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\u82f1\u96c4\u9886\u8896\u65af\u5927\u6797<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4ee5\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e5f\u8131\u80ce\u4e8e\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u201d\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u201d\u662f\u6b63\u7edf\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u514b\u9c81\u897f\u65af\uff08Gustav Klutsis\uff09\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\u300a\u9ad8\u4e3e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u6069\u683c\u65af\u3001\u5217\u5b81\u3001\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4f1f\u5927\u65d7\u5e1c\u300b\uff081933\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u5b66\u8bf4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7a81\u7136\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff08\u201c\u8d70\u5411\u5168\u7403\u5341\u6708\u201d\uff09\u3002\u6d77\u62a5\u8fd8\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u82cf\u8054\u4eba\u6c11\u8fc4\u4eca\u540c\u5fb7\u6cd5\u4eba\u6c11\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u9769\u547d\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u73b0\u5982\u4eca\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u5411\u5efa\u8bbe\u73b0\u573a\u8fdb\u519b\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u516d\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u201d\u7684\u9886\u571f\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u521b\u9020\u7740\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d77\u62a5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u8005\u514b\u9c81\u897f\u65af\u4f20\u8fbe\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4f1f\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4ed6\u65e9\u671f\u4e24\u5e45\u6d77\u62a5\u300a\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u300b\uff081930\uff09\u548c\u300a\u8d70\u5411\u5168\u56fd\u5341\u6708\u300b\uff081930\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\u53d8\u5316\u660e\u663e\u3002\u4e24\u5e45\u6d77\u62a5\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5217\u5b81\u548c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u201c\u5e08\u5f92\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u300a\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u8eab\u540e\uff0c\u906e\u4f4f\u4e86\u53f3\u8138\uff0c\u50cf\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u548c\u5b66\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u300b\uff081930\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u4e45\u540e\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u6210\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u8896\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u9c8d\u91cc\u65af\u00b7\u57c3\u83f2\u83ab\u592b\uff08Boris Efimov\uff09\u7684\u300a\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8235\u624b\u5e26\u9886\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u80dc\u5229\u8d70\u5411\u80dc\u5229\u300b\uff081933\uff09\u548c\u5e15\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u7d22\u79d1\u6d1b\u592b-\u65af\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\uff08Pavel Sokolov-Skalia\uff09\u7684\u300a\u706b\u8f66\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8f66\u7ad9\u5f00\u5f80\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8f66\u7ad9\u300b\uff081939\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u201c\u9053\u8def\u201d\u88ab\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u524d\u8fdb\u6216\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u7d22\u79d1\u6d1b\u592b-\u65af\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\u4e0a\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u4e0a\u5347\u7684\u7ebf\u3002\u4e00\u6761\u662f\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u4ece\u300a\u706b\u661f\u62a5\u300b\uff081900\u5e74\uff09\u7ecf\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\uff081912\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u201c\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u201d\u5f00\u5f80\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f00\u5f80\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u94c1\u8def\u7ebf\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u7ad9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u9053\u8def\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u9053\u8def\u524d\u8fdb\u800c\u66f2\u6298\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u82f1\u52c7\u7684\u594b\u6597\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u65ad\u514b\u670d\u6311\u6218\u548c\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5317\u6781\u63a2\u9669\u82f1\u96c4\u4f0a\u4e07\u00b7\u6f58\u5e15\u5b81\uff08Ivan Papanin\uff09\u540e\u6765\u628a\u82cf\u8054\u6bd4\u4f5c\u4e00\u8258\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7834\u51b0\u8239\uff0c\u800c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5219\u662f\u5b83\u575a\u56fa\u7684\u3001\u94a2\u94c1\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u8239\u957f\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7262\u7262\u63e1\u4f4f\u5199\u6709\u201c\u82cf\u8054\u201d\u5b57\u6837\u7684\u8235\uff0c\u51dd\u671b\u7740\u8fdc\u65b9\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u4eba\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u60f3\u201c\u63e1\u4e00\u63e1\u60a8\u90a3\u6b63\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u7956\u56fd\u638c\u8235\u7684\u6709\u529b\u7684\u624b\u201d\u3002\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7d27\u63e1\u7684\u62f3\u5934\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u3002\u8239\u957f\u7684\u76ee\u5149\u663e\u793a\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u8fdc\u89c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5343\u91cc\u773c\u201d\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u98d8\u626c\u7684\u7ea2\u65d7\u3001\u9524\u5b50\u548c\u9570\u5200\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u7740\u8239\u6b63\u5728\u5411\u524d\u884c\u9a76\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u683c\u62c9\u897f\u83ab\u592b\uff08Aleksandr Gerasimov\uff09\u7684\u6cb9\u753b\u300a\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bab\u7684\u65af\u5927\u6797\u548c\u6c83\u7f57\u5e0c\u6d1b\u592b\u300b\uff081938\uff09\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u548c\u519b\u961f\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u6563\u5e03\u5728\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bab\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f5c\u54c1\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bab\u5854\u9876\u90e8\u7684\u7ea2\u5b9d\u77f3\u661f\u4e5f\u6709\u6b64\u8c61\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bab\u7684\u65af\u5927\u6797\u548c\u6c83\u7f57\u5e0c\u6d1b\u592b\u300b\uff081938\uff09<\/p>\n

\u683c\u62c9\u897f\u83ab\u592b\u753b\u4f5c\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u6697\u793a\u7740\u66b4\u98ce\u96e8\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u84dd\u5929\u6b63\u5728\u51b2\u7834\u4e91\u5c42\u3002\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u5373\u8083\u53cd\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u2014\u2014\u66b4\u98ce\u96e8\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u671d\u7740\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u662f\u4e00\u5e06\u98ce\u987a\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fae\u98ce\u6b63\u5728\u62cd\u6253\u7740\u8863\u895f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65af\u5927\u6797\u575a\u5b9a\u4e0d\u79fb\u7684\u524d\u884c\u76ee\u5149\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7a7f\u900f\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a7f\u900f\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a\u5b83\u9884\u89c1\u5230\u4e86\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u201c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5c31\u662f\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u524d\u8fdb\u662f30\u5e74\u4ee3\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u671f\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u96d5\u5851\u548c\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8981\u4e86\u89e330\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u4eb2\u81ea\u201c\u6d88\u8d39\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b98\u65b9\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u56fe\u50cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e10\u8fdb\u800c\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5438\u6536\u65b0\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u9020\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5168\u5fc3\u5168\u610f\u5730\u5185\u5316\u4e3a\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u662f\u7d22\u5c14\u4ec1\u5c3c\u7434\uff08Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn\uff09\u57281991\u5e74\u63a5\u53d7\u91c7\u8bbf\u65f6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4ee3\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4fd8\u864f\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u771f\u8bda\u5730\u5206\u4eab\u7740\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u6ce2\u5fb7\u5362\u5e03\u5c3c\uff08Stepan Podlubnyi\uff09\u65e5\u8bb0\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6ce2\u5fb7\u5362\u5e03\u5c3c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u9886\u8896\u7684\u975e\u4eba\u9053\u548c\u6b8b\u5fcd\u5145\u6ee1\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u9752\u5e74\u519c\u6c11\u79fb\u6c11\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7d22\u5c14\u4ec1\u5c3c\u7434\u7684\u540c\u8f88\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u63a7\u8bc9\u8fc7\u6574\u4e2a\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8ba1\u5212\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u65af\u6377\u6f58\u00b7\u6ce2\u5fb7\u5362\u5e03\u5c3c\u56e0\u5176\u65e5\u8bb0\uff081931-1939\uff09\u95fb\u540d\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u65af\u5927\u6797\u65f6\u4ee3\u82cf\u8054\u4eba\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u8005\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6446\u8131\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ece\u4e4c\u514b\u5170\u6751\u5e84\u9003\u5f80\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u786e\u9053\u8def\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u9886\u8896\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u6216\u6b63\u76f4\u9053\u8def\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u72b9\u8c6b\u548c\u504f\u79bb\u3002\u4f20\u8fbe\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u98de\u9a70\u7684\u706b\u8f66\u6216\u6709\u8f68\u7535\u8f66\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u80fd\u8131\u8f68\u30021930\u5e746\u670826\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u5171\u9752\u56e2\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u53d1\u4e86\u63d2\u753b\u300a\u5728\u603b\u8def\u7ebf\u4e0a\u300b\uff081930\uff09\uff0c\u5e86\u795d\u515a\u7684\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u5f00\u5e55\u3002\u753b\u4e0a\u5370\u7740\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\uff1a\u201c\u8ffd\u8d76\u5e76\u8d85\u8d8a\u3002\u201d\u7535\u8f66\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u8868\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u7535\u8f66\u6b63\u4e00\u5f80\u65e0\u524d\u5730\u884c\u9a76\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u201c\u964d\u901f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5728\u603b\u8def\u7ebf\u4e0a\u300b\uff081930\uff09<\/p>\n

\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u4e5f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u51b2\u523a\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u6765\u4f20\u8fbe\uff0c\u5982\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u8fea\u5185\u5361\uff08Aleksandr Deineka\uff09\u7684\u753b\u300a\u6bd4\u8d5b\u300b\uff081933\uff09\u548c\u7ef4\u514b\u6258\u00b7\u6208\u6c83\u5c14\u79d1\u592b\uff08Victor Govorkov\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u82cf\u8054\u5168\u56fd\u5de5\u4f1a\u4f53\u80b2\u8282\u300b\u6d77\u62a5\uff081935\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u300a\u6bd4\u8d5b\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ed1\u8272\u8dd1\u9053\u4e0e\u767d\u8272\u7ebf\u6761\u4eff\u4f5b\u94c1\u9053\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5411\u524d\u5954\u8dd1\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u4e3d\u7684\u5973\u5b50\u7ad9\u5728\u8dd1\u9053\u8fb9\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u5728\u6b23\u8d4f\u9009\u624b\u4eec\u5065\u58ee\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u548c\u6d3b\u529b\u3002\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u91ca\u653e\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5f15\u8d77\u4e00\u9635\u5fae\u98ce\uff0c\u4f7f\u5979\u7684\u88d9\u5b50\u5fae\u5fae\u98d8\u52a8\uff0c\u5524\u8d77\u4e86\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u7f8e\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u6bd4\u8d5b\u300b\uff081933\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5728\u300a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c4a\u82cf\u8054\u5168\u56fd\u5de5\u4f1a\u4f53\u80b2\u8282\u300b\u6d77\u62a5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u80dc\u5229\u51b2\u8fc7\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002\u5979\u7684\u767d\u8272\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0a\u8863\u5199\u7740\u9192\u76ee\u7684\u6807\u9898\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u7eaa\u5f55\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u53e3\u53f7\u201c\u8ffd\u8d76\u5e76\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u597d\u6ce8\u811a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5973\u4eba\u662f\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5973\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u5979\u4ef0\u671b\u7740\u672a\u6765\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u8df3\u4f1e\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u8c61\u5f81\u79d1\u6280\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\uff0c\u662f\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u4e50\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u201c\u6240\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u7eaa\u5f55\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u201d\uff081935\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5f88\u96be\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u901f\u5ea6\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u56fe\u50cf\u5982\u4f55\u5185\u5316\u8fdb\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u5934\u8111\u91cc\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u597d\u6218\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u4eba\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8be5\u53bb\u54ea\u91cc\u6218\u6597\uff1f\u6211\u90fd\u81ea\u5df1\u8bf4\uff0c\u2018\u5728\u524d\u7ebf\uff01\u2019\u5728\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u524d\u7ebf\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u82cf\u8054\uff0c\u654c\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u514b\u670d\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u7684\u505c\u6ede\u548c\u843d\u540e\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u83b1\u838e\u00b7\u5965\u6d1b\u534e\uff08Raisa Orlova\uff09\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u5973\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5979\u5728\u540e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u65f6\u671f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f02\u89c1\u4eba\u58eb\u79fb\u6c11\u4e86\u3002\u5979\u56de\u5fc6\u8d77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ae5\u5e74\u65f6\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba……\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u540c\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u3001\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u3001\u8349\u7387\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u83b1\u838e\u00b7\u5965\u6d1b\u534e\uff08Raisa Orlova\uff0c1918-1989\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u8d5e\u7f8e\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u4ec5\u572830\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u5f62\u8c61\u4e2d\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u98ce\u6c14\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u901f\u5ea6\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u4e0e\u201c\u6b63\u786e\u9053\u8def\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8ffd\u8d76\u5e76\u8d85\u8d8a\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u88ab\u5927\u529b\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u88ab\u6d88\u8d39\u548c\u5185\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u201c\u9ad8\u96c5\u201d\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u8428\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u963f\u5fb7\u5229\u4e07\u91d1\uff08Samuil Adlivankin\uff09\u7684\u4e24\u5e45\u4f5c\u54c1\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4e00\u5e45\u4e3a\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u4e4b\u4e00\u300b\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5e45\u4e3a\u300a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u4e4b\u4e00\u300b\uff081930\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u4e4b\u4e00\u300b\uff081930\uff09<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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30\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u201c\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u7ed9\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u52a0\u5195\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u7164\u77ff\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u673a\u8f66\u53f8\u673a\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u548c\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u573a\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u5973\u552e\u8d27\u5458\u3001\u94f6\u884c\u804c\u5458\u3001\u6559\u5e08\u7a81\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u8bd1\u6ce8\uff1a\u963f\u5217\u514b\u8c22\u00b7\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\uff081906-1977\uff09\u4e0e\u77ff\u5de5\u4ea4\u8c08\u3002\u201c\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u65e9\u671f\u4ee5\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u547d\u540d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ade\u8d5b\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u57281935\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u4f53\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u4eba\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

\u963f\u5217\u514b\u8c22\u00b7\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\uff08Aleksei Stakhanov\uff09\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6539\u53d8\uff1a
\n\u4e0d\u540c\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u7ed9\u6211\u6765\u4fe1\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u4eec\u8be2\u95ee\u6211\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u662f\u8c01\u5f88\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u786e\u5207\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u5c31\u5728\u4fe1\u5c01\u4e0a\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5199\u4e0a\u201c\u81f4\u987f\u5df4\u65af\u7684\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u201d\u3002\u90ae\u5c40\u5df2\u7ecf\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6211\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u987f\u5df4\u65af\u77ff\u533a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u201c\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u8fd0\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u201dG.N.\u7f57\u8fea\u5965\u8bfa\u5a03\uff08G. N. Rodionova\uff09\u4e5f\u9a84\u50b2\u5730\u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u8bf4\uff1a
\n\u6211\u5728\u77ff\u4e0a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u8c01\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6211\uff1f\u8c01\u89c1\u8fc7\u6211\uff1f\u4f46\u73b0\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6211\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u987f\u5df4\u65af\uff0c\u987f\u5df4\u65af\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6211\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u8c01\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u540d\u4eba\u540d\u5bb6\uff1f\u300b\uff081938\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u6210\u529f\u7684\u201c\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u8fd0\u52a8\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u201d\u5f53\u9009\u6700\u9ad8\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\uff08the Supreme Soviet\uff09\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u58f0\u8a89\u3002\u6d77\u62a5\u300a\u8c01\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u540d\u4eba\u540d\u5bb6\uff1f\u300b\uff081938\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d77\u62a5\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u516d\u4f4d\u5f53\u9009\u6700\u9ad8\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7279\u5199\u8096\u50cf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e09\u4f4d\u662f\u65af\u8fbe\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u3001\u4f0a\u4e07\u00b7\u53e4\u591a\u592b\uff08Ivan Gudov\uff0c\u673a\u68b0\u94e3\u524a\u6280\u672f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4f20\u5947\u4eba\u7269\uff09\u3001\u74e6\u5217\u4f0a\u00b7\u5947\u5361\u6d1b\u592b\uff08Valreii Chkalov\uff0c\u822a\u7a7a\u82f1\u96c4\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e09\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u53f6\u592b\u591a\u57fa\u5a05\u00b7\u7ef4\u8bfa\u683c\u62c9\u591a\u5a03\uff08\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u7eba\u7ec7\u5de5\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u7537\u5973\u5404\u9009\u4e09\u540d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u73b0\u5973\u6027\u5728\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5199\u6709\u5168\u540d\u548c\u6b63\u5f0f\u5934\u8854\u7684\u660e\u4eae\u9762\u5b54\u7684\u8096\u50cf\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bfb\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u8fd8\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u519c\u4e1a\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u827a\u672f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u52b3\u52a8\u82f1\u96c4\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u6d77\u62a5\u4e0b\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u753b\u7684\u662f\u516d\u4e2a\u5c0f\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u9769\u547d\u524d\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u201c\u540d\u6d41\u201d\u2014\u2014\u519b\u5b98\u3001\u94f6\u884c\u5bb6\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u3001\u5730\u4e3b\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u5199\u7740\u201c\u90a3\u4e9b\u66fe\u7ecf\u7684\u540d\u4eba\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d77\u62a5\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u540d\u8a00\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u662f\u8d22\u4ea7\u3001\u56fd\u7c4d\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u65af\u5927\u6797\u672c\u4eba\u8bf4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u6208\u5c14\u5fb7\u6069\uff08James von Geldern\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff1a
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<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u7eaf\u7cb9\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5bf9\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u672a\u6765\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u201c\u5929\u5802\u201d\u7684\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed8\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u5929\u7a7a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u84dd\u5929\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u800c\u975e\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u6784\u60f3\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0e\u4eba\u95f4\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5f62\u6210\u67d0\u79cd\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u5730\u9762\u4e0e\u5929\u7a7a\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5f80\u8fd4\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u585e\u62c9\u83f2\u739b\u00b7\u91cc\u5b89\u5409\u5a1c\uff08Serafima Ryangina\uff09\u7684\u300a\u66f4\u9ad8\u300b\uff081934\uff09\u548c\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u5fb7\u91cc\u6587\uff08Aleksandr Drevin\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5e73\u7a33\u964d\u843d\u300b\uff081932\uff09\u7b49\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5e73\u7a33\u964d\u843d\u300b\uff081932\uff09<\/p>\n

\u8df3\u4f1e\u662f\u4e1a\u4f59\u4f53\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u6700\u6709\u7fa4\u4f17\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\u3002\u8df3\u4f1e\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u98de\u884c\u79c0\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u51c6\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u201c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4f11\u606f\u516c\u56ed\u201d\uff08PKiO\uff09\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u5a31\u4e50\u6027\u8df3\u4f1e\u5854\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u62a5\u7eb8\u548c\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u6210\u90fd\u4e00\u73af\u8def\u4e09\u6bb5\u4fa7\u7684\u8df3\u4f1e\u5854\uff0820\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\uff09<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u91cd\u5e86\u7684\u201c\u966a\u90fd\u8df3\u4f1e\u5854\u201d\uff0c\u6e1d\u4e2d\u533a\u5927\u7530\u6e7e\u4f53\u80b2\u573a\u5185\uff0c\u5efa\u4e8e1942\u5e74<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u82cf\u8054\u8df3\u4f1e\u5854<\/p>\n

\u5973\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5987\u5973\u89e3\u653e\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u753b\u4f5c\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6709\u5c24\u91cc\u00b7\u76ae\u95e8\u8bfa\u592b\uff08Iurii Pimenov\uff09\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u300b\uff081937\uff09\u548c\u683c\u91cc\u9ad8\u5229\u00b7\u8c22\u683c\u5c14\uff08Grigorii Shegal\uff09\u7684\u300a\u65b0\u540c\u5fd7\u300b\uff081934\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u65b0\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u300b\uff081937\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5728\u300a\u65b0\u540c\u5fd7\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u91d1\u53d1\u5171\u9752\u56e2\u5973\u5b69\u51c6\u5907\u4e0b\u4e95\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5c11\u6570\u6c11\u65cf\u77ff\u5de5\u3002\u5979\u662f\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u56fd\u5bb6\u843d\u540e\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5148\u9a71\uff0c\u63d0\u9192\u82cf\u8054\u5973\u6027\u6ce8\u610f\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u5e74\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6d77\u62a5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u8d85\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u516c\u6c11\u5f62\u8c61\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u6027\u522b\u3002\u5973\u6027\u4e0e\u7537\u6027\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u96c4\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u201c\u65b0\u5973\u6027\u201d\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u64cd\u4f5c\u9ad8\u901f\u6d41\u6c34\u7ebf\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5f17\u62c9\u63d0\u5a1c\u00b7\u5e93\u62c9\u5409\u5a1c\uff08Valentina Kulagina\uff09\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u5987\u5973\u8282\u300b\uff081930\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u5f62\u8c61\u5728\u5de5\u5382\u64cd\u4f5c\u7740\u7eba\u7ec7\u673a\uff0c\u800c\u5973\u5de5\u5728\u524d\u666f\u5e86\u795d\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8282\u65e5\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u5979\u4eec\u5bf9\u5e03\u5c14\u4ec0\u7ef4\u514b\u5987\u5973\u89e3\u653e\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u5987\u5973\u8282\u300b\uff081930\uff09<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5de8\u5927\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7684\u5973\u6027\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6d77\u62a5\u300a\u519c\u5987\u4eec\uff0c\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u573a\u53bb\uff01\u300b\uff081930\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u753b\u4e2d\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u4eec\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u77ee\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u519c\u5987\u4eec\uff0c\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u519c\u573a\u53bb\uff01\u300b\uff081930\uff09<\/p>\n

\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u5eb7\u65af\u5766\u4e01\u00b7\u6d1b\u6258\u592b\uff08Konstantin Rotov\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u5e45\u5e86\u795d\u56fd\u9645\u5987\u5973\u8282\u7684\u6d77\u62a5\u300a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u300b\uff081930\uff09\u4e0a\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u578b\u8868\u660e\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6027\u522b\u969c\u788d\u90fd\u5c06\u88ab\u7c89\u788e\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u519c\u5987\u7684\u610f\u613f\u548c\u6bc5\u529b\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u90fd\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

\u62d6\u62c9\u673a\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u7ed9\u5987\u5973\u5e26\u6765\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u5728\u6d77\u62a5\u4e2d\uff0c\u519c\u5987\u643a\u5e26\u7684\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u5979\u613f\u610f\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6446\u8131\u4f20\u7edf\u519c\u6751\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6027\u548c\u843d\u540e\u6027\uff08\u56fe\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u8d64\u811a\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u53d1\u8fbe\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4ecd\u5728\u6566\u4fc3\u519c\u6c11\u5987\u5973\u7ad9\u51fa\u6765\u4e89\u53d6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e08\u592b\u548c\u7236\u4eb2\u7b49\u538b\u8feb\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u753b\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u662f\u65b0\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5973\u6027\u5f62\u8c61\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7537\u6027\u7684\u201c\u5f3a\u58ee\u611f\u201d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7N\u00b7\u8428\u83ab\u54c8\u74e6\u6d1b\u592b\uff08Aleksandr N. Samokhavalov\uff09\u7684\u300a\u7a7f\u8db3\u7403\u8863\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u300b\uff081932\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u8868\u73b0\u5730\u94c1\u5efa\u8bbe\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u62ff\u51b2\u51fb\u94bb\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u300b\uff081933\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ed3\u5b9e\u3001\u65fa\u76db\u3001\u4e30\u6ee1\u7684\u5973\u6027\u7c7b\u578b\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u7a7f\u8db3\u7403\u8863\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u300b\uff081932\uff09<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u62ff\u51b2\u51fb\u94bb\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u300b\uff081933\uff09<\/p>\n

\u82cf\u8054\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u4ec0\u5207\u79d1\u6258\u592b\uff08Shchekotov\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u63cf\u7ed8\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cbe\u529b\u5145\u6c9b\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5973\u6027\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u5728\u5979\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u7684\u751f\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5c1a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8fea\u5185\u5361\u7684\u300a\u6d17\u6fa1\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u300b\uff081933\uff09\u548c\u300a\u6bcd\u4eb2\u300b\uff081932\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u771f\u7406\u62a5\u300b\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5bb6\u5ead\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u8bc1\u660e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5bf9\u6bcd\u4eb2\u548c\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u5173\u5fc3\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5065\u5eb7\u800c\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u8005\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bb6\u5ead\uff01\u201d<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u521b\u4f5c\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u6709\u65f6\u5f3a\u8c03\u5973\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6a21\u8303\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u9644\u5e26\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u00b7\u820d\u752b\u7434\u79d1\uff08Aleksandr Shevchenko\uff09\u7684\u753b\u4f5c\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u300b\uff081936\uff09\u8868\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u4f1a\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u5230\u8bbf\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u6e38\u5ba2\u90fd\u4f1a\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u9605\u8bfb\u548c\u5bf9\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u4ece\u7ecf\u7406\u5230\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e3b\u5987\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u91cd\u590d\u7740\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u8981\u8bfb\u4e66\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u5b89\u5a1c\u00b7\u675c\u6ce2\u5a03\uff08Anna Dubova\uff09\u56de\u5fc6\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u6b32\u671b\u201d\u3002\u5979\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u56e0\u96c6\u4f53\u5316\u800c\u80cc\u4e95\u79bb\u4e61\u7684\u519c\u5987\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u5374\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u54ea\u91cc\u5e76\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u60f3\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u201d\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5fd7\u5411\u6216\u77e5\u8bc6\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u662f\u8fc7\u4e0a\u4f53\u9762\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u95e8\u7968\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u5e74\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u9f13\u52b1\u9752\u5e74\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u63a5\u53d7\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u5e76\u4ece\u4e8b\u7cbe\u82f1\u804c\u4e1a\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u9020\u6210\u5927\u6279\u5411\u4e0a\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3001\u7ecf\u7406\u548c\u82cf\u5171\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u500d\u611f\u81ea\u8c6a\uff0c\u5e76\u611f\u8c22\u65af\u5927\u6797\u548c\u9769\u547d\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u5973\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4e08\u592b\u5c31\u8d23\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u74e6\u897f\u91cc\u00b7\u57c3\u6cd5\u8bfa\u592b\u7684\u300a\u96be\u5fd8\u7684\u4f1a\u9762\u300b\uff081937\uff09\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u300a\u96be\u5fd8\u7684\u4f1a\u9762\u300b\uff081937\uff09<\/p>\n

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