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\u5bfc\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

DNA\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u53d1\u73b0\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3001\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u6216\u533b\u5b66\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u514b\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1a\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/p>\n

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\u901a\u5e38\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cDNA\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e24\u6761\u94fe\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u7f20\u7ed5\u6210\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u87ba\u65cb\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u975eDNA\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u79d8\u5bc6\u2014\u2014\u5176\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u5728\u4e8e\u78b1\u57fa\u914d\u5bf9\uff1a\u817a\u560c\u5464\u4e0e\u80f8\u817a\u5627\u5576\uff0c\u9e1f\u560c\u5464\u4e0e\u80de\u5627\u5576\u3002\u6216\u8005\u7b80\u5199\u6210A=T\u3001G\u2261C\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6a2a\u7ebf\u4ee3\u8868\u6c22\u952e\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u78b1\u57fa\u4e4b\u95f4\u7279\u5f02\u6027\u7684\u914d\u5bf9\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u590d\u5236\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u8fdb\u884c\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6761\u94fe\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u4e3a\u4f55\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u6761\u94fe\u5fc5\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u4e92\u8865\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4e14\u4e25\u683c\u9075\u5b88\u78b1\u57fa\u914d\u5bf9\u539f\u5219\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5b66\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u7ed3\u5408\uff0cDNA\u5206\u5b50\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

DNA\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8033\u719f\u80fd\u8be6\u7684\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0c\u5728\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\u5b83\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u591a\u8482\uff08Paul Doty\uff09\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u5728\u5b9a\u5236\u7ebd\u6263\u6d41\u884c\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\u6709\u5199\u7740\u201cDNA\u201d\u7684\u5c0f\u73a9\u610f\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5927\u4e3a\u5403\u60ca\u3002\u4ed6\u60f3\u7740\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5c31\u95ee\u8001\u677f\u8fd9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u601d\u3002\u201c\u542c\u597d\u4e86\uff0c\u4f19\u8ba1\uff0c\u201d\u8001\u677f\u7528\u6d53\u6d53\u7684\u7ebd\u7ea6\u8154\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u56e0\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u90fd\u77e5\u9053DNA\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec0\u4e48\u574f\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u201c\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8d28\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u4eba\u5de5\u5408\u6210\u201d\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7\u6c83\u68ee\u548c\u514b\u91cc\u514b\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u4e5f\u641e\u4e0d\u6e05\u8c01\u662f\u8c01\u3002\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e00\u56de\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u70ed\u60c5\u7684\u5d07\u62dc\u8005\u8dd1\u6765\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u591a\u4e48\u559c\u6b22\u6211\u7684\u4e66\u2014\u2014\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u5199\u7684\u300a\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u300b\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u8bef\u4f1a\uff0c\u6211\u73b0\u5728\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u6700\u597d\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u662f\u4e0d\u4f5c\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f4\u52a0\u610f\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u5409\u59c61955\u5e74\u91cd\u8fd4\u5251\u6865\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u53bb\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u8bb8\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e0a\u73ed\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u540c\u884c\u7684\u662f\u5185\u7ef4\u5c14\u00b7\u83ab\u7279\uff08Neville Mott\uff09\uff0c\u65b0\u79d1\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u8bb8\u6559\u6388\uff08\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u53bb\u4e86\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u9662\uff09\u3002\u6211\u8ddf\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7ed9\u4f60\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u6c83\u68ee\uff0c\u4ed6\u6b63\u597d\u5728\u4f60\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u201d\u83ab\u7279\u9887\u4e3a\u8be7\u5f02\u5730\u671b\u7740\u6211\uff1a\u201c\u6c83\u68ee\uff1f\u8fd8\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u6c83\u68ee\uff1f\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4f60\u53eb\u6c83\u68ee\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u514b\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u6709\u4eba\u4ecd\u7136\u89c9\u5f97DNA\u96be\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6211\u5728\u6a80\u9999\u5c71\u7684\u4e00\u5bb6\u9152\u5427\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u4e00\u4f4d\u6b4c\u624b\uff0c\u5979\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u5ff5\u4e66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5979\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bc5\u5492\u8fc7\u6c83\u68ee\u548c\u6211\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4fe9\u5bb3\u5f97\u5979\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6b7b\u8bb0\u786c\u80cc\u90a3\u4e9b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cDNA\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f20\u6388\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f97\u5f53\uff0c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u50cf\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u90a3\u6837\u4e0e\u5e38\u8bc6\u76f8\u6096\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6838\u9178\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u7b80\u5355\u662f\u6709\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u751f\u547d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u81f3\u5c11\u975e\u5e38\u63a5\u8fd1\u8d77\u6e90\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u53ea\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5316\u5b66\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u597d\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u76f8\u5f53\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u6a21\u578b\u6765\u4f53\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4f7f\u5f97DNA\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\uff0c\u56fe\u7247\u6765\u81easciencehistory.org\/Vittorio Luzzati<\/p>\n

\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6709\u4e9b\u8bfb\u8005\u78b0\u5de7\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u542c\u8bf4\u8fc7\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u3002\u5229\u5179\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u963f\u65af\u7279\u4f2f\u91cc\u66fe\u62cd\u6444\u5230DNA\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7684X\u5c04\u7ebf\u884d\u5c04\u7167\u7247\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0d\u9ad8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u56fd\u738b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5170\u9053\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u65af\u62cd\u5f97\u4e86\u51e0\u5f20\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7167\u7247\u3002\u5170\u9053\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e\u96c7\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u884d\u5c04\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\uff0c\u6765\u5e2e\u52a9\u89e3\u6790DNA\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002
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\u5728\u5251\u6865\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6211\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\u662f\u7528X\u5c04\u7ebf\u89e3\u51b3\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5409\u59c6\u00b7\u6c83\u68ee\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6765\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u53ea\u670923\u5c81\uff0c\u4e00\u95e8\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u8981\u53d1\u73b0\u57fa\u56e0\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5e76\u5e0c\u5180\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u51b3DNA\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u8bae\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u8be5\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u9c8d\u6797\u7528\u5efa\u6a21\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u963f\u5c14\u6cd5\u87ba\u65cb\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5148\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u9c8d\u6797\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u4e00\u756a\u6ce2\u6298\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u548c\u6211\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4f26\u6566\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u67e5\u53ef\u592b\u53d1\u73b0\u7684DNA\u4e2d\u56db\u79cd\u78b1\u57fa\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u542b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u6700\u521d\u662f\u4ece\u5965\u9edb\u5c14\u90a3\u91cc\u542c\u8bf4\u5409\u59c6\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u5929\u6211\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u91cc\uff0c\u5979\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u201c\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u521a\u6765\u8fc7\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5c0f\u4f19\u5b50\u60f3\u8981\u8ba9\u4f60\u8ba4\u8bc6\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u5417\uff1f\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a\u79c3\u5934\uff01\u201d\u5965\u9edb\u5c14\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5409\u59c6\u7559\u7740\u5e73\u5934\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5251\u6865\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u65b0\u5947\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u540e\u6765\u5409\u59c6\u5165\u4e61\u968f\u4fd7\uff0c\u5934\u53d1\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u957f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u7684\u5934\u53d1\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u957f\u523060\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b09\u76ae\u58eb\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5409\u59c6\u548c\u6211\u4e00\u89c1\u5982\u6545\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u60ca\u4eba\u5730\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u2014\u2014\u6211\u63a8\u6d4b\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u6709\u70b9\u5e74\u5c11\u8f7b\u72c2\uff0c\u5bf9\u7e41\u5197\u62d6\u6c93\u7684\u601d\u8003\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8010\u5fc3\u3002\u5409\u59c6\u663e\u7136\u6bd4\u6211\u66f4\u53e3\u65e0\u906e\u62e6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u5f53\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u5bf9\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u548c\u6676\u4f53\u884d\u5c04\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u5409\u59c6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77e5\u9053\u5f97\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e86\u89e3\u5173\u4e8e\u566c\u83cc\u4f53\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5fb7\u5c14\u5e03\u5415\u514b\u3001\u8428\u5c14\u74e6\u00b7\u5362\u91cc\u4e9a\uff08Salva Luria\uff09\u548c\u8d6b\u5e0c\uff08AI Hershey\uff09\u9886\u8854\u7684\u566c\u83cc\u4f53\u5c0f\u7ec4\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5409\u59c6\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u66f4\u4e86\u89e3\u7ec6\u83cc\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u3002\u6211\u63a8\u6d4b\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7ecf\u5178\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u5f53\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u6d88\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4fe9\u603b\u662f\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u5757\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u663e\u5f97\u6709\u70b9\u4e0e\u4f17\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u8bb8\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u672c\u6765\u5f88\u5c0f\u2014\u2014\u57281949\u5e74\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u6324\u5728\u4e00\u95f4\u5c4b\u5b50\u91cc\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u5409\u59c6\u52a0\u5165\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f69\u9c81\u8328\u548c\u80af\u5fb7\u9c81\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ec4\u5206\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u3002\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u5e76\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u95f4\u5c0f\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u8c01\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6709\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u4f69\u9c81\u8328\u548c\u80af\u5fb7\u9c81\u6413\u7740\u624b\u5411\u5927\u5bb6\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u90a3\u95f4\u5c4b\u5b50\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u5409\u59c6\u548c\u6211\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u201c\u2026\u2026\u8fd9\u6837\u4f60\u4fe9\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6253\u6270\u5230\u5927\u5bb6\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u4e8b\u540e\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7ed3\u8bc6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u5df2\u7ecf\u62ff\u5230\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u867d\u7136\u5e74\u957f12\u5c81\uff0c\u5374\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u5728\u8bfb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u3002\u5728\u4f26\u6566\uff0c\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u65af\u5f00\u59cb\u5229\u7528X\u5c04\u7ebf\u7814\u7a76DNA\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u63a5\u624b\uff0c\u5e76\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5409\u59c6\u548c\u6211\u6574\u5929\u90fd\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u8fc7\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8eDNA\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u9c8d\u6797\u6811\u7acb\u7684\u699c\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u89e3\u51b3DNA\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u662f\u6784\u5efa\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u540c\u4ec1\u4eec\u5219\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u8270\u8f9b\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u521d\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ee5\u5f7b\u5e95\u5931\u8d25\u544a\u7ec8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u975e\u5e38\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cDNA\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u5f88\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6c34\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65e0\u77e5\u2014\u2014\u6211\u672c\u8be5\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u76d0\u79bb\u5b50\u53ef\u80fd\u4eb2\u6c34\uff0c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5409\u59c6\u8bef\u4f1a\u4e86\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u5728\u8bb2\u5ea7\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u672f\u8bed\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u201c\u975e\u5bf9\u79f0\u5355\u5143\u201d\uff08asymmetric unit\uff09\u548c\u201c\u5355\u5143\u7ec6\u80de\u201d\uff08unit cell\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u72af\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u201c\u4e92\u53d8\u5f02\u6784\u4f53\u201d\uff08tautomeric forms\uff09\u7406\u89e3\u5f97\u4e0d\u591f\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u6211\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u78b1\u57fa\u5468\u8fb9\u7684\u6c22\u952e\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u597d\u51e0\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u7f8e\u56fd\u6676\u4f53\u5b66\u5bb6\u6770\u91cc\u00b7\u591a\u8bfa\u970d\uff08Jerry Donohue\uff09\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5316\u5b66\u5f0f\u6709\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6bcf\u79cd\u78b1\u57fa\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6784\u578b\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5f62\u52bf\u5c31\u660e\u6717\u591a\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6838\u5fc3\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u5409\u59c6\u7b03\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e24\u79cd\u78b1\u57fa\u914d\u5bf9\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff08A\u4e0eT, G\u4e0eC\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u66f4\u50cf\u662f\u610f\u5916\u6536\u83b7\uff08\u5408\u4e4e\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5047\u5b9a\u67e5\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u539f\u5219\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u914d\u5bf9\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6839\u636eDNA\u7ea4\u7ef4\u56fe\u8c31\u4e2d\u7684C2\u7a7a\u95f4\u57fa\u56e2\u6765\u5bfb\u627e\u4e8c\u91cd\u7684\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\uff08dyadic symmetry\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f97\u51fa\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u78b1\u57fa\u914d\u5bf9\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u80af\u5b9a\u4f1a\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u5957\u529e\u6cd5\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u8fd0\u6c14\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53d1\u73b0\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e1d\u8fd0\u6c14\u7684\u6210\u5206\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u67d0\u79cd\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f53\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u78b1\u57fa\u914d\u5bf9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5c31\u7acb\u523b\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u2014\u2014\u201c\u673a\u9047\u504f\u7231\u6709\u51c6\u5907\u7684\u5934\u8111\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u63d2\u66f2\u4e5f\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u5bf9\u79d1\u7814\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6e38\u620f\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1953\u5e74\u4e0a\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u548c\u6211\u5171\u5199\u4e864\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u63a2\u8ba8DNA\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u53d1\u8868\u57284\u670825\u65e5\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u671f\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8fd8\u6709\u4f26\u6566\u56fd\u738b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u4e00\u7bc7\u7531\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u65af\u3001\u65af\u6258\u514b\u65af\u3001\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u6240\u4f5c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u7531\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u548c\u6208\u65af\u6797\u6240\u4f5c\u3002\u4e94\u5468\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\uff08\u8bba\u6587\u7f72\u540d\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u629b\u786c\u5e01\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u90fd\u662f\u5409\u59c6\u6392\u524d\uff09\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u4e86\u5f53\u5e74\u7531\u51b7\u6cc9\u6e2f\u4e3e\u529e\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u75c5\u6bd2\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\u62a5\u544a\u91cc\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u66f4\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c1954\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u8bba\u6587\u65e2\u7b80\u77ed\u53c8\u5ba1\u614e\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u8be5\u6587\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u5708\u53ef\u70b9\u7684\u662f\u8fd9\u53e5\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u78b1\u57fa\u914d\u5bf9\u7acb\u523b\u6697\u793a\u51fa\u9057\u4f20\u6750\u6599\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u590d\u5236\u673a\u5236\u3002\u201d\u8bb8\u591a\u8bc4\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u6709\u70b9\u201c\u50b2\u5a07\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7528\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u8d77\u7801\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6211\u672c\u6253\u7b97\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u5409\u59c6\u8868\u793a\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u4ed6\u62c5\u5fc3\u4e07\u4e00\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\u641e\u9519\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u95f9\u5927\u7b11\u8bdd\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u575a\u6301\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u8bba\u6587\u91cc\u63d0\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u70b9\u5230\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6307\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u8bef\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6ca1\u6709\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5b83\u3002\u8bf4\u767d\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u662f\u60f3\u8bc1\u660e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9996\u521b\u6743\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u6539\u5f26\u66f4\u5f20\uff0c\u5728\u51e0\u5468\u4e4b\u5185\u5c31\u5199\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u63a8\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u4e865\u670830\u53f7\uff1f\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u7684\u521d\u7a3f\u5bc4\u7ed9\u56fd\u738b\u5b66\u9662\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u8bfb\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u5c1a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053X\u5c04\u7ebf\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u5982\u6b64\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u652f\u6301\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5409\u59c6\u63d0\u524d\u770b\u5230\u8fc7\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u548c\u6208\u65af\u6797\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u90a3\u5f20\u5173\u4e8eB\u578bDNA\u7ed3\u6784\u7684X\u5c04\u7ebf\u201c\u87ba\u65cb\u56fe\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u80af\u5b9a\u6ca1\u8bb0\u4f4f\u5176\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5173\u4e8eBessel\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u53c2\u6570\u3002\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u65f6\u8fd8\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u90a3\u5f20\u56fe\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u7684\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u70b9\u610f\u5916\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f88\u6b23\u559c\u5730\u770b\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u652f\u6301\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u6709\u4e86\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u8bf4\u670d\u5409\u59c6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5199\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u8be5\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ece\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u76f8\u5f53\u5e73\u5e38\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u2014\u2014\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u770b\u4e00\u770b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u5427\u2014\u2014\u8bef\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3001\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u4eba\u9645\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6545\u4e8b\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u4e2d\u5c61\u89c1\u4e0d\u9c9c\u3002\u4ee5\u80f6\u539f\u86cb\u767d\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u80f6\u539f\u86cb\u767d\u662f\u808c\u8171\u3001\u8f6f\u9aa8\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5206\u3002\u80f6\u539f\u86cb\u767d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7531\u4e09\u6761\u957f\u94fe\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ea4\u9519\u800c\u6210\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u76f8\u6bd4\u6beb\u4e0d\u900a\u8272\uff1a\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u4e5f\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u4e2a\u6027\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u8bef\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u540c\u6837\u60ca\u5fc3\u52a8\u9b44\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5199\u8fc7\u4e09\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5f53\u7136\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u6055\u6211\u76f4\u8a00\uff0c\u80f6\u539f\u86cb\u767d\u4e0d\u5982DNA\u90a3\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4f55\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u89c1\u4ec1\u89c1\u667a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u4e9a\u5386\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u91cc\u5947\u548c\u6211\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u975e\u5e38\u5de7\u5408\u7684\u662f\uff09\u80f6\u539f\u86cb\u767d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b83\u9887\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5c51\u3002\u201c\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u690d\u7269\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u80f6\u539f\u86cb\u767d\u3002\u201d\u5230\u4e861955\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5206\u5b50\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u5e38\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u5417\uff0c\u4eba\u4f53\u4e2d1\/3\u7684\u86cb\u767d\u8d28\u90fd\u662f\u80f6\u539f\u86cb\u767d\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u8bba\u4ece\u54ea\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0cDNA\u90fd\u6bd4\u80f6\u539f\u86cb\u767d\u66f4\u52a0\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5bf9\u540e\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u66f4\u5927\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u591a\u6b21\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u771f\u6b63\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u662fDNA\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u5b83\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1953\u5e74\uff0c\u6c83\u68ee\uff08\u5de6\uff09\u4e0e\u514b\u91cc\u514b\uff08\u53f3\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684DNA\u6a21\u578b\u524d\u3002\u56fe\u6e90\uff1aA. Barrington Brown\/Science Photo Library<\/p>\n

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\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u95ee\u5409\u59c6\u548c\u6211\u82b1\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u65f6\u95f4\u7814\u7a76DNA\u3002\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u3002\u5728\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u4e24\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u5348\u9910\u65f6\u95f4\u6cbf\u7740\u6cb3\u7554\u7684\u6821\u533a\u82b1\u56ed\u6563\u6b65\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5728\u5bb6\u91cc\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u5409\u59c6\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u5728\u665a\u996d\u65f6\u95f4\u9020\u8bbf\u6211\u5bb6\uff0c\u773c\u795e\u91cc\u6ee1\u662f\u201c\u997f\u610f\u201d\uff09\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u5916\u9762\u7684\u590f\u65e5\u683c\u5916\u8bf1\u4eba\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u5348\u5c31\u4e0d\u4e0a\u73ed\uff0c\u5230\u683c\u5170\u5207\u65af\u7279\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6cdb\u821f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u4fe9\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3aDNA\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u4f1a\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6700\u521d\u6211\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5229\u7528X\u5c04\u7ebf\u884d\u5c04\u89e3\u51b3DNA\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4f1a\u662f\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u65af\u3001\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u548c\u56fd\u738b\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6162\u6162\u5730\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u548c\u6211\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6b65\u9aa4\u8d8a\u53d1\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u8010\u70e6\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u548c\u5a01\u5c14\u91d1\u65af\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u5feb\u4e5f\u62d6\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u540e\u817f\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u8fd8\u6709\u51e0\u70b9\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u52c7\u6c14\uff08\u6216\u8005\u53eb\u9c81\u83bd\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4f60\u600e\u4e48\u770b\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u6682\u65f6\u6401\u7f6e\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u5f00\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u62d2\u7edd\u5e73\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u89c1\u520a\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f3d\u83ab\u592b\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u53c8\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u91cd\u63d0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u8bf7\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u5feb\u8fdb\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u6309\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\uff0cDNA\u7684\u53cc\u94fe\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea4\u9519\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u50cf\u4e24\u6761\u94c1\u8f68\u4e00\u6837\u5e73\u884c\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u5c06\u4f7f\u5f97\u53cc\u94fe\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u89e3\u5f00\u3002\u6bcf\u6761\u94fe\u7684\u786e\u6709\u70b9\u6447\u6446\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e4d\u770b\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u540c\u6837\u4e0eX\u5c04\u7ebf\u884d\u5c04\u6570\u636e\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4e0a\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u884d\u5c04\u56fe\u8c31\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6211\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4f1a\u5728X\u5c04\u7ebf\u7ea4\u7ef4\u56fe\u4e0a\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u533a\u57df\u5185\u7559\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eae\u70b9\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6837\u5b50\u90fd\u5f88\u4e11\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f62\u72b6\u662f\u5efa\u6a21\u8005\u5f3a\u52a0\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u5e76\u4e0d\u5145\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u6211\u7684\u504f\u89c1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7ec4\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u76f8\u5f53\u654f\u9510\u5730\u611f\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u79d1\u7814\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u6743\u5a01\u4e13\u5bb6\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u7406\u776c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u7f16\u8f91\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u7279\u522b\u6ce8\u610f\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u8868\u8fbe\u610f\u89c1\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u793a\u516c\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u7eaf\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u535a\u5c14\uff08Bill Pohl\uff09\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u8fdb\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u975e\u5e38\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u89c4\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u73af\u72b6DNA\u590d\u5236\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e24\u6761DNA\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e92\u76f8\u8fde\u9501\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4ed6\u63a8\u65ad\uff0cDNA\u53cc\u94fe\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u8bae\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u4e92\u76f8\u8fde\u9501\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u7136\u5f7c\u6b64\u5e73\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4e0e\u4ed6\u6709\u8fc7\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u6765\u5f80\uff0c\u4e5f\u6253\u8fc7\u7535\u8bdd\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8bbf\u95ee\u8fc7\u6211\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ec6\u8282\u76f8\u5f53\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u4f9d\u7136\u575a\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u679c\u771f\u5076\u5c14\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u4e24\u6761\u4e92\u76f8\u76d8\u7ed5\u7684\u73af\u72b6DNA\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u80af\u5b9a\u4e5f\u8fdb\u5316\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u673a\u5236\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u5f00\u53cc\u94fe\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u672a\u7ecf\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u5f3a\u8fa9\uff0c\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6240\u52a8\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u786e\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5c3c\u514b\u00b7\u5eb7\u624e\u82e5\u5229\uff08Nick Cozzarelli\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u9176\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e8c\u578b\u62d3\u6251\u5f02\u6784\u9176\uff08topoisomerase II\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u9176\u53ef\u4ee5\u5207\u5f00\u4e00\u6761DNA\u7684\u53cc\u94fe\uff0c\u7ed5\u8fc7\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u6761DNA\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u63a5\u4e0a\u65ad\u5f00\u7684\u53cc\u94fe\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u5f00\u4e24\u6761\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u73af\u72b6DNA\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u5f53DNA\u6d53\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5206\u79bb\u7684DNA\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7684DNA\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6c83\u7279\u00b7\u51ef\u52d2\uff08Walter Keller\uff09\u548c\u5409\u59c6\u00b7\u738b\uff08Jim Wang\uff09\u5c31\u73af\u72b6DNA\u7684\u201c\u4ea4\u7ec7\u6b21\u6570\u201d\u505a\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u53cc\u94fe\u201d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff08side-by-side models\uff09\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u3002\u4e24\u6761\u73af\u72b6DNA\u89e3\u65cb\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u6211\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u601d\u8003\u5f97\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u57281979\u5e74\u6211\u7279\u5730\u548c\u5409\u59c6\u00b7\u738b\u3001\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u9c8d\u5c14\uff08Bill Bauer\uff09\u4e00\u9053\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u8bc4\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u9898\u4e3a\u300aDNA\u771f\u7684\u662f\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u5417\u300b\uff08Is DNA Really a Double Helix\uff09\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u7ec6\u81f4\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u5927\u786e\u5b9a\u8fd9\u662f\u5426\u8db3\u4ee5\u8bf4\u670d\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u6000\u7591\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u6bd4\u5c14\u00b7\u535a\u5c14\u5df2\u7ecf\u6295\u8bda\u4e86\u3002\u5e78\u8fd0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u6709\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u4ec5\u9760\u5148\u524d\u7684X\u884d\u5c04\u6570\u636e\u65e0\u6cd5\u505a\u51fa\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u6709\u4e8c\uff1a\u4e00\u3001X\u884d\u5c04\u56fe\u7247\u91cc\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6bd5\u7adf\u4e0d\u591f\u5b8c\u6574\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u5047\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5229\u7528\u76f8\u5f53\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6570\u636e\u68c0\u6d4b\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5408\u6210\u5df2\u77e5\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u77ed\u94feDNA\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd0\u6c14\u597d\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77ed\u94feDNA\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ed3\u6676\u3002\u901a\u8fc7X\u5c04\u7ebf\u884d\u5c04\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u542b\u6b67\u4e49\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u540c\u5f62\u7f6e\u6362\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u65e0\u8bef\u5730\u89e3\u6790\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6676\u4f53\u7684X\u884d\u5c04\u70b9\u56fe\u50cf\u6bd4\u5148\u524d\u7ea4\u7ef4\u56fe\u8c31\u7684\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u7684DNA\u7ea4\u7ef4\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u5e8f\u5217\u7684DNA\u7684\u6df7\u5408\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u662f\u6240\u6709\u56fe\u50cf\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u66f4\u4e3a\u6a21\u7cca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u77ed\u94feDNA\uff0c\u91cc\u5947\u548c\u4ed6\u5728MIT\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fea\u514b\u00b7\u8fea\u514b\u68ee\uff08Dick Dickerson\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u5728\u52a0\u5dde\u7406\u5de5\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u5916\u53d1\u73b0\u3002X\u5c04\u7ebf\u884d\u5c04\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9bDNA\u662f\u4ece\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u7684\u5de6\u65cb\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u76f8\u5f53\u626d\u66f2\uff08zigzag\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3aZ-DNA\u3002\u5b83\u7684X\u5c04\u7ebf\u56fe\u8c31\u4e0e\u7ecf\u5178\u7684DNA\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u5f88\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u663e\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u7684DNA\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u78b1\u57fa\u5e8f\u5217\uff08\u560c\u5464\u548c\u5627\u5576\u4ea4\u9519\u51fa\u73b0\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684Z-DNA\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u8fd9\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bfe\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u731c\u6d4b\u662f\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u8c03\u63a7\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5e38\u89c4DNA\u5f88\u5feb\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u7ed3\u6676\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b21\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u975e\u5e38\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8eDNA\u7ea4\u7ef4\u7684X\u5c04\u7ebf\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u78b1\u57fa\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u4e5f\u90fd\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n

\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0cDNA\u7684\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7ed3\u6784\u624d\u6700\u7ec8\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u5b9e\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u4ece\u6700\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff08\u591a\u4e8f\u4e86DNA\u7ea4\u7ef4\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ec6\u81f4\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5230\u51e0\u4e4e\u80af\u5b9a\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u5386\u65f625\u5e74\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5b83\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7ec6\u8282\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u6240\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5173\u4e8eDNA\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u53ca\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u78b1\u57fa\u4e92\u8865\u914d\u5bf9\uff08\u8fd9\u662fDNA\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u529f\u80fd\uff09\u53ca\u53cc\u94fe\u53cd\u5411\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u53d8\u6210\u201c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\uff08\u4eba\u4eec\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\uff09\u5f80\u5f80\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f2\u6298\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0cDNA\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u786e\u7acb\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6211\u731c\u6d4b\uff0c20\u5e74\u523025\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u63a8\u7ffb\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u613f\u671b\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u6f6e\u6d41\u3002\u5728\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4ff1\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0a\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u5f88\u96be\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5728\u975e\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6311\u6218\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u65b0\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u56e0\u5176\u65b0\u9896\u800c\u6d41\u884c\u3002\u65b0\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u5207\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd8\u662f\u975e\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u65b0\u9014\u5f84\u603b\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u603b\u662f\u8131\u80ce\u4e8e\u65e2\u5b9a\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5409\u59c6\u548c\u6211\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u503c\u5f97\u79f0\u9053\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e0d\u61c8\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u679c\u65ad\u629b\u5f03\u5b83\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u8d70\u8fc7\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u7684\u5f2f\u8def\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fc7\u5982\u6b64\u591a\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u806a\u660e\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u5fc5\u7531\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u52aa\u529b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5931\u8d25\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u591f\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u63a2\u7d22\u4eba\u5458\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c\u6216\u8005\u534a\u9014\u800c\u5e9f\u3002\u5e38\u6709\u4eba\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u89e3\u51b3\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u6240\u9700\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u638c\u63e1\u5f97\u4e0d\u591f\u5168\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8d77\u7801\u6211\u4eec\u52aa\u529b\u638c\u63e1\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u5374\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7a81\u7834\u5f80\u5f80\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u540c\u6837\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u8ddf\u6574\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u4ec1\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u8003\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6700\u8270\u82e6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6bd4\u8d77\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u91cc\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u540c\u884c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u523b\u82e6\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u9057\u4f20\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u566c\u83cc\u4f53\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u8ffd\u95ee\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c83\u68ee\u548c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u51faDNA\u7ed3\u6784\u4f1a\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5047\u8bbe\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5408\u7406\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6211\u5b9e\u5728\u60f3\u4e0d\u901a\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u8fd8\u7814\u7a76\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5409\u59c6\u4e0d\u5e78\u88ab\u7f51\u7403\u51fb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u547d\u545c\u547c\uff0c\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u5f53\u80af\u5b9a\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u6050\u6015\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u90a3\u53c8\u4f1a\u662f\u8c01\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5188\u65af\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u7279\uff08Gunther Stent\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u6885\u5fb7\u6c83\uff08Peter Medawar\uff09\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff08\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u601d\u7ef4\u7279\u522b\u5468\u5bc6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c83\u68ee\u548c\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0DNA\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5047\u5b9aDNA\u4e0d\u662f\u7a81\u7136\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u70b9\u4e00\u70b9\u5730\u88ab\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u6050\u6015\u8981\u5f31\u5f88\u591a\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u65af\u5766\u7279\u4e3b\u5f20\uff1a\u4eba\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u7f9e\u4e8e\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u5b9e\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u827a\u672f\u3002\u98ce\u683c\u4e0e\u5185\u5bb9\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u7ebf\u7d22\u5927\u81f4\u5c31\u662f1954\u5e7410\u6708\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b66\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u7684\u90a3\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u5e03\u4f26\u7eb3\u5f53\u65f6\u521a\u521a\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u6b23\u8c22\u5c14\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u6307\u5bfc\u4e0b\u62ff\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u51b7\u6cc9\u6e2f\u7684\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u8d39\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u529b\u6c14\u5411\u7c73\u91cc\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u5fb7\u6885\u52d2\u514b\uff08Milislav Demerec\uff09\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u51b7\u6cc9\u6e2f\u7684\u4e3b\u4efb\uff09\u8bb2\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\uff08\u5e03\u4f26\u7eb31957\u5e74\u6b63\u6253\u7b97\u4ece\u5357\u975e\u79fb\u5c45\u5230\u5251\u6865\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u6210\u4e86\u6700\u4eb2\u5bc6\u7684\u642d\u6863\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u5171\u7528\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u957f\u8fbe20\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u53ef\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d1\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5df4\u91cc\u00b7\u8003\u95e8\uff08Barry Commoner\uff09\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u672a\u514d\u5931\u4e4b\u8fc7\u7b80\uff08\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u6709\u70b9\u9053\u7406\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u62111953\u20141954\u5e74\u62dc\u8bbf\u67e5\u53ef\u592b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u4e00\u8d2f\u7684\u5145\u6ee1\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u53e3\u543b\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u8bba\u6587\u6709\u70b9\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u5c31\u4e4f\u5584\u53ef\u9648\u30021959\u5e74\uff0c\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u751f\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u91cc\u8328\u00b7\u674e\u666e\u66fc\uff08Fritz Lipmann\uff09\u9080\u8bf7\u6211\u5230\u6d1b\u514b\u83f2\u52d2\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u5217\u6f14\u8bb2\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u548c\u4ed6\u8c08\u8bdd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u624d\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u628a\u63e1\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9DNA\u590d\u5236\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff08\u6211\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4ed6\u8ddf\u67e5\u53ef\u592b\u804a\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u7cfb\u5217\u6f14\u8bb2\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u4ed6\u505a\u603b\u7ed3\u9648\u8bcd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u751f\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e9a\u745f\u00b7\u79d1\u6069\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Arthur Kornberg\uff09\u66fe\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u4ed6\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u7814\u7a76DNA\u590d\u5236\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5316\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u51fa\u8272\u5de5\u4f5c\u8bf4\u670d\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u9635\u8425\u3002\u8981\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u975e\u5e38\u8c28\u614e\u82db\u523b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u9996\u6b21\u4e3aDNA\u7684\u53cc\u94fe\u5448\u53cd\u5411\u5e73\u884c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u6bd4\u827e\u5f17\u91cc\u8981\u5e78\u8fd0\uff0c\u6bd4\u5b5f\u5fb7\u5c14\u66f4\u662f\u5e78\u8fd0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u53cc\u87ba\u65cb\u7684\u5149\u73af\u4e0b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u611f\u89c9\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u8bef\u6253\u8bef\u649e\u5730\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5409\u59c6\u56de\u5fc6\uff0c\u6211\u8d70\u5230\u8001\u9e70\u9152\u5427\uff08\u6b63\u5bf9\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u6bcf\u5929\u5403\u5348\u996d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff09\uff0c\u544a\u8bc9\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u751f\u547d\u7684\u5965\u79d8\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u6211\u6beb\u65e0\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u7684\u786e\u8bb0\u5f97\u56de\u5bb6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u544a\u8bc9\u5965\u9edb\u5c14\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5979\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u5979\u4e00\u70b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4fe1\u3002\u201c\u6bcf\u5929\u56de\u5bb6\u4f60\u90fd\u8fd9\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u4e86\u6211\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u518d\u5f53\u56de\u4e8b\u4e86\u597d\u561b\u3002\u201d\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u5f53\u65f6\u611f\u5192\u4e86\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u4e0d\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002\u540e\u6765\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u7279\u522b\u5174\u594b\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4e0d\u6109\u5feb\u6da3\u7136\u51b0\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

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