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\u6574\u7406: \u9648\u5e0c\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u6765\u6e90: \u4e1c\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u8bc4\u8bba<\/p>\n

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\u672c\u671f\u5916\u520a\u626b\u63cf\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6982\u51b5\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e2d\u5927\u81f4\u4e86\u89e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7531\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u5df2\u6545\u6559\u6388\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u79d1\u6069\uff08I. Bernard Cohen\uff09\u64b0\u5199\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5219\u8bb2\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e8c\u6218\u4e2d\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u5c55\u73b0\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u8d8b\u52bf\u4ee5\u53ca\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

1<\/p>\n

\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6574\u7406\u81ea\uff1a\u201cScience in America: The Nineteenth Century\u201d, in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and Morton White eds., Paths of American Thought, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1963, pp.167-189.<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aI. Bernard Cohen\uff081914-2003\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5018\u82e5\u4e00\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u8003\u5bdf\u7f8e\u56fd\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4eba\u7c7b\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6050\u6015\u4ed6\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u65e0\u6bd4\u5931\u671b\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u6210\u5c31\u6590\u7136\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u8fc7\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u8fce\u6765\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5e73\u5eb8\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e14\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5bf919\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u505a\u4e00\u6982\u89c8\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8bde\u751f\u4e86\u50cf\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u4ea8\u5229\uff08Joseph Henry\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u663e\u7136\u4ed6\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u51e0\u4f4d\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u6cd5\u62c9\u7b2c\uff08Faraday\uff09\u3001\u57fa\u5c14\u970d\u592b\uff08Kirchhoff\uff09\u6216\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u65af\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Clerk Maxwell\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u4e3a\u4f26\u6566\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u5916\u7c4d\u4f1a\u5458\u6216\u662f\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\u3002\u800c\u653e\u773c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u548c\u6700\u4e3a\u8000\u773c\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ed3\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u662f\u8bde\u751f\u4e8e\u65b0\u5927\u9646\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c34\u5c2c\u7684\u5e73\u5eb8\u5e76\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e00\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u4f69\u5c14\u65af\uff08Benjamin Peirce\uff09\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u7ebf\u6027\u7ed3\u5408\u4ee3\u6570\u201d\uff08linear associative algebra\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc719\u4e16\u7eaa\u5317\u7f8e\u5927\u9646\u771f\u6b63\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u5929\u624d\u7684\u7eaf\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u6216\u8bb8\u53ea\u6709\u62c5\u4efb\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u666e\u91d1\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u897f\u5c14\u7ef4\u65af\u7279\uff08J. J. Sylvester\uff09\u4e86\uff1b\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u8981\u591a\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8d77\u6b27\u6d32\u540c\u884c\u6765\u4f9d\u65e7\u663e\u5f97\u5fae\u4e0d\u8db3\u9053\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u548c\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u751a\u81f3\u8d5e\u8d4f\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6258\u96f7\uff08John Torrey\uff09\u548c\u963f\u8428\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\uff08Asa Gray\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4eab\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u540d\u671b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u5230\u9a6c\u4fee\u00b7\u6bdb\u5229\uff08Matthew Fontaine Maury\uff09\u8fd9\u4f4d\u88ab\u5c0a\u79f0\u4e3a\u6d77\u6d0b\u5b66\u521b\u59cb\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c19\u4e16\u7eaa\u7f8e\u56fd\u6240\u505a\u7684\u6700\u4e00\u6d41\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u8d21\u732e\u53ef\u8c13\u662f\u5c11\u4e4b\u53c8\u5c11\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u8f7d\u5165\u53f2\u518c\u4e5f\u5927\u591a\u662f\u7f16\u7e82\u8005\u51fa\u4e8e\u793c\u8c8c\u800c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08American Philosophical Society\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1743\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e00<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5f62\u6210\u9c9c\u660e\u5bf9\u6bd4\u7684\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d7\u63a7\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u690d\u7269\u6742\u4ea4\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u5728\u7f8e\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u79cd\u5b50\u76f4\u611f\u3001\u679c\u5b9e\u76f4\u611f\u7b49\u89c2\u5bdf\u8bb0\u5f55\uff1b\u725b\u987f\u5728\u5176\u540d\u8457\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\u4e24\u4f4d\u5317\u7f8e\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5c45\u6c11\u5bf9\u5f57\u661f\u505a\u4e86\u8ba9\u4eba\u60ca\u53f9\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u8bb0\u5f55\uff1b\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5317\u7f8e\u8fd8\u5b55\u80b2\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u7535\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5b66\u9662\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u4e5f\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff1b\u4ece\u8d22\u529b\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5b66\u9662\u7528\u4e8e\u8d2d\u7f6e\u79d1\u5b66\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u751a\u81f3\u8f83\u4e4b19\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u8fd8\u8981\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u8fd8\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u56e2\u6216\u5b66\u4f1a\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08American Philosophical Society\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff08American Academy of Arts and Sciences\uff09\u3002\u4ece\u8363\u8a89\u5934\u8854\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\uff08Benjamin Franklin\uff09\u57281773\u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u4ec5\u6709\u7684\u516b\u540d\u5916\u7c4d\u9662\u58eb\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u6837\u7684\u8363\u8a89\u518d\u6b21\u964d\u4e34\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u5374\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e8b\u4e86\u2014\u20141872\u5e74\u7684\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u52a0\u897f\uff08Louis Agassiz\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5177\u6709\u521b\u9020\u529b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3a\u4f55\u6ca1\u80fd\u5ef6\u7eed\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\uff1f\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5e94\u7528\u578b\u79d1\u5b66\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u963b\u788d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u6e10\u6e10\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u53ea\u662f\u6c72\u53d6\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6210\u5c31\u800c\u4e0d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e2d\u8fd9\u6837\u8d28\u7591\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u7a76\u7adf\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u8d35\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u90a3\u6837\u6beb\u4e0d\u8d39\u529b\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6df1\u523b\u77e5\u8bc6\u65e2\u96be\u80fd\u53ef\u8d35\u53c8\u4e30\u539a\u65e0\u6bd4\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff1f\u201d\u4f5c\u8005\u79d1\u6069\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u578b\u79d1\u5b66\u963b\u788d\u8bf4\u201d\u8868\u793a\u6000\u7591\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u7406\u8bba\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u5e76\u4e0d\u8f93\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8da3\uff1b\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u786e\u662f\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u7684\u4ec6\u4ece\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u798f\u5229\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u9010\u6e10\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e0a\u98ce\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d8b\u52bf\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f8b\u59821840\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u4e5f\u65b0\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u201c\u5e94\u7528\u5316\u5b66\u7cfb\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u6709\u540d\u7684\u8c22\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u524d\u8eab\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u8fd8\u5728\u5b9e\u7528\u827a\u672f\u95e8\u4e0b\u65b0\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u8bf8\u5982\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u5b66\u751f\u4eec\u4e5f\u88ab\u704c\u8f93\u4e86\u6de1\u5316\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u7eaf\u79d1\u5b66\u4e4b\u95f4\u533a\u5206\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u725b\u987f\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u54f2\u5b66\u9010\u6e10\u5f0f\u5fae\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ecd\u5904\u4e8e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5230\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa50\u300160\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u6e10\u6e10\u6ca6\u4e3a\u4e86\u660e\u65e5\u9ec4\u82b1\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u963f\u8428\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\uff08Asa Gray\uff09\u662f\u5185\u6218\u524d\u7f8e\u56fd\u672c\u571f\u6700\u5177\u58f0\u671b\u7684\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u66fe\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4e13\u95e8\u901a\u4fe1\u4ea4\u6d41\u6709\u5173\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u6700\u521d\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u683c\u96f7\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5c31\u662f\u7f16\u7e82\u4e86\u300a\u5317\u7f8e\u690d\u7269\u5fd7\u300b\uff08Flora of North America\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5230\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u751f\u6daf\u665a\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5374\u51ed\u501f\u4e00\u5df1\u4e4b\u529b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u4ed6\u6e05\u695a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u6b63\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a\u7531\u4ee5\u5f62\u6001\u63cf\u8ff0\u3001\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u201c\u89c2\u5bdf\u578b\u201d\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u201c\u751f\u7406\u5b66\u578b\u201d\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u8428\u00b7\u683c\u96f7\uff081810-1888\uff09<\/p>\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8870\u9893\u6001\u52bf\u8fd8\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u6001\u5ea6\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e2\u6709\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u5dde\u6743\u4e4b\u4e89\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u6770\u6590\u900a\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c31\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6050\u60e7\u548c\u53cd\u611f\u4e0d\u65e0\u5173\u8054\u3002\u5728\u53cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u76f4\u5230\u5185\u6218\u7206\u53d1\u4ee5\u524d\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u5efa\u5236\u53f2\u5bc6\u68ee\u534f\u4f1a\uff08Smithsonian Institution\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u4e00\u4f4d\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6350\u732e\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u8fd0\u8f6c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5185\u6218\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u8fd1\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u519c\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u5728\u4f0a\u8428\u514b\u00b7\u725b\u987f\uff08Isaac Newton, 1800-1867\uff09\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\uff08United States Department of Agriculture\uff09\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u8d1f\u8d23\u5f00\u5c55\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u53f2\u5bc6\u68ee\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u6d77\u5cb8\u8c03\u67e5\u961f\uff08Coast Survey\uff09\u548c\u6d77\u519b\u5929\u6587\u53f0\uff08Naval Observatory\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u5f00\u59cb\u5efa\u7acb\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u90e8\u95e8\u4e0e\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u8fd8\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8fce\u6765\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u7406\u5de5\u9662\u6821\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u70ed\u6f6e\u30021840\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u6781\u4e3a\u7d27\u7f3a\uff0c\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u6821\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u897f\u70b9\uff08West Point\uff09\u548c\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u8c22\u83f2\u5c14\u5fb7\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u9662\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u6240\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u51b5\u57281860\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u540e\u5927\u4e3a\u6539\u89c2\uff0c\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\uff08MIT\uff09\u4e8e1861\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c1868\u5e74\u4eff\u7167\u4fc4\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u89c4\u5212\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6c83\u8d5b\u65af\u7279\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\uff08WPI\uff09\u4e5f\u5ba3\u544a\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u5305\u62ec\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e15\u8428\u8fea\u7eb3\u7684\u52a0\u5dde\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\uff08CIT\uff09\u7684\u524d\u8eab\u65af\u6d1b\u6d66\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\uff08Throop Polytechnic Institute\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7406\u5de5\u9662\u6821\u90fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u8428\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u8fbe\u7eb3\uff08Samuel Luther Dana\uff09\u548c\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8fbe\u5fb7\u5229\uff08Charles B. Dudley\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u4e5f\u7387\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u5e94\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65e5\u8d8b\u7e41\u8363\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u79d1\u5b66\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5ffd\u89c6\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u30021883\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ea8\u5229\u00b7\u7f57\u5170\uff08Henry A. Rowland\uff09\u65e0\u5948\u5730\u6168\u53f9\uff0c\u7eaf\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5883\u9047\u96be\u4ee5\u548c\u96d5\u5851\u5bb6\u3001\u753b\u5bb6\u3001\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u3001\u8bd7\u4eba\u548c\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7f3a\u4e4f\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u6fc0\u52b1\u6761\u4ef6\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5728\u4e00\u573a\u6f14\u8bb2\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd8\u53ea\u662f\u5c1a\u672a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u672a\u6765\u4e4b\u4e8b\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u5b66\u91cc\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u88ab\u7e41\u91cd\u7684\u6559\u5b66\u4efb\u52a1\u8017\u53bb\u4e86\u592a\u591a\u7cbe\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u7f3a\u5c11\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u52a9\u624b\u4e0e\u5668\u68b0\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u5bb6\u897f\u8499\u00b7\u7ebd\u5eb7\u535a\uff08Simon Newcomb\uff09\u4e5f\u57281874\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e\u300a\u5317\u7f8e\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff08North American Review\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u540c\u6837\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf\u90fd\u6295\u5411\u4e86\u7269\u8d28\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u9020\u6210\u7684\u6c1b\u56f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u667a\u8bc6\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u3002\u201d\u7ebd\u5eb7\u535a\u8fd8\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u8c08\u53ca\u4e00\u4f4d\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4f1a\u95ee\u201c\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u4eec\u4f1a\u95ee\u201c\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b0\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u6559\u6388\u80fd\u591f\u51ed\u501f\u505a\u51fa\u539f\u521b\u6027\u8d21\u732e\u83b7\u5f97\u6536\u5165\u2014\u2014\u5438\u5f15\u5927\u6279\u5b66\u751f\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u5b66\u8d39\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u800c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u7279\u522b\u662f\u975e\u4e1c\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u9662\u6821\u7684\u6559\u6388\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u539f\u521b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u50cf\u5fb7\u56fd\u6559\u6388\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u6216\u916c\u52b3\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u56e2\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u81ea\u8eab\u8fd0\u8f6c\u90fd\u5341\u5206\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6709\u6548\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5230\u4e00\u6218\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u4e4b\u4e2d\u867d\u5360\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6c34\u5e73\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff09\u8fd8\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5b9e\u529b\u76f8\u5339\u914d\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u56fe\u666f\u7684\u9eef\u6de1\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u57f9\u517b\u51fa\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u4eba\u624d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4e0d\u5149\u8981\u9760\u4e2a\u522b\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u6301\u7eed\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u6fc0\u52b1\u601d\u60f3\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u7a33\u56fa\u800c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n

2<\/p>\n

\u201c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6574\u7406\u81ea\uff1a\u201cThe Physicists\u2019 War\u201d, David C. Cassidy, A Short History of Physics in the American Century, Harvard University Press, 2011, pp.72-89.<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aDavid C. Cassidy<\/p>\n

\u201c\u603b\u7edf\u5148\u751f\uff1a\u6700\u8fd1\u6211\u5728\u4e0e\u8d39\u7c73\uff08E. Fermi\uff09\u548c\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\uff08L. Szilard\uff09\u7684\u624b\u7a3f\u901a\u4fe1\u4e2d\u77e5\u6653\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u8fd1\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8fdb\u5c55\uff0c\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u94c0\u5143\u7d20\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u672a\u6765\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u4e14\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u80fd\u6e90\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u4e8b\u6001\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6b63\u5728\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u5f53\u8b66\u89c9\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u5e94\u5f53\u91c7\u53d6\u8fc5\u901f\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\u6458\u81ea1939\u5e748\u67082\u65e5\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5199\u7ed9\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u7684\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\u4ef6\u3002\u516b\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u67cf\u6797\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u5411\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6838\u88c2\u53d8\u9886\u57df\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e0e\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7b49\u4eba\u62c5\u5fc3\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7814\u53d1\u51fa\u6781\u5177\u7834\u574f\u529b\u7684\u65b0\u5f0f\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e00\u4e3e\u6539\u53d8\u53c2\u6218\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u4fe1\u5bc4\u5f80\u767d\u5bab\u540e\u4e0d\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5766\u514b\u5f00\u8fdb\u6ce2\u5170\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5c31\u6b64\u7206\u53d1\u3002\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u663e\u7136\u6536\u5230\u5e76\u9605\u8bfb\u4e86\u8fd9\u5c01\u6765\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u6307\u793a\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u5341\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u6807\u51c6\u5c40\u4e0b\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u519b\u4e8b\u5229\u7528\u6838\u88c2\u53d8\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u5377\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u7a0b\u5ea6\u52a0\u6df1\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51b3\u5b9a\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u5c40\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u6218\u662f\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e8c\u6218\u53ef\u4ee5\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u7fa4\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4e8c\u6218\u58eb\u5175\u582a\u79f0\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u5168\u660e\u661f\u9635\u5bb9\u2014\u2014\u7535\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u6821\u957f\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u5eb7\u666e\u987f\uff08Karl T. Compton\uff09\uff0c\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u00b7\u970d\u666e\u91d1\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u4ee5\u8d5b\u4e9a\u00b7\u9c8d\u66fc\uff08Isaiah Bowman\uff09\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001AT&T\u516c\u53f8\u526f\u603b\u88c1\u517c\u8d1d\u5c14\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u603b\u88c1\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u91d1\u5a01\u7279\uff08Frank B. Jewett\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u7acb\u80af\uff08Robert A. Millikan\uff09\u548c\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5eb7\u666e\u987f\uff08Arthur Compton\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u5eb7\u666e\u987f\u7684\u5f1f\u5f1f\uff09\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u8fd9\u7fa4\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5219\u662f\u4e24\u4f4d\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u5177\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7cbe\u82f1\u2014\u2014\u4e07\u5c3c\u6cd5\u00b7\u5e03\u4ec0\uff08Vannevar Bush\uff09\u548c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u79d1\u5357\u7279\uff08James B. Conant\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u5f53\u65f6\u62c5\u4efb\u5361\u8010\u57fa\u5b66\u9662\uff08Carnegie Institute\uff09\u6821\u957f\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u822a\u7a7a\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08NACA\uff09\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u6709\u673a\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u65f6\u4efb\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u6b63\u5728\u7814\u5236\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u8fd8\u662f\u51b3\u7b56\u5c42\u90fd\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u91cc\u666e\u904d\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u6b66\u5668\u4f9d\u65e7\u9762\u4e34\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e00\u65f6\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1b\u4f46\u968f\u77401941\u5e7410\u6708\u4e00\u4efd\u82f1\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u7684\u5230\u6765\u548c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u540e\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u73cd\u73e0\u6e2f\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u7814\u5236\u6838\u5f39\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8fc5\u901f\u52a0\u5feb\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u4ee3\u53f7\u4e3a\u201c\u9ed8\u5fb7\u62a5\u544a\u201d\uff08Maud Report\uff09\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u60c5\u62a5\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u5236\u9020\u94c0\u5f39\u5df2\u7ecf\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u53ef\u884c\u6027\u5e76\u5c06\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u9020\u6210\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\uff0c\u5e03\u4ec0\u5c06\u8fd9\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u706b\u901f\u9012\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u51b3\u7b56\u5c42\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u603b\u7edf\u5f88\u5feb\u540c\u610f\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u542f\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7814\u5236\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5e03\u4ec0\u548c\u79d1\u5357\u7279\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u7684\u94c0\u54a8\u8be2\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08\u53c8\u79f0\u201cS-1\u201d\uff0c\u4e0b\u5c5e\u4e8e\u56fd\u9632\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u5c06\u6574\u4e2a\u7814\u5236\u8ba1\u5212\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u8d1f\u8d23\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u7531\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5eb7\u666e\u987f\u548c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u51b6\u91d1\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\uff08Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u201cMet Lab\u201d\uff09\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6838\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u7531\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\uff08Ernest Lawrence\uff09\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u7535\u78c1\u5206\u79bb\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\uff1b\u4e09\u662f\u7531\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u00b7\u5c24\u91cc\uff08Harold Urey\uff09\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u5229\u7528\u6c14\u4f53\u6269\u6563\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u53d6\u5236\u9020\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u6240\u9700\u94c0\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5de5\u4f5c\u5219\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u72b9\u592a\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\uff08J. Robert Oppenheimer\uff09\u6559\u6388\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5206\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5eb7\u666e\u987f\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u30021941\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u597d\u53cb\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u9080\u8bf7\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u524d\u5f80\u7ebd\u7ea6\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u6b21\u79d8\u5bc6\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0a\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u5728\u70b8\u5f39\u8bbe\u8ba1\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7d20\u517b\u7ed9\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u6301\u8005\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5eb7\u666e\u987f\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6df1\u523b\u5370\u8c61\uff0c\u6b21\u5e745\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u8d1f\u8d23\u6574\u4e2a\u9879\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u6838\u88c2\u53d8\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u51e0\u4e2a\u6708\u4e2d\uff0c\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u4e0e\u94c0\u5f39\u5236\u9020\u7684\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5236\u9020\u66f4\u5177\u5a01\u529b\u7684\u201c\u8d85\u7ea7\u5f39\u201d\uff08\u5373\u6c22\u5f39\uff09\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u201cS-1\u201d\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e03\u4ec0\u6709\u610f\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u5316\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u56e2\u961f\u7684\u670d\u4ece\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53c2\u4e0e\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u89e6\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u804c\u8d23\u65f6\u5e94\u8be5\u81ea\u89c9\u5c06\u81ea\u8eab\u653e\u5728\u4ece\u5c5e\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u963f\u745f\u00b7\u5eb7\u666e\u987f\u5411\u5e03\u4ec0\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u7b56\u95ee\u9898\u540e\uff0c\u5e03\u4ec0\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u9887\u4e3a\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u53e3\u543b\u7b54\u590d\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6446\u5728\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u9762\u524d\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6709\u5173\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u6216\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201d\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u5e03\u4ec0\u5df2\u5c06\u8fd9\u573a\u8ba1\u5212\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f53\u4f5c\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u4e5f\u662f\u65e0\u5173\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5982\u4f55\u53bb\u5b8c\u6210\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5408\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8d1f\u6709\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u9053\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\uff081904-1967\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u603b\u90e8\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u6700\u521d\u8bbe\u5728\u4e86\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u5de5\u7a0b\u533a\uff08Manhattan Engineer District\uff09\uff0c\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7814\u5236\u8ba1\u5212\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u8ba1\u5212\u201d\uff0c\u7531\u9646\u519b\u51c6\u5c06\u83b1\u65af\u5229\u00b7\u683c\u7f57\u592b\u65af\uff08Leslie R. Groves\uff09\u62c5\u4efb\u4e3b\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u3002\u683c\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u6311\u9009\u4e86\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u62c5\u4efb\u8be5\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4e3b\u7ba1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u51b3\u5b9a\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u9887\u4e3a\u51fa\u4eba\u610f\u6599\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u65e2\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4e5f\u66fe\u6301\u6709\u8fc7\u62db\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4f4d\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u7adf\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u519b\u4eba\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u683c\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u7684\u4fe1\u8d56\u663e\u7136\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7406\u7531\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e3a\u683c\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u4f5c\u4f20\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u8bfa\u91cc\u65af\uff08Robert S. Norris\uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u683c\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u5e94\u8be5\u6070\u6070\u662f\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e86\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u653f\u6cbb\u80cc\u666f\u4e0a\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4f4d\u4eba\u7269\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u4fbf\u4e8e\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u786e\u7acb\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4eba\u6311\u6218\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5965\u672c\u6d77\u9ed8\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0b\uff0c\u683c\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u6311\u9009\u4e86\u8fdc\u5728\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5dde\u7684\u6d1b\u65af\u963f\u62c9\u83ab\u65af\uff08Los Alamos\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u6240\u7537\u6821\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u65bd\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u4e3b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u7ec4\u88c5\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u4e24\u5e74\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u8ba1\u5212\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u9047\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u5927\u56f0\u96be\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\u89e6\u53d1\u7206\u70b8\u73af\u8282\u7684\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u94c0\u5f39\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5efa\u9020\u4e0a\u7684\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u63d0\u53d6\u94c0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8981\u8fdc\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u548c\u6f2b\u957f\uff1b\u76f8\u8f83\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u949a\u5f39\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b66\u5668\u5927\u6279\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5374\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u7403\u9762\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0a\u7684\u6280\u672f\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u949a\u7684\u5185\u7206\u538b\u7f29\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7cbe\u786e\u7403\u9762\u9707\u52a8\u6ce2\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u89e6\u53d1\u3002\u51e0\u7ecf\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u949a\u5f39\u7403\u9762\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u7ec8\u4e8e\u6392\u9664\uff0c1945\u5e747\u670816\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u65b0\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u6c99\u6f20\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4ee3\u53f7\u4e3a\u201c\u4e09\u4e00\u201d\uff08Trinity\uff09\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u8bd5\u7206\u4e86\u4e00\u679a\u949a\u5f39\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\uff0c\u4e00\u679a\u540c\u6837\u7684\u949a\u5f39\u88ab\u8fd0\u5f80\u4e86\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6df1\u5904\u7684\u7a7a\u519b\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u957f\u5d0e\u6295\u4e0b\u7684\u90a3\u9897\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u3002<\/p>\n

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