{"id":75616,"date":"2026-09-05T19:18:46","date_gmt":"2026-09-05T11:18:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=75616"},"modified":"2026-09-05T19:19:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-05T11:19:14","slug":"%e8%a5%bf%e5%ae%89%e4%ba%8b%e5%8f%98%e4%b8%8e%e4%b8%a2%e5%a4%b1%e5%a4%a7%e9%99%86%ef%bc%9a%e5%a4%b1%e8%b4%a5%e8%80%85%e6%80%8e%e6%a0%b7%e4%b9%a6%e5%86%99%e5%8e%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=75616","title":{"rendered":"\u201c\u897f\u5b89\u4e8b\u53d8\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4e22\u5931\u5927\u9646\u201d\uff1a\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u600e\u6837\u4e66\u5199\u5386\u53f2\u2014\u2014\u517c\u8c08\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u6587\u5ba3\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u66f2\u91ca\u201d\u64cd\u4f5c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6765\u6e90:\u6587\u53f2\u54f2<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u4eba\u7686\u77e5\uff0c \u897f\u5b89\u4e8b\u53d8\u540e\uff0c \u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4ee4\u5176\u6587\u80c6\u9648\u5e03\u96f7\u4e3a\u4ed6\u64b0\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u300a\u897f\u5b89\u534a\u6708\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c \u53c8\u540d\u300a\u897f\u5b89\u8499\u96be\u8bb0\u300b\u3002\u8fd9\u90e8\u4e66 (\u4ee5\u4e0b\u79f0\u300a\u534a\u6708\u8bb0\u300b) \u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c \u848b\u6c0f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u201c\u5f15\u8a00\u201d\u4e2d\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c \u4e43\u662f\u201c\u7230\u68c0\u53d6\u5f53\u65f6\u65e5\u8bb0\uff0c \u5c31\u4e00\u8eab\u7ecf\u5386\u4e4b\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0e\u88ab\u96be\u4e2d\u4e4b\u611f\u60f3\uff0c \u7565\u6258\u5176\u6982\u4ee5\u4ee3\u53e3\u8ff0\u201d (1) \u3002\u800c\u6349\u5200\u4eba\u9648\u5e03\u96f7\u4e5f\u5c1d\u5728\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c \u300a\u534a\u6708\u8bb0\u300b\u4e43\u662f\u4ed6\u4e8e1937\u5e74\u9634\u5386\u5143\u65e6\uff0c \u5728\u676d\u5dde\u201c\u8f9f\u5ba4\u65b0\u65b0\u65c5\u9986\u201d\uff0c \u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u5176\u59b9\u592b\u517c\u79d8\u4e66\u7fc1\u7956\u671b (2) \u524d\u6765\u201c\u52a9\u4f59\u7f2e\u5199\u201d\u65b9\u544a\u5b8c\u6210 (3) \uff0c \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5199\u4f5c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9648\u5e03\u96f7\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u65e0\u6bd4\u75db\u82e6\u7684 (4) \u3002\u9648\u5e03\u96f7\u4e3a\u848b\u6c0f\u6253\u9020\u7684\u300a\u534a\u6708\u8bb0\u300b\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u4fe1\u53f2\uff0c \u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u5b83\u662f\u65e0\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53f2\u6599\uff0c \u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u6298\u5c04\u51fa\u848b\u672c\u4eba\u5bf9\u897f\u5b89\u4e8b\u53d8\u6f14\u8fdb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u53ca\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u6587\u5ba3\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u91cd\u6784\u91cd\u53d9\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileManager\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/17886068584913RqocJ.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1\/7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3\/2026-09-05T11:14:17Z\/86400\/host\/bd39e826be3fa7c861ec3fe8896697b96be06e8b7f465d3d84bf679b538f192a\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u662f\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u4e66\u5199\u7684 (History is written by the victors) \u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c \u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51fa\u8bf8\u82f1\u56fd\u201c\u4e8c\u6218\u201d\u9996\u76f8\u6e29\u65af\u987f\u00b7\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u4e4b\u53e3\uff0c \u4e13\u95e8\u6536\u96c6\u540d\u4eba\u683c\u8a00\u7684\u201c\u601d\u5728\u7f51\u201d\u5c31\u628a\u5b83\u5217\u4e3a\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u540d\u8a00\u4e4b\u4e00 (5) \u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8868\u8ff0\u51fa\u5904\u4e4b\u4e0d\u660e\u6670\u4e5f\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u754c\u6240\u5171\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e (1) \u3002\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u6b64\u8a00\u7684\u7075\u611f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7eb3\u7cb9\u201c\u76d6\u4e16\u592a\u4fdd\u201d\u9996\u9886\u8d6b\u5c14\u66fc\u00b7\u6208\u6797 (Hermann G9ring) \u7684\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u4e48\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\uff0c \u8981\u4e48\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u6700\u53ef\u803b\u7684\u6076\u68cd\u201d (2) \uff0c \u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u771f\u7684\uff0c \u90a3\u4e48\u8be5\u683c\u8a00\u5c31\u4ee5\u6781\u4e3a\u540a\u8be1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u81ea\u8bc1\u5176\u975e\u4e86\u3002\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u5f53\u7136\u53c2\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u4e66\u5199\uff0c \u8fd9\u662f\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\u3002\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c \u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e0b\uff0c \u4eba\u7c7b\u6d41\u4f20\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c \u53cd\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u4ec5\u5b58\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\u59821453\u5e74\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u9677\u843d\u540e\uff0c \u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u6279\u5e0c\u814a\u5b66\u8005\u51fa\u9003\u5230\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\uff0c \u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u5927\u6279\u6709\u5173\u5965\u6258\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u6b8b\u66b4\u53f2\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u201c\u5965\u6258\u66fc\u6b8b\u66b4\u8bba\u201d\u65f6\u81f319\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5e0c\u814a\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\u524d\uff0c \u8fd8\u88ab\u201c\u5e0c\u814a\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d (Greek Enlightenment) \u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4f7f\u7528\u4f5c\u63a8\u7ffb\u571f\u8033\u5176\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u5de5\u5177 (3) \u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e66\u5199\uff0c \u5206\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684 (Individual) \u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u7684 (Collective) \u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684 (Governmental) \u4e09\u79cd\u3002\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5982\u524d\u9762\u6240\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u6208\u6797\uff0c \u4ed6\u5728\u4e34\u81ea\u6740\u524d\u66fe\u5199\u7ed9\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\uff0c \u4f46\u76f4\u5230\u5f88\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u88ab\u62ab\u9732 (4) ;\u53c8\u5982\u660e\u6e05\u9f0e\u9769\u540e\u5927\u6279\u53cd\u6e05\u6c49\u65cf\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5199\u4e0b\u7684\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u300a\u626c\u5dde\u5341\u65e5\u5f55\u300b\u3001\u300a\u660e\u5b63\u5357\u7565\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6c5f\u9634\u57ce\u5b88\u7eaa\u300b\u3001\u300a\u626c\u5dde\u57ce\u5b88\u7eaa\u7565\u300b\u7b49\uff0c \u5b83\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u76f4\u5230\u6e05\u672b\u6392\u6ee1\u8fd0\u52a8\u5174\u8d77\u65f6\u624d\u91cd\u89c1\u5929\u65e5\u3002\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u6bd4\u8f83\u590d\u6742\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u5317\u5185\u6218\u540e\uff0c \u539f\u5c5e\u5357\u90e8\u90a6\u8054 (Confederacy) \u7684\u5357\u65b9\u767d\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u524d\u5974\u96b6\u4e3b\u9636\u5c42\u2014\u2014\u2014\u666e\u904d\u611f\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u5931\u8d25\u60c5\u7eea\u548c\u5bf9\u6218\u524d\u201c\u65e7\u65e5\u5357\u65b9\u201d (ante-bellum South) \u4e16\u98ce\u548c\u5149\u666f\u7684\u6000\u5ff5\uff0c \u8fd9\u79cd\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u6001\u88ab\u8868\u8fbe\u4e3a\u201c\u8d25\u5c40\u547d\u5b9a\u201d (Lost Cause) \uff0c \u5b83\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5916\u5728\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a:\u5bf9\u5357\u65b9\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u56fa\u5b88\uff0c \u5bf9\u5357\u65b9\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u8d5e\u7f8e\uff0c \u5c06\u84c4\u5974\u5bfc\u81f4\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u5c3d\u91cf\u8f7b\u63cf\u6de1\u5199\uff0c \u5e0c\u671b\u5176\u5b50\u5b59\u540e\u4ee3\u80fd\u591f\u9605\u8bfb\u5230\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u7248\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u53f2\u548c\u5185\u6218\u53f2\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c \u7f8e\u56fd\u5357\u65b9\u5174\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u201c\u8d25\u5c40\u547d\u5b9a\u201d\u5185\u6218\u53f2\u5199\u4f5c\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u201c\u5357\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4f1a\u201d (Southern Historical Society) \u7531\u539f\u5357\u519b\u5c11\u5c06Dabney H.Maury\u4e8e1868\u5e74\u8d5e\u52a9\u6210\u7acb\uff0c \u5b83\u7684\u520a\u7269\u4e13\u95e8\u53d1\u8868\u4ece\u5357\u65b9\u6c11\u4f17\u3001\u58eb\u5175\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u56de\u5fc6\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c \u5c31\u8fde\u201cLost Cause\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c \u6700\u65e9\u867d\u662f\u7531\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6Edward A.Pollard\u7814\u7a76\u5357\u65b9\u6218\u540e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u540c\u540d\u4e66\u7c4d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684 (5) \uff0c \u5374\u662f\u88ab\u5357\u519b\u5c06\u519bJubal A.Early\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u201c\u5357\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u4f1a\u201d\u4e0a\u7684\u6570\u7bc7\u56de\u5fc6\u6587\u7ae0\u53eb\u54cd\uff0c \u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u94f8\u9020\u6210\u5207\u4e2d\u51e0\u4ee3\u5357\u65b9\u4eba\u96c6\u4f53\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u98ce\u884c\u8bcd\u6c47\u3002\u800c1889\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u90a6\u8054\u9000\u4f0d\u8001\u5175\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u201d (United Confederate Veterans) \u4e5f\u5728\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\u5f00\u59cb\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6708\u520a\u300a\u90a6\u8054\u9000\u4f0d\u5175\u300b (Confederate Veteran) \uff0c 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\u4e0e\u6211\u6570\u6b21\u8c08\u8bdd\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c \u53ca\u89c1\u6211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0e\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c \u65e0\u6cd5\u8f6c\u79fb\uff0c \u81ea\u77e5\u5176\u9884\u5b9a\u7684\u8ba1\u753b\u5df2\u65e0\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c \u5176\u5185\u90e8\u4ea6\u53d1\u751f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c \u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u5176\u5728\u4e8b\u524d\u6240\u60f3\u50cf\u90a3\u6837\u5bb9\u6613;\u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u7279\u522b\u589e\u52a0\u4ed6\u523a\u6fc0\u7684\uff0c \u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u63a5\u5230\u5357\u4eac\u4e0b\u4ee4\u8ba8\u4f10\u7684\u7535\u62a5\uff0c \u66f4\u89c9\u60c5\u52bf\u9669\u6076\uff0c \u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6536\u62fe\u4e4b\u5c40\u3002\u4e43\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e09\u65e5\u51b3\u5fc3\u6d3e\u673a\u63a5\u5171\u515a\u4ee3\u8868\u6765\u897f\u5b89\uff0c \u5546\u8ba8\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c \u53c2\u52a0\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8c13\u4e1c\u5317\u519b\u3001\u897f\u5317\u519b (\u6768\u864e\u6210) \u4e0e\u5171\u4ea7\u519b\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a[1955\u5e74\uff0c \u56e0\u4e3a\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u6709\u5199\u4f5c\u300a\u82cf\u4fc4\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c \u5f20\u5b66\u826f\u5728\u770b\u7ba1\u4ed6\u7684\u5218\u5149\u4e59\u7684\u6388\u610f\u4e0b\uff0c \u4ee5\u81f4\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e66\u4fe1\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5199\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5343\u5b57\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c \u5916\u754c\u79f0\u300a\u897f\u5b89\u4e8b\u53d8\u53cd\u7701\u5f55\u300b\uff0c \u4f46\u5176\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u7ecf\u7531\u848b\u7ecf\u56fd\u6539\u52a8\uff0c \u5e76\u4e8e1964\u5e747\u6708\u4ee5\u300a\u897f\u5b89\u4e8b\u53d8\u5fcf\u6094\u5f55\u300b\u7684\u540d\u76ee\u520a\u4e8e\u53f0\u6e7e\u300a\u5e0c\u671b\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c \u5f15\u8d77\u5f20\u5b66\u826f\u6297\u8bae\u548c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c \u8be5\u520a\u53c8\u5f88\u5feb\u88ab\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u6536\u56de\uff0c 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]\u3002\u81f3\u6b64\u897f\u5b89\u4e8b\u53d8\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u53d8\u4e86\u8d28\uff0c \u800c\u5176\u4e2d\u5171\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6218\u7ebf\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c \u4e0e\u5176\u5916\u56f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c \u4e92\u76f8\u7b56\u5e94\uff0c \u4e43\u6784\u6210\u5176\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4e00\u9762\u8054\u5408\uff0c \u4e00\u9762\u6597\u4e89\u201d\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c \u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u5176\u5bf9\u5f20\u6768\u6240\u9884\u671f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c \u572820\u4e16\u7eaa20\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bcd\u8bed\u6784\u5efa\u4e2d\uff0c \u201c\u5ba3\u4f20\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u540e\u6765\u7684\u666e\u901a\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4f17\u6240\u8bcb\u6076\u4e4b\u6df1\u8005\u3002\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u7684\u5916\u7525\u3001\u5965\u5730\u5229\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u4f2f\u5c3c\u65af (Edward Bernays) \u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u516c\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u7684\u7956\u5e08\u7237\uff0c \u4ed6\u53c8\u6709\u4e2a\u522b\u540d\u53eb\u201c\u66f2\u91ca\u4e4b\u7236\u201d (The Father of Spin) \u3002\u4ed6\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c \u5bf9\u516c\u4f17\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u64cd\u7eb5\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206 (1) \u3002\u4f2f\u5c3c\u65af\u5bf9\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u603b\u7edf\u5f88\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c \u4ed6\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u653f\u5e9c\u6fc0\u53d1\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u548c\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u6218\u7684\u8206\u8bba\u5236\u9020\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u6df1\u8c19\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u5df2\u7ecf\u538c\u6076\u4e86\u201c\u5ba3\u4f20\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6e90\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c \u624d\u5728\u6218\u540e\u63a8\u51fa\u201c\u516c\u5171\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u66ff\u4ee3 (2) \u3002\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c \u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\uff0c \u7279\u522b\u662f\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u5174\u8d77\u540e\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u9010\u6e10\u6452\u5f03\u4e86\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u66f2\u91ca\u201d (Political Spin) \uff0c \u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8d28\u7591\u5176\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c \u66f4\u8d28\u7591\u5176\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\uff0c \u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u5373\u65f6\u66ddSpin Doctor\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e8e\u65e5\u5149\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c \u4f7f\u4f5c\u6cd5\u8005\u5f97\u4e0d\u507f\u5931\uff0c \u53cd\u566c\u5176\u8eab (3) \u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u516c\u5173\u201d\uff0c \u8fd8\u662f\u4e1c\u65b9\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5ba3\u4f20\u201d\uff0c Spin\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u5728\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\uff0c \u5bf9\u6587\u672c\u6216\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u53d1\u5e03\u4ee5\u201c\u66f2\u201d\u529b\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c \u5177\u4f53\u65b9\u5f0f\u5927\u7565\u5982\u4e0b:1.\u201c\u6361\u62fe\u6a31\u6843\u201d (Cherry Picking) :\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u5730\u63a8\u51fa\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c \u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u5df1\u65b9\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3002\u4f2f\u5c3c\u65af\u5c1d\u8a00:\u201c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c \u771f\u76f8\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5728\u542c\u4f17\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u9500\u8def\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d (Truth is largely defined as that which will sell to an audience) (4) \u30022.\u201c\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u5426\u8ba4\u201d (Non-denial Denial) \uff0c \u5728\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c \u5bf9\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u4e8e\u5bf9\u65b9\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8fdb\u884c\u6697\u793a\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c \u6216\u4e8e\u5df1\u65b9\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bed\u7109\u4e0d\u8be6\uff0c \u7528\u542b\u6df7\u4e4b\u8bcd\u5c06\u6c11\u4f17\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4ece\u771f\u6b63\u8981\u70b9\u4e0a\u5f15\u5f00\u30023.\u201c\u975e\u9053\u6b49\u7684\u9053\u6b49\u201d (Non-apology A-pology) :\u9053\u6b49\uff0c \u975e\u56e0\u5e94\u9053\u6b49\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c \u800c\u4ec5\u56e0\u542c\u4f17\/\u53d7\u65b9\u663e\u5f97\u53d7\u4f24\u5bb3\u3001\u8981\u6c42\u9053\u6b49\uff0c \u800c\u7ed9\u4e88\u9053\u6b49\u30024.\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u53cd\u6b63\u9519\u8bef\u5df2\u7ecf\u94f8\u6210\u201d\u5f0f\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c \u4f7f\u53d7\u4f17\u4ea7\u751f\u201c\u5815\u7511\u4e0d\u987e\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9042\u4e8b\u4e0d\u8c0f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u65e2\u5f80\u4e0d\u548e\u201d\u7684\u6177\u6168\u611f\u30025.\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u7ecf\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6307\u5411\u6709\u5229\u5df1\u65b9\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c 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(\u300a\u8001\u5b50\u00b7\u7b2c\u516d\u5341\u4e94\u7ae0\u300b) \uff0c \u201c\u4e0d\u8bc6\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c \u987a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5219\u201d (\u300a\u8bd7\u00b7\u5927\u96c5\u00b7\u7687\u77e3\u300b) \u7684\u6cbb\u56fd\u4e4b\u672f\u2014\u2014\u2014\u501f\u7528\u4e00\u53e5\u6d41\u884c\u6b4c\u66f2\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u2014\u2014\u2014\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6709\u56fd\u8005\u201c\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u60f3\u8d77\uff0c \u6c38\u8fdc\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5fd8\u8bb0\u201d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u5f70\u9053\u3001\u660e\u5fb7:\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u7406\u5b66\u5723\u8d24\u8bc9\u6c42<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e00\u751f\u89c6\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u6977\u6a21\u7684\u665a\u6e05\u91cd\u81e3\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\uff0c \u94b1\u7a46\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8c13\u201c\u6da4\u751f\u4e3a\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u5174\u5143\u52cb\uff0c \u7136\u5176\u4e3a\u4eba\u63a8\u656c\uff0c \u5219\u4e0d\u5c3d\u4e8e\u52cb\u7ee9\uff0c \u800c\u5c24\u5728\u5176\u5b66\u4e1a\u4e0e\u6587\u7ae0\u201d (5) \u3002\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u6f5c\u7814\u6027\u9053\uff0c \u5b97\u5c1a\u95fd\u6d1b\uff0c \u4ed6\u7684\u79c9\u81ea\u5510\u9274\u3001\u502d\u4ec1\u7684\u201c\u7701\u8eab\u529f\u592b\u201d\uff0c \u4ee5\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e3a\u8f7d\u4f53\uff0c \u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u7701\u4e3a\u65e5\u8bfe (6) \uff0c \u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u505a\u6cd5\u53c8\u88ab\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5fe0\u5b9e\u5730\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u5c42\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c \u848b\u6c0f\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\u5e94\u8be5\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4e0d\u541d\u81ea\u66dd\u5176\u77ed\u3001\u4e0d\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6587\u8fc7\u9970\u975e\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u800c\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c \u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u7684\u597d\u8bf2\u540e\u4eba\u3001\u6b32\u4f20\u4e07\u4e16\u5723\u8d24\u5e08\u5219\u7684\u7406\u5b66\u540d\u5bb6\u7684\u5fc3\u6001\uff0c 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\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u8865\u6551\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e14\u6279\u8bc4\u82ae\u739b\u4e3d (Mary Wright) \u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c \u4e3e\u4e3a\u6cbb\u53f2\u8005\u8beb\u3002\u82ae\u739b\u4e3d\u6cbb\u201c\u540c\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5174\u201d\u6709\u4e13\u8457\u300a\u540c\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5174:\u4e2d\u56fd\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u540e\u62b5\u6297\uff0c 1862-1874\u300b (1) \uff0c \u6cbb\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5219\u6709\u957f\u6587\u300a\u4ece\u9769\u547d\u5230\u9769\u65b0:\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u53d8\u5f62\u300b (2) \u3002\u81f3\u5c11\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\uff0c \u5979\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1a\u6cdb\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u82ae\u739b\u4e3d\u56e0\u89c1\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u94a6\u6155\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u3001\u80e1\u6797\u7ffc\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4eba\uff0c 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