![](\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileManager\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1781684320097KegSWg.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1\/7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3\/2026-06-17T08:18:42Z\/86400\/host\/c69a2f2be37e6ee1a9a9666ae153fea1c068df5dcc9cd4accdb14e530baa968f\")
<\/p>\n\u6765\u6e90: \u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba\u00a0 \u00a0 \u64b0\u6587: \u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7ea6\u5c14\u00a0 \u00a0 \u7ffb\u8bd1: \u9676\u5c0f\u8def<\/p>\n
1<\/p>\n
\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u5230\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd1\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u7559\u4e0b\u5982\u6b64\u6709\u751f\u547d\u529b\u7684\u4f20\u5947\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\u5f88\u5c11\u3002\u201c\u9b4f\u739b\u6587\u5316\u201d\u6210\u4e86\u6fc0\u8fdb\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u6fc0\u8fdb\u653f\u6cbb\u878d\u5408\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u9b4f\u739b\u5fb7\u56fd\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u4e00\u7fa4\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u6467\u6bc1\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u54c1\u4f4d\u5982\u4eca\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5178\u578b\u3002\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4f9d\u65e7\u5438\u5f15\u7740\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u529b\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u662f\uff0c1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6742\u5fd7\u4e4b\u4e00\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\uff08Die Weltb\u00fchne\uff09\u5f71\u5370\u672c\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u6210\u529f\u3002\uff08\u672c\u6587\u64b0\u5199\u4e8e1980\u5e74\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff09\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u4e07\u00b7\u8fea\u514b\uff08Istvan Deak\uff09\u5728\u5176\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e1968\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u9b4f\u739b\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u300b\uff08Weimar Germany\u2019s Left-Wing Intellectuals\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u91cc\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u9610\u91ca\u4e86\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u5386\u53f2\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fea\u514b\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u9644\u5f55\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f20\u8bb0\uff0c\u8fd8\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u64b0\u7a3f\u4eba\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7b14\u540d\uff0c\u662f\u9605\u8bfb\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u5b9d\u8d35\u6307\u5357\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b1929\u5e743\u670812\u65e5\u520a\u5c01\u9762<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u9762\u955c\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u7fa4\u777f\u667a\u3001\u5bcc\u6709\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u600e\u6837\u770b\u5f85\u9b4f\u739b\u6587\u5316\u548c1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u7ffb\u9605\u8fd9\u4e00\u5377\u5377\u6742\u5fd7\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf91918\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u58f0\u75be\u547c\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u5374\u773c\u770b\u7740\u8fd9\u80a1\u529b\u91cf\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u538b\u5012\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u611f\u5230\u7edd\u671b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u5305\u8c6a\u65af\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5bf9\u300a\u5c24\u5229\u897f\u65af\u300b\u6216\u300a\u67e5\u7279\u5229\u592b\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u4eba\u300b\u6216\u8d1d\u7279\u00b7\u5e03\u83b1\u5e0c\u7279\u65e9\u671f\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\uff0c\u5bf9\u514b\u4f26\u4f69\u52d2\uff08Otto Klemperer\uff09\u5728\u514b\u7f57\u5c14\u6b4c\u5267\u9662\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u4efd\u5468\u520a\u80fd\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u50ac\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee5\u53ca\u64b0\u7a3f\u4eba\u7684\u54c1\u5473\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5c55\u73b0\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u751f\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u6700\u521d\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u300a\u620f\u9662\u300b\uff08Die Schaub\u00fchne\uff09\u3002\u6539\u540d\u53d1\u751f\u57281918\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3e\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u8fbe\u6742\u5fd7\u60f3\u8981\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4fdd\u6301\u540c\u6b65\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u4e3b\u7f16\u548c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u662f\u897f\u683c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u677e\uff08Siegfried Jacobsohn\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u624d\u667a\u548c\u6b63\u76f4\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u96be\u5fd8\u7684\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u7ed9\u6742\u5fd7\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u98ce\u683c\uff1b1926\u5e74\uff0c\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u677e\u8fc7\u65e9\u79bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u5e93\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u56fe\u970d\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\uff08Kurt Tucholsky\uff09\u548c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\uff08Carlvon Ossietzky\uff09\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u683c\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u677e\u539f\u672c\u662f\u620f\u5267\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u628a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6279\u8bc4\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u620f\u5267\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65e5\u76ca\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u6279\u8bc4\u6574\u4e2a\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u520a\u7269\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u8c03\u662f\u5bf9\u4e00\u6218\u53ca\u5176\u8d23\u4efb\u8005\u7684\u538c\u6076\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5931\u671b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u4e3a\u5176\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
![](\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileManager\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1781684395056c6qZn7.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1\/7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3\/2026-06-17T08:19:56Z\/86400\/host\/e39a955232a70c7e5aa764e3730f8f1c2bf2caac79fda1e28a491ced3e8b780a\")
<\/p>\n
\u897f\u683c\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u96c5\u5404\u5e03\u677e<\/p>\n
![](\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileManager\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1781684430890wmBULh.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1\/7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3\/2026-06-17T08:20:32Z\/86400\/host\/41f6edd7f846552966ecd97e5ccf012c3ce1a9cda64463b08a993750a4623e41\")
<\/p>\n
\u5e93\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u56fe\u970d\u5c14\u65af\u57fa<\/p>\n
2<\/p>\n
\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u3002\u201d\u56fe\u970d\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u65e9\u57281919\u5e745\u6708\u5982\u6b64\u5199\u9053\u30021914\u5e74\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u9000\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u51b3\u5fc3\u63d0\u9192\u516c\u4f17\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u4eba\u8981\u4e3a\u6218\u4e89\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6240\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4e00\u5343\u4e07\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6b92\u706d\u2014\u2014\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u2014\u2014\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u96c6\u56e2\u8fd8\u662f\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u4eba\u4eec\u57cb\u846c\u6b7b\u8005\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5c31\u6b64\u6c89\u9ed8\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0d\u4f1a\u987a\u9042\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u51b3\u5fc3\u4e0d\u8ba9\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\uff1b\u5b83\u7ee7\u7eed\u8c34\u8d23\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c06\u5fb7\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u5e76\u5728\u6218\u65f6\u8bef\u5bfc\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u3002\u3010\u968f\u7740\u5fb7\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u5173\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u57281920\u5e74\u4ee3\u516c\u5f00\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u5730\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u8d1f\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b1960\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f17\u91cc\u8328\u00b7\u8d39\u6b47\u5c14\uff08Fritz Fischer\uff09\u6559\u6388\u91cd\u65b0\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bba\u8bc1\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e00\u6218\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u8d1f\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u65f7\u65e5\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u8bba\u4e89\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n
\u4eba\u4eec\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u65e7\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u548c\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ecd\u5728\u4efb\u804c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\u63ed\u9732\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\uff1a\u4ee5\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u540d\u4e49\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u8c0b\u6740\u5e93\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u827e\u65af\u7eb3\uff08Kurt Eisner\uff09\u3001\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u62c9\u7279\u7459\uff08Walther Rathenau\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u548c\u7f57\u838e\u00b7\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u7684\u51f6\u624b\u88ab\u8f7b\u5224\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u81ed\u540d\u662d\u8457\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u4e0d\u65f6\u4f1a\u520a\u51fa\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u8f7b\u7f6a\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u5bf9\u7167\u8868\u683c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u5de6\u7ffc\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u8f7b\u5224\u3002\u626f\u4e0b\u623f\u5c4b\u4e0a\u60ac\u6302\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5458\u88ab\u5224\u5904\u516b\u4e2a\u6708\u81f3\u4e24\u5e74\u534a\u5f92\u5211\uff1b\u6bb4\u6253\u201c\u9ed1-\u7ea2-\u91d1\u8272\u56fd\u65d7\u56e2\u201d\uff08Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold\uff0c\u793e\u6c11\u515a\u519b\u4e8b\u7ffc\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff09\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u8df5\u8e0f\u5176\u5fbd\u7ae0\u7684\u7eb3\u7cb9\u515a\u6210\u5458\u4ec5\u88ab\u7f5a\u6b3e\u3002\u4e00\u5bb6\u62a5\u7eb8\u79f0\u5fb7\u56fd\u662f\u8bc8\u9a97\u72af\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u88ab\u7f5a\u6b3e100\u9a6c\u514b\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u653f\u6cbb\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u7537\u5b50\u79f0\u519b\u961f\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u662f\u5c60\u592b\uff0c\u79f0\u5174\u767b\u5821\u662f\u5c60\u592b\u5934\u5b50\uff0c\u88ab\u5224\u5165\u72f1\u516d\u4e2a\u6708\u3002<\/p>\n
3<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4e00\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\u653f\u5e9c\u8fdd\u53cd\u300a\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u88c1\u519b\u6761\u6b3e\uff0c\u79d8\u5bc6\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u65b0\u6b66\u88c5\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee4\u6570\u5c4a\u653f\u5e9c\u611f\u5230\u96be\u582a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d1\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u4e16\u4eba\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u64b0\u7a3f\u4eba\u65cb\u5373\u88ab\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5a92\u4f53\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u53db\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n
1932\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e3b\u7f16\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u548c\u64b0\u7a3f\u4eba\u74e6\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u514b\u8d56\u6cfd\uff08Walter Kreiser\uff09\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u72af\u6709\u53db\u56fd\u7f6a\uff08\u201cLandesverrat\u201d\uff09\u548c\u4ece\u4e8b\u95f4\u8c0d\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1b\u4e09\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u520a\u8f7d\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u822a\u7a7a\u754c\u7684\u6d6e\u5938\u98ce\u300b\uff08”Windiges aus der deutschen Luftfahrt”\uff09\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u62ab\u9732\u56fd\u9632\u519b\u6b63\u5728\u52a0\u5f3a\u7a7a\u519b\u519b\u5907\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u548c\u5e73\u6761\u7ea6\u6240\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u3002\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u88ab\u5224\u590418\u4e2a\u6708\u76d1\u7981\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u50cf\u514b\u8d56\u6cfd\u90a3\u6837\u79bb\u5f00\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u9009\u62e9\u5165\u72f1\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\u5b9a\u671f\u4f1a\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u8d66\uff0c\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u540e\u4ed6\u5373\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\uff08\u5927\u8d66\u901a\u5e38\u4ee4\u53f3\u7ffc\u66f4\u53d7\u76ca\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u4e5f\u635f\u5bb3\u4e86\u9b4f\u739b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u3002\uff09\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u4e8e1933\u5e742\u670828\u65e5\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5728\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3a\u603b\u7406\u51e0\u5468\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u7eb5\u706b\u6848\u521a\u53d1\u751f\u6ca1\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6709\u4e86\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u4f17\u591a\u5bf9\u624b\u95ed\u5634\u7684\u8d81\u624b\u501f\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u83b7\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u91cc\u60a3\u4e0a\u7ed3\u6838\u75c5\uff0c\u751f\u547d\u5782\u5371\uff0c\u5148\u662f\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u4e00\u5bb6\u76d1\u72f1\u533b\u9662\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u4e00\u5bb6\u79c1\u4eba\u8bca\u6240\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6388\u4e881936\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u548c\u5e73\u5956\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u83b7\u5956\u8005\u6bd4\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u5f97\u6b64\u8363\u8a89\u5b9e\u81f3\u540d\u5f52\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u4e00\u8d2f\u62a8\u51fb\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u81f4\u4f7f\u7684\u540e\u679c\u5df2\u5f7b\u5e95\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5965\u5e0c\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u64b0\u7a3f\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5de6\u7ffc\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u65e9\u5728\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u505a\u4e00\u4f4d\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u9700\u8981\u600e\u6837\u7684\u52c7\u6c14\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u8bb8\u591a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u4ee5\u60b2\u5267\u544a\u7ec8\u2014\u2014\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u7a46\u8428\u59c6\uff08Erich M\u00fchsam\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u6b7b\u5728\u72f1\u4e2d\u3002\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u6258\u52d2\u5c14\uff08Ernst Toller\uff09\u3001\u56fe\u970d\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u8328\u5a01\u683c\u81ea\u6740\u2f9d\u4ea1\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
1935\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u2ec4\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u5728ESTERWEGEN-PAPENBURG\u96c6\u4e2d\u8425\u3002<\/p>\n
4<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u8c03\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u9634\u90c1\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u7ffb\u5f00\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c\u6ee1\u773c\u90fd\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u66fe\u662f\u7f8e\u7684\u907f\u96be\u6240\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6210\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u7126\u8651\u60c5\u7eea\u7684\u805a\u96c6\u5730\uff0c\u201d\u4f46\u662f\u4f60\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u5f62\u5bb9\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u505a\u5de5\u7cbe\u7f8e\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u7897\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u6700\u7f8e\u597d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5728\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u665a\u971e\u4e2d\uff0c\u95ea\u8000\u7740\u8bf1\u4eba\u7684\u5149\u8292\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u672c\u6742\u5fd7\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u4f9d\u7136\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u5230\u9b4f\u739b\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u5957\u5f71\u5370\u672c\u5982\u6b64\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u5b83\u6240\u7ecf\u5e38\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u60f3\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u5bf9\u5305\u8c6a\u65af\u5b66\u6d3e\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\u7684\u62a5\u9053\uff1b\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u8d77\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5c31\u5815\u80ce\u6216\u540c\u6027\u604b\u8bae\u9898\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9769\uff1b\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5267\u9662\u548c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7ecf\u8425\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff1b\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u683c\u7f57\u5179\uff08George Grosz\uff09\u7684\u753b\u4f5c\u300a\u6234\u9632\u6bd2\u9762\u5177\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u300b\u88ab\u63a7\u6e0e\u795e\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u300a\u6234\u9632\u6bd2\u9762\u5177\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u300b<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u662f\u6742\u5fd7\u91cc\u4e5f\u6709\u8ba9\u4eba\u610f\u5916\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u8005\u90fd\u5bf9\u524d\u536b\u827a\u672f\u6301\u8d5e\u8bb8\u6001\u5ea6\u30021920\u5e74\uff0c\u5de6\u7ffc\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u56e2\u4f53\u201c\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u5b66\u793e\u201d\uff08the Novembergruppe\uff09\u5728\u67cf\u6797\u5c55\u51fa\u65f6\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u5207\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u731b\u70c8\u5730\u62a8\u51fb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\uff0c\u7528\u8bed\u50cf\u662f\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u6279\u5224\u7684\u5148\u58f0\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u6253\u4e2a\u55dd\uff0c\u653e\u4e2a\u5c41\uff0c\u88c5\u88f1\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u54c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6210\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u827a\u672f\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u7684\u5ea7\u4e0a\u5bbe\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff1f\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u5982\u6b64\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\u77ed\u7f3a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u653f\u5e9c\u5374\u5141\u8bb8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b8c\u5168\u5904\u4e8e\u5176\u63a7\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\u7528\u6765\u5b58\u653e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9a6c\u7caa\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u662f\u771f\u7684\u9a6c\u7caa\u8fd8\u6709\u519c\u4e1a\u4ef7\u503c\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80af\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u7528\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u5341\u4e2a\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u7d27\u6025\u4f4f\u6240\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u524d\u536b\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u52301931\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u5b66\u793e\u201d\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e24\u540d\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5965\u6258\u00b7\u8fea\u514b\u65af\uff08Otto Dix\uff09\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u5e08\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u95e8\u5fb7\u5c14\u677e\uff08Erich Mendelssohn\uff09\u88ab\u9009\u5165\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6210\u529f\u6ca1\u6709\u957f\u4e45\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u8bbd\u523a\u610f\u5473\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u524d\u536b\u827a\u672f\u53d6\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\u3010\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u9009\u5165\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u827a\u672f\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u5bc6\u65af\u00b7\u51e1\u5fb7\u7f57\uff08Mies van der Rohe\uff09\u3001\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u514b\u5c14\u5e0c\u7eb3\uff08Ernst Ludwig Kirchner\uff09\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279-\u7f57\u7279\u9c81\u592b\uff08Karl Schmidt-Rotluff\uff09\u548c\u5e03\u9c81\u8bfa\u00b7\u9676\u7279\uff08Bruno Taut\uff09\u3011\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u53cd\u52a8\u52bf\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ad9\u7a33\u811a\u8ddf\uff0c\u6ca1\u8fc7\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u524d\u536b\u827a\u672f\u4fbf\u906d\u5230\u5168\u9762\u8083\u6e05\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u5bf9\u5f85\u827a\u672f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u6001\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6e90\u81ea\u6742\u5fd7\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6de1\u5316\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\u5bf920\u5e74\u4ee3\u5fb7\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u2014\u2014\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5a01\u5229\u7279\uff08John Willett\uff09\u5728\u5176\u6700\u65b0\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u65b0\u5373\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff08The New Sobriety\uff09\u5bf9\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e86\u7cbe\u5f69\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u7fa4\u4f53\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\u8fd8\u662f\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u827a\u672f\u548c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6df1\u4fe1\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u5728\u4f5c\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u524d\u536b\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u30021932\u5e74\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u5de6\u7ffc\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u6df7\u4e71\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u6df7\u4e71\u5728\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u51e0\u4f4d\u5305\u8c6a\u65af\u5b66\u6d3e\u6210\u5458\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u6279\u8bc4\u4e2d\u53ef\u89c1\u4e00\u6591\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u5bc6\u65af\u00b7\u51e1\u5fb7\u7f57\u3001\u5eb7\u5b9a\u65af\u57fa\u548c\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u4e9a\u4f2f\u65af\uff08Josef Albers\uff09\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c48\u4ece\u4e8e\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5305\u8c6a\u65af\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5e94\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd9\u70b9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5728\u652f\u6301\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u4ece\u672a\u5bf9\u5267\u9662\u548c\u8868\u6f14\u827a\u672f\u5931\u53bb\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6ce2\u5c14\u52a0\uff08Alfred Polgar\uff09\u64b0\u6587\u8ba8\u8bba\u7ecf\u5178\u5fb7\u56fd\u620f\u5267\u6216\u8005\u8868\u73b0\u4e3b\u4e49\u5267\u4f5c\u5bb6\u683c\u5965\u5c14\u683c\u00b7\u51ef\u6cfd\uff08Georg Kaiser\uff09\u65f6\u597d\u65f6\u574f\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u6613\u535c\u751f\u3001\u8def\u4f0a\u5409\u00b7\u76ae\u5170\u5fb7\u5a04\uff08Luigi Pirandello\uff09\u548c\u8427\u4f2f\u7eb3\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u83b1\u8335\u6d77\u7279\uff08Max Reinhardt\uff09\u548c\u827e\u5c14\u6587\u2027\u76ae\u65af\u5361\u591a\uff08Erwin Piscator\uff09\u7684\u620f\u5267\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u6069\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u5218\u522b\u8c26\uff08Ernst Lubitsch\uff09\u548c\u5f17\u91cc\u8328\u00b7\u90ce\uff08Fritz Lang\uff09\u7684\u7535\u5f71\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u5ba1\u89c6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u82f1\u8bed\u620f\u5267\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5267\u4f5c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u6216\u7f8e\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u738b\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u300a\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u300b\uff08A Woman of No Importance\uff09\u4e0a\u6f14\u6b21\u6570\u975e\u5e38\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5f88\u88ab\u91cd\u89c6\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u6bd4\u73b0\u5728\u9ad8\uff1a\u8d39\u5362\u897f\u5965\u00b7\u5e03\u7d22\u5c3c\uff08Ferruccio Busoni\uff09\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f1920\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u66f2\u5bb6\uff1b\u963f\u56fe\u5c14\u00b7\u65bd\u7eb3\u8d1d\u5c14\uff08Artur Schnabel\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u66f2\u90a3\u65f6\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u94a2\u7434\u6f14\u594f\u4e00\u6837\u53d7\u5230\u91cd\u89c6\uff1b\u8bfb\u5b8c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u5bf9\u5f17\u6717\u5179\u00b7\u65bd\u96f7\u514b\u5c14\uff08Franz Schreker\uff09\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u6b4c\u5267\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u5e0c\u671b\u5176\u4ed6\u6b4c\u5267\u9662\u4e5f\u6548\u4eff\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u6b4c\u5267\u9662\uff0c\u5c06\u65bd\u96f7\u514b\u5c14\u7684\u300a\u88ab\u6c61\u540d\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u300b\uff08Die Gezeichneten\uff09\u6216\u8005\u300a\u8fdc\u65b9\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u300b\uff08Der ferne Klang\uff09\u91cd\u65b0\u642c\u4e0a\u821e\u53f0\u3002<\/p>\n
\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u4eec\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8bed\u8c03\u52a0\u8bf8\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e0a\uff0c\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u98ce\u683c\u56e0\u800c\u975e\u5e38\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u7ecf\u5e38\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7b14\u540d\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u671f\u520a\u7269\u91cc\u53d1\u8868\u51e0\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff1a\u5e93\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u56fe\u970d\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u7b14\u540d\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u201cPeter Panther\u201d\u548c\u201cThe obald Tiger\u201d\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u64b0\u5199\u63aa\u8f9e\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8fd8\u7528\u67cf\u6797\u65b9\u8a00\u5199\u8bbd\u523a\u8bd7\u548c\u6b4c\u66f2\uff0c\u8fde\u7eed\u51e0\u671f\u7684\u520a\u7269\u91cc\u6563\u843d\u7740\u4ed6\u5199\u7684\u6ed1\u7a3d\u4eff\u4f5c\u548c\u683c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e00\u65c1\u662f\u5982\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5361\u65af\u7279\u7eb3\uff08Erich K\u00e4stner\uff09\u7684\u4e25\u8083\u8bd7\u6b4c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u6885\u6797\uff08Walter Mehring\uff09\u7684\u591c\u603b\u4f1a\u6b4c\u66f2\u3002<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u6885\u6797<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u5c0f\u7fa4\u5173\u7cfb\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u4eba\u7ecf\u8425\u7740\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b83\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\u90a3\u4e48\u4e45\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1b\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u5b83\u505c\u520a\u7684\u6700\u540e\u51e0\u5468\uff0c\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa\u542c\u4ece\u529d\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bd9\u6389\u4e86\u8bba\u6218\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4f46\u76f4\u5230\u4ed61933\u5e742\u6708\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u4e00\u76f4\u6ca1\u6709\u505c\u8fc7\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u5728\u8d22\u52a1\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u520a\u767b\u8fc7\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5b83\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\u8ba9\u4eba\u60ca\u8bb6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u57281923\u5e74\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6709\u51e0\u671f\u6742\u5fd7\u91cc\u520a\u767b\u7684\u662f\u51cf\u80a5\u836f\u5e7f\u544a\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u62a5\u7eb8\u65e5\u6e10\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u83ab\u5fb7\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u57c3\u514b\u65af\u5766\u65af\uff08Modris Eksteins\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6781\u9650\u300b\uff08The Limit of Reason\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u65e5\u62a5\u7684\u804c\u5458\u6210\u4e86\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5206\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n
5<\/p>\n
\u5230\u4e861930\u5e74\uff0c\u79cd\u79cd\u8ff9\u8c61\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u4e00\u65e6\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7cdf\u7cd5\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\u9b4f\u739b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u4f5c\u8005\u6b64\u65f6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5904\u4e8e\u7edd\u671b\u65e0\u52a9\u4e4b\u4e2d\u30021929\u5e74\uff0c\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5e7f\u53d7\u5c0a\u656c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5e0c\u7279\u52d2\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u4ee5\u53ca\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6108\u52a0\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u5371\u9669\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bc4\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e48\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u8038\u8038\u80a9\u3001\u5f00\u4e2a\u73a9\u7b11\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6446\u8131\u6389\u7684\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u653f\u5e9c\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5feb\u5230\u5c3d\u5934\u3002\u5965\u897f\u57c3\u8328\u57fa1929\u5e74\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u81ea1924\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u80fd\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u74e6\u89e3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u201d\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u5176\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u5bf9\u9b4f\u739b\u5fb7\u56fd\u5236\u5b9a\u9488\u5bf9\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u53cb\u597d\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u4e0d\u751a\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u6709\u5b83\u4eec\u5b58\u5728\u603b\u662f\u597d\u7684\u2026\u2026\u7136\u800c\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5f03\u4e4b\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002\u201c\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u65bd\u7279\u96f7\u6cfd\u66fc\uff08Gustav Stresemann\uff09\u624d\u6b7b\u4e86\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e09\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u9057\u4ea7\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u6325\u970d\u6389\u4e86\u3002\u201d\uff08\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u65bd\u7279\u96f7\u6cfd\u66fc\uff0c1923\u5e74\u4efb\u5fb7\u56fd\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7406\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u540e\u4f7f\u5fb7\u56fd\u6062\u590d\u56fd\u9645\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u4ed6\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u548c\u89e3\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u4e3b\u5f20\u548c\u89e3\u548c\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u957f\u2f69\u91cc\u5b89\u4e8e1926\u5e74\u540c\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u548c\u5e73\u5956\u3002\u2014\u2014\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff09<\/p>\n
![](\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileManager\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1781684925163QcwXdx.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1\/7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3\/2026-06-17T08:28:46Z\/86400\/host\/af1ebcb72b1ba79bcff0db12d64dca4e607fc995cd400d5271feb001ee55747f\")
<\/p>\n
\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u65bd\u7279\u96f7\u6cfd\u66fc\uff08\u53f3\uff09<\/p>\n
\u4ece\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u7f16\u8f91\u548c\u4f5c\u8005\u5fc3\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u6325\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53bb\u7684\u7126\u8651\u548c\u60b2\u89c2\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u62ef\u6551\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u57281932\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7edd\u671b\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u5632\u7b11\u8d77\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5904\u7684\u56f0\u5883\uff1a\u201c\u6839\u636e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7d27\u6025\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u5b89\u6392\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4e0a\u53488:30\u7684\u4e71\u5c40\u5c06\u88ab\u63a8\u8fdf\u5230\u660e\u5929\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u65e0\u52a9\u611f\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5417\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u5982\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6208\u767b\u00b7\u514b\u96f7\u683c\uff08Gordon A. Craig\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u6240\u6697\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5bf9\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6279\u8bc4\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u7f3a\u4e4f\u79ef\u6781\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u57ae\u53f0\uff1f\u5728\u9b4f\u739b\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u56fe\u970d\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u66fe\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u975e\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u91cc\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f01\u56fe\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u53ea\u662f\u79bb\u5f00\u4e86\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u53d7\u8fc7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u540c\u60c5\u90fd\u5728\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u548c\u9003\u4ea1\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u90a3\u8fb9\u3002\u201d\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u57c3\u4f2f\u7279\uff08Friedrich Ebert\uff091925\u5e74\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7ee7\u4efb\u8005\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u8001\u82f1\u96c4\u5174\u767b\u5821\u5143\u5e05\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u4e86\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ea\u8bb0\u5f971914\u5e74\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5766\u80fd\u5821\u5305\u56f4\u6218\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u5199\u9053\uff0c\u5174\u767b\u5821\u7684\u5f53\u9009\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u4e00\u5343\u4e07\u4eba\u6789\u6b7b\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u57287\u5e74\u4e2d\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u7406\u6027\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\u6240\u505a\u7684\u8270\u82e6\u594b\u6597\u53ea\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
6<\/p>\n
\u65e9\u57281919\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u56fe\u970d\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u5c31\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u540c\u4ec1\u6b63\u906d\u5230\u6307\u8d23\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u8bf4\u2018\u4e0d\u2019\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u4e0d\u591f\u79ef\u6781\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u60b2\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u7edd\u671b\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u771f\u8bda\u548c\u6b63\u76f4\u7cbe\u795e\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u53d1\u51fa\u79ef\u6781\u58f0\u97f3\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u60f3\u8981\u53bb\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b83\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u51fa\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u2fb8\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u656c\u4f69\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\uff1a\u6709\u7740\u4e00\u8d2f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u907f\u514d\u5377\u5165\u65e5\u5e38\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u59a5\u534f\u548c\u534a\u771f\u534a\u5047\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e3a\u6b64\u4ed8\u51fa\u751f\u547d\u4ee3\u4ef7\u7684\u5de6\u7ffc\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u662f\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u2fb8\u4efb\u5171\u548c\u5236\u603b\u7406\u5e93\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u827e\u65af\u7eb3\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u5170\u9053\u5c14\uff08Gustav Landauer\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b7b\u96be\u8005\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\u7f57\u838e\u00b7\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u548c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u674e\u535c\u514b\u5185\u897f\u2014\u2014\u7684\u611f\u60c5\u8981\u6de1\u8584\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u5355\u7eaf\uff0c\u8fd9\u70b9\u5f88\u662f\u5947\u7279\u3002\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u680f\u76ee\u65f6\u5e38\u4f1a\u8d5e\u7f8e\u4f11\u00b7\u6d1b\u592b\u5ef7\uff08Hugh Lofting\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u2f09\u7ae5\u8bfb\u7269\u300a\u602a\u533b\u675c\u7acb\u5fb7\u300b\u4e2d\u4f20\u8fbe\u7684\u5bd3\u610f\uff08\u4e3b\u4eba\u516c\u675c\u7acb\u5fb7\u533b\u751f\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u52a8\u7269\u90fd\u62b1\u6709\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5584\u610f\u548c\u5bbd\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u70ed\u60c5\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u8fd9\u4efd\u6742\u5fd7\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
![](\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileManager\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1781684961231oQ7Wzj.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1\/7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3\/2026-06-17T08:29:22Z\/86400\/host\/32be92501574eb68d2727a949543754fcf171d8756db81175e88ddb175668b69\")
<\/p>\n
\u5e93\u5c14\u7279\u00b7\u827e\u65af\u7eb3<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
\u9a6c\u514b\u897f\u7c73\u5229\u5b89\u00b7\u54c8\u767b<\/p>\n
\u65e0\u6cd5\u6539\u53d8\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fde\u6709\u524d\u666f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u76df\u53cb\u4e5f\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u9677\u5165\u8fd9\u79cd\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u897f\u7c73\u5229\u5b89\u00b7\u54c8\u767b\uff08Maximilian Harden\uff09\u7684\u300a\u672a\u6765\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\uff08Die Zukunft\uff09\u5728\u4e00\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5904\u5883\u4e0e1932\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e24\u4efd\u520a\u7269\u7684\u57fa\u8c03\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u54c8\u767b\u559c\u6b22\u5c16\u523b\u3001\u54d7\u4f17\u53d6\u5ba0\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u800c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u821e\u53f0\u300b\u7684\u7f16\u8f91\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7231\u597d\uff0c\u540c\u60c5\u5fc3\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u7f13\u548c\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6124\u6012\u3002<\/p>\n
1927\u5e74\u54c8\u767b\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u56fe\u970d\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u7528\u8bed\u6781\u4e3a\u542b\u6df7\u7684\u8ba3\u544a\u3002\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u5e94\u5f53\u5411\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4f1f\u5927\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u575f\u5893\u656c\u732e\u82b1\u5708\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u54ea\u79cd\u82b1\u5462\uff1f\u201d\u4ed6\u8d5e\u7f8e\u4e86\u54c8\u767b\u7684\u52c7\u6c14\u2014\u2014\u54c8\u767b\u56e0\u6279\u8bc4\u5fb7\u7687\u5a01\u5ec9\u4e8c\u4e16\u88ab\u5224\u5165\u72f1\uff0c\u6218\u540e\u906d\u5230\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6697\u6740\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u94a6\u4f69\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8fd9\u6837\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u5f62\u5bb9\u4f5c\u5bb6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u54c8\u767b\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u86c7\u3002\u7f8e\u4e3d\uff0c\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u6bd2\u8fa3\uff0c\u90aa\u6076\uff0c\u6355\u6349\u730e\u7269\u65f6\u6fc0\u60c5\u4e07\u4e08\uff0c\u6c38\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n
7<\/p>\n
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