6027\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5316\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e5f\u4f1a\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u53d8\u3002\u5bf9\u56db\u7c7b\u519c\u573a\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u8d5e\u79c1\u6709\u5546\u4e1a\u519c\u573a\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u9a7b\u8d5e\u56fd\u6709\u519c\u573a\u3001\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u79c1\u6709\u5546\u4e1a\u519c\u573a\u548c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u96c6\u56e2\u5236\u519c\u573a\u2014\u2014\u8fd8\u6709\u5f85\u5b66\u8005\u65e5\u540e\u52a0\u4ee5\u8c03\u67e5\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u7530\u91ce\u60c5\u51b5\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u4f53\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5c06\u9996\u5148\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u8d5e\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u96c6\u4e2d\u63cf\u8ff0\u6bb7\u52e4\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u88ab\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u5c06\u4ece\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u548c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u5206\u914d\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63cf\u8ff0\u6bb7\u52e4\u5728\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u5728\u4e2a\u6848\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u5f62\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014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the state\u2019s burden of social welfare and entitlement provisions\uff09\uff08Lu &amp; Perry\uff0c1997\uff1a9\uff09\u3002\u533b\u7597\u4fdd\u9669\u548c\u4f4f\u623f\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7531\u5355\u4f4d\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u5458\u5de5\u4f9d\u8d56\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a\u5176\u63d0\u4f9b\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d44\u6e90\u201d\uff08members become dependent on the unit for both political and economic resources\uff09\uff08Lu &amp; 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\/><\/p>\n<p>2023\u5e74\uff0c\u5580\u9ea6\u9686\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u63f4\u5efa\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u804c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u5b66\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u56ed\u6458\u83e0\u841d<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\u51fa\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u52b3\u5de5\u7ba1\u7406\u5177\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u7279\u70b9\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u5e76\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8001\u677f\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u597d\u8001\u677f\u8981\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d23\u4efb\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u5bb6\u5ead\u79c1\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u9ebb\u70e6\u3002\u5bf9\u5de5\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\u662f\u8981\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5904\u7406\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u505a\u4eba\u751f\u6289\u62e9\u65f6\uff0c\u8001\u677f\u8981\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7740\u60f3\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u8001\u677f\u8981\u5173\u5fc3\u4e0b\u5c5e\uff0c\u65f6\u523b\u7559\u5fc3\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0b\u5c5e\u6bb7\u52e4\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u6362\u6765\u7684\u662f\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u5fe0\u5fc3\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8001\u677f\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u8861\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5f7c\u6b64\u5f80\u6765\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8001\u677f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0b\u5c5e\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6bb7\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u65e2\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5438\u5f15\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\uff0c\u6811\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5a01\u4fe1\u548c\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u9632\u6b62\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ea4\u6362\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8001\u677f\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u2014\u2014\u524d\u8005\u9700\u8981\u540e\u8005\u7684\u652f\u6301\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u751f\u4ea7\u6548\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u4f9d\u9760\u524d\u8005\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u751f\u6d3b\u798f\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u6bb7\u52e4\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u65b9\u5411\u662f\u4ece\u4e0a\u7ea7\u81f3\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u8001\u677f\u548c\u5de5\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u5bf9\u6b96\u6c11\u524d\u975e\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ecf\u5178\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u6c42\u8bc1\u3002\u5728\u300a\u975e\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u300b\uff08African Political Systems\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u798f\u7279\u65af\u548c\u57c3\u6587\u65af-\u666e\u91cc\u67e5\u5fb7\uff08Fortes and Evans-Pritchard\uff09\u8bba\u8ff0\u5230\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u62e5\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u76f8\u5e94\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u90fd\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u798f\u7949\u6709\u8d23\u2026\u2026\u4e00\u4e2a\u914b\u957f\u6291\u6216\u56fd\u738b\u6709\u6743\u8981\u6c42\u5b50\u6c11\u7f34\u7a0e\u3001\u7eb3\u8d21\u3001\u670d\u52b3\u5f79\uff1b\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u627f\u62c5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u5bfb\u6c42\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u53d7\u5916\u654c\u9a9a\u6270\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u8fc7\u98ce\u4fd7\u4eea\u5f0f\u6765\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4ed6\u4eec\u798f\u7949\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u975e\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6697\u542b\u7740\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u914b\u957f\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8981\u4ee5\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u8d5e\u540c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u81e3\u6c11\u5bf9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5e94\u5c65\u884c\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e86\u5982\u6307\u638c\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5bf9\u81e3\u6c11\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u81e3\u6c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u65bd\u538b\u8981\u6c42\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6765\u6267\u884c\u4ed6\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\uff08Fortes and Evans-Pritchard\uff0c1940\uff1a12\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u2026\u2026\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u795e\u5723\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\uff08social systems\u2026figures as a system of sacred values\uff09\u7684\u4fe1\u5949\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u88ab\u7b26\u53f7\u5316\u5e76\u4e14\u88ab\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u4eab\u3002\u201c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u4f1a\u9057\u5f03\u4e00\u4e2a\u574f\u56fd\u738b\u4f46\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u662f\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u7684\u201d\uff08Fortes and Evans-Pritchard\uff0c1940\uff1a18\uff09\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e24\u79cd\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5171\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5229\u76ca\u201d\uff08Fortes and Evans-Pritchard\uff0c1940\uff1a20\uff09\u3002\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5b83\u8fd8\u8574\u542b\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u60c5\u611f\uff08political sentiment\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u56fe\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u7530\u91ce\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u53f2\u524d\u7684\u3001\u56fa\u6709\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u9886\u5bfc\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u70b9\u9700\u8981\u6f84\u6e05\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u7531\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u6761\u4ef6\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u674e\u9759\u541b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u6709\u7740\u5f88\u957f\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u5386\u53f2\uff08Lee\uff0c2009\uff09\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6b8a\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u7a00\u91ca\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u88ab\u79fb\u4ea4\u5230\u4e86\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u5de5\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6297\u4e0a\u7ea7\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u5411\u4e0b\u7684\u6bb7\u52e4\u6307\u5411\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7b14\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u4e0a\u9762\u798f\u7279\u65af\u548c\u57c3\u6587\u65af-\u666e\u91cc\u67e5\u5fb7\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4ece\u201c\u8001\u677f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u610f\u4e49\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u518d\u8be0\u91ca\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e89\u8fa9\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u5316\u56fe\u5f0f\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u56fe\u5f0f\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u5728\u7b14\u8005\u7684\u7530\u91ce\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u88ab\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5316\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u597d\u8001\u677f\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u8df5\u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u53d7\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u7684\u8001\u677f\u8981\u5bf9\u4e0b\u5c5e\u4f53\u8d34\u3001\u6bb7\u52e4\u624d\u503c\u5f97\u8ffd\u968f\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u6b63\u662f\u201c\u597d\u8001\u677f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u9053\u5fb7\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u60c5\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u65af\u6ed5\u00b7\u5409\u65af\uff08Karsten Giese\uff09\u548c\u963f\u83b1\u5a1c\u00b7\u8482\u5c14\uff08Alena Thiel\uff09\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u52a0\u7eb3\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u7eaa\u5f55\u4e86\u4e0e\u7b14\u8005\u7530\u91ce\u53d1\u73b0\u6781\u5176\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u597d\u8001\u677f\u201d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u52a0\u7eb3\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u96c7\u4f63\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u6350\u52a9\u4eba\u3001\u76d1\u62a4\u4eba\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u8005\u201d\uff08benefactor\uff0cguardian and protector\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u201c\u5bf9\u4e0b\u5c5e\u79ef\u6781\u7ed9\u4e88\u79c1\u4eba\u5efa\u8bae\u548c\u8d44\u91d1\u5e2e\u52a9\u7684\u52a0\u7eb3\u8001\u677f\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u5f97\u5230\u7f8e\u8a89\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u96c7\u4f63\u8005\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5047\u5b9a\u4e3a\u548c\uff08\u81ea\u5bb6\u7684\uff09\u957f\u8005\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5c11\u5e74\u52a1\u5de5\u4e5f\u666e\u904d\u5730\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7ed9\u4e2a\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u6d3b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\uff08\u8fd9\u79cd\u63d0\u9ad8\uff09\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u7eaf\u7269\u8d28\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u3002\u201d\uff08Giese and Thiel\uff0c2014\uff1a1106\uff09<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56db\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u4e8b\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u90fd\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u6697\u542b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u52b3\u5de5\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e2d\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\uff08Solinger\uff0c1995\uff1bShaw\uff0c1996\uff1bRofel\uff0c1999\uff1bFang\uff0c2012\uff09\u3002\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u5355\u4f4d\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u548c\u6743\u529b\u6587\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u5b89\u5fb7\u9c81\u00b7\u74e6\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Andrew Walder\uff09\u8bba\u8ff0\u9053\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u4e0b\u7684\u5956\u8d4f\u6fc0\u52b1\u673a\u5236\u50ac\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u4e0b\u5c5e\u95f4\u7684\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6027\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\uff08organized 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expectation\uff09\u800c\u6d88\u51cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5982\u7b14\u8005\u4e0a\u9762\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u6bb7\u52e4\u6307\u5411\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7a77\u5c3d\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9e\u8df5\u540e\u7684\u7d2f\u8ba1\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u800c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5c31\u8d5e\u6bd4\u4e9a\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u5b9e\u8df5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6bb7\u52e4\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u5411\u4e0b\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6027\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u6cbb\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4f7f\u5f97\u5de5\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u52b3\u5de5\u5173\u7cfb\u5b9e\u8df5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6bb7\u52e4\u6709\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u6bb7\u52e4\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6027\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u800c\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f9d\u9644\u5173\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u786e\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0e\u5176\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\u7684\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\u60c5\u89e6\u9879\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u51b3\u5b9a\u7740\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5173\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u8be0\u91ca\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u5f80\u6765\u548c\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u60c5\u611f\u5bf9\u65e5\u5e38\u793e\u4ea4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5965\u65af\u5821\uff08John 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