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\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u603b\u540d\u4e3a\u514b\u529b\u65af\u987f\u6559\uff0c\u4ea6\u5206\u4e09\uff1a\u4e00\u52a0\u7279\u529b\u6559\uff0c\u4e43\u610f\u5927\u91cc\u4e9a\u6240\u884c\u5929\u4e3b\u65e7\u6559\uff1b\u4e00\u989d\u5229\u6559\uff1b\u4e00\u6ce2\u7f57\u7279\u58eb\u987f\u6559\uff0c\u5219\u8bf8\u56fd\u6240\u540e\u8d77\u3002\u5927\u90fd\u6709\u4e0d\u4f9b\u4ed6\u795e\u800c\u5c1a\u4f9b\u5929\u4e3b\u5076\u50cf\u3001\u753b\u50cf\uff0c\u53ca\u793c\u62dc\u524d\u8d24\u751f\u65e5\u8005\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u5207\u4e0d\u4f9b\uff0c\u60df\u656c\u5929\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u4f9b\u5341\u5b57\u8005\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u4f9b\u5341\u5b57\u8005\u3002\u4e16\u4f20\u897f\u6d0b\u60df\u82f1\u5409\u5229\u4e00\u56fd\u72ec\u8f9f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u82f1\u5937\u6240\u8f9f\u8005\uff0c\u52a0\u7279\u529b\u6559\u5c14\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9b4f\u6e90\u6cbf\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u603b\u540d\uff0c\u800c\u5404\u79cd\u6559\u6d3e\u540d\u5219\u7528\u97f3\u8bd1\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u97f3\u8bd1\u8bcd\u5e76\u975e\u9b4f\u6e90\u9996\u521b\u3002\u201c\u514b\u529b\u65af\u987f\u6559\u201d\u3001\u201c\u52a0\u7279\u529b\u6559\u201d\u3001\u201c\u989d\u5229\u6559\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6ce2\u7f57\u7279\u58eb\u987f\u6559\u201d\u8fd9\u51e0\u4e2a\u540d\u8bcd\u65e9\u5148\u5df2\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u534e\u4e8b\u5937\u8a00\u300b\u548c\u300a\u56db\u6d32\u5fd7\u300b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002 \u800c\u6839\u636e\u9b4f\u6e90\u7684\u5f15\u8ff0\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u620a\u620c\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4e1c\u897f\u6d0b\u8003\u6bcf\u6708\u7edf\u8bb0\u4f20\u300b\u4e2d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u6ce2\u7f57\u58eb\u7279\u6b63\u6559\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u9b4f\u6e90<\/p>\n

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\u5176\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7acb\u7ea6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c06\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u4f20\u6559\u6743\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c1858\u5e746\u6708\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u300a\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c\u516b\u6b3e\u8bf4\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u5723\u6559\u66a8\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u539f\u7cfb\u4e3a\u5584\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u5f85\u4eba\u5982\u5df1\u3002\u81ea\u540e\u51e1\u6709\u4f20\u6388\u4e60\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4e00\u4f53\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5176\u5b89\u5206\u65e0\u8fc7\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u6beb\u4e0d\u5f97\u523b\u5f85\u7981\u963b\u201d\u3002 \u800c\u540c\u671f\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u4e2d\u7f8e\u300a\u5929\u6d25\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u6b3e\u5219\u8bf4\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u5723\u6559\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u539f\u4e3a\u529d\u4eba\u884c\u5584\uff0c\u51e1\u6b32\u4eba\u65bd\u8bf8\u5df1\u8005\u4ea6\u5982\u662f\u65bd\u4e8e\u4eba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u4ec5\u4ece\u6b64\u5904\u6761\u7ea6\u6587\u672c\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u57fa\u7763\u5723\u6559\u201d\u7b49\u540c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u6b32\u8868\u660e\u65b0\u65e7\u6559\u540c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6e90\uff0c\u5e94\u540c\u4eab\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7528\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u56fd\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u8fa8\u660e\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u54b8\u4e30\u5e74\u95f4\u8bb8\u591a\u5b98\u5458\u90fd\u5c06\u5404\u6d3e\u6559\u58eb\u6559\u5f92\u5c3d\u5f52\u4e8e\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u540d\u4e0b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u54b8\u4e30\u5341\u5e74\uff081860\uff09\u8881\u7532\u4e09\u5728\u594f\u6298\u91cc\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5937\u4eba\u7d20\u4e60\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u672c\u5e74\u516d\u6708\uff0c\u5373\u6709\u58a8\u5229\u52a0\u56fd\u501f\u82f1\u5937\u8239\u9a76\u8d74\u4f20\u6559\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u53d1\u9006\u4e4b\u717d\u60d1\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ea6\u85c9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e3a\u540d\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5230\u540c\u6cbb\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5b98\u5458\u7763\u529e\u6d0b\u52a1\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u4ea4\u6d89\u589e\u591a\uff0c\u6e10\u6e10\u660e\u767d\u65e7\u6709\u7684\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6d3e\u4e4b\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u516d\u5e74\uff081867\uff09\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u745e\u9e9f\u79f0\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u60df\u6cd5\u56fd\u5949\u884c\u60df\u8c28\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u5404\u56fd\uff0c\u5404\u5949\u5404\u6559\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c3d\u5212\u4e00\u3002\u201d \u800c\u5f53\u65f6\u66fe\u56fd\u85e9\u4e5f\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5174\u4e8e\u6cf0\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4eca\u65e5\u4e4b\u6cf0\u897f\uff0c\u5219\u53e6\u7acb\u8036\u7a23\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u6539\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u201d \u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u201d\u4e4b\u5206\u5728\u58eb\u4eba\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\u624d\u8f83\u4e3a\u591a\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u665a\u6e05\u4e2d\u6587\u8bed\u5883\u91cc\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u9646\u7eed\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u82f1\u6c49\u5b57\u5178\u4e2d\u4e5f\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u57281822\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u300a\u534e\u82f1\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u5b57\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5c06\u201cChristianity\u201d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u5341\u5b57\u6559\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u201cChurch\u201d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5723\u4f1a\u3001\u5929\u4e3b\u4f1a\u201d\u53ca\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u5802\u201d\uff0c \u5c3d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u662f\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u4ee5\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\u6765\u7ffb\u8bd1\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u5168\u4f53\u3002\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u60c5\u51b5\u6709\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6e5b\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff08John Chalmers\uff09\u57281859\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u7ca4\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\u5c06\u201cChristianity\u201d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u201d\u3002 \u800c\u5362\u516c\u660e\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u8403\u6797\u97f5\u5e9c\u300b\u548c\u7f57\u5b58\u5fb7\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u5728\u201cChristianity\u201d\u4e0b\u90fd\u540c\u65f6\u5217\u6709\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bd1\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0e\u897f\u4eba\u63a5\u89e6\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u533a\u5206\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u201d\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u66f4\u5e7f\u5927\u7684\u666e\u901a\u58eb\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u201d\u4e3a\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u6559\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u4e0d\u751a\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u672b\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u6559\u4f1a\u65b0\u62a5\u300b\u66fe\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u8bf4\uff0c\u79f0\u201c\u672c\u671d\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e60\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e4b\u4eba\uff0c\u85c9\u6559\u884c\u6076\uff0c\u7ecf\u5b98\u67e5\u529e\u5728\u6848\u3002\u6b64\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e0e\u6211\u8036\u7a23\u65e0\u6d89\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u58eb\u4eba\u5728\u8bfb\u6b64\u8bba\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u4e3a\u4f55\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e0e\u8036\u7a23\u65e0\u6d89\u201d\uff0c\u7ed9\u62a5\u9986\u5199\u4fe1\u8be2\u95ee\u3002\u62a5\u9986\u518d\u56de\u7b54\u201c\u5373\u524d\u660e\u6b63\u5fb7\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\u4e5f\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u3001\u8036\u7a23\u4e24\u6559\u5206\u95e8\u522b\u6237\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u81f3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5728\u524d\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u81f3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e03\u3001\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

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2<\/p>\n

\u665a\u6e05\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u5bf9\u201c\u6b63\u201d\u7684\u4e89\u593a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5176\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u540d\u8bcd\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e0a\u6709\u610f\u201c\u7acb\u5f02\u201d\u3002\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u57281822\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u6c49\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\u5c06\u201cChristianity\u201d\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5982\u679c\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u603b\u79f0\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4eca\u5929\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6982\u5ff5\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5c31\u4f1a\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4f46\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5165\u534e\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5c06\u201cGod\u201d\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u8bcd\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u795e\u201d\u3002 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\u548c\u4e3b\u5f20\u201c\u795e\u201d\u7684\u4e24\u6d3e\u4e89\u8bba\u6781\u4e3a\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u672a\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bd1\u8bcd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u4fe1\u4ef0\u603b\u79f0\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u5f97\u5230\u665a\u6e05\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8ba4\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u793c\u900a<\/p>\n

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\u897f\u65b9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56e0\u5b97\u6559\u539f\u56e0\u800c\u8d77\u7684\u7eb7\u4e89\u6b8b\u6740\u4e0d\u65ad\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u897f\u53f2\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7bc7\u7ae0\u3002\u800c\u8bb8\u591a\u5bf9\u897f\u5b66\u4e86\u89e3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u6df1\u7684\u58eb\u4eba\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5c1a\u672a\u77e5\u6653\u65b0\u6559\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u80cc\u666f\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5148\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u8f83\u665a\u8fd1\u7684\u201c\u5206\u6559\u201d\u4e4b\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u79cb\u6d9b\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u540c\u4e00\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u5206\u800c\u4e3a\u4e09\uff0c\u800c\u4e09\u5927\u56fd\u8005\u5404\u5949\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u7686\u6b32\u4ee5\u884c\u8bf8\u5929\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f55\u5f02\u8bf4\u4e4b\u6ecb\u7e41\u6b24\uff01\u516c\u6559\u65a5\u4fee\u6559\u4e3a\u540e\u8d77\u4e4b\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u4fee\u6559\u65a5\u516c\u6559\u4e3a\u6a2a\u884c\u4e4b\u90aa\u8bf4\u201d\u3002 \u4e2d\u56fd\u58eb\u4eba\u51fa\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u201c\u4e00\u7edf\u201d\u4e4b\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u5f80\u5f80\u62b1\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u848b\u6566\u590d\u5728\u300a\u82f1\u5fd7\u81ea\u5e8f\u300b\u4e2d\u5c31\u611f\u53f9\u9053\u201c\u65b0\u65e7\u4e8c\u6d3e\u7eb7\u7136\u805a\u8bbc\uff0c\u5b70\u90aa\u5b70\u6b63\uff0c\u6216\u4f2a\u6216\u771f\uff0c\u672a\u95fb\u5929\u4e3b\u4eb2\u964d\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u590d\u751f\u4ee5\u65ad\u65af\u72f1\u4e5f\u3002\u541b\u81e3\u76f8\u653b\uff0c\u7236\u5b50\u5144\u5f1f\u592b\u5987\u76f8\u4ec7\u654c\uff0c\u711a\u6eba\u5203\u7f22\uff0c\u6740\u4eba\u5982\u9ebb\uff0c\u6559\u7978\u4e4b\u70c8\u80e1\u81f3\u4e8e\u6b64\u6781\u8036\uff1f\u201d \u738b\u829d\u5728\u300a\u6d77\u5ba2\u65e5\u8c2d\u300b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bf4\u201c\u7a76\u5929\u4e3b\u5373\u8036\u7a23\u4e5f\uff0c\u987e\u4e8c\u6559\u5404\u7acb\u515a\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5584\uff0c\u5982\u6c34\u706b\u3002\u6b27\u7f57\u5df4\u8bf8\u56fd\u76f8\u503e\u76f8\u6b8b\uff0c\u83ab\u975e\u4e8c\u6559\u4e4b\u6545\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e2\u7136\u4e8c\u6559\u76f8\u6b8b\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u58eb\u4eba\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5e76\u4e0d\u9ad8\u3002\u8bf8\u5982\u5f90\u7ee7\u756c\u300a\u701b\u73af\u5fd7\u7565\u300b\u3001\u590f\u71ee\u300a\u4e2d\u897f\u7eaa\u4e8b\u300b\u3001\u5f20\u81ea\u7267\u300a\u701b\u6d77\u8bba\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u8ff0\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u8def\u5fb7\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u201c\u7acb\u6559\u8005\u201d\uff0c \u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u201c\u522b\u7acb\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u201d\u3002 \u5bf9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u3001\u65e7\u6559\u7eb7\u4e89\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u522b\u7acb\u6559\u6d3e\u4e4b\u4eba\u81ea\u7136\u8981\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u5f90\u7ee7\u756c\u5c31\u5bf9\u8def\u5fb7\u8bc4\u8bba\u8bf4\u201c\u4f59\u8c13\u7acb\u6559\u4ee5\u6551\u4e16\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e43\u8bf8\u56fd\u56e0\u5206\u6559\u4e4b\u6545\u800c\u6b8b\u6740\u4e0d\u5df2\uff0c\u6559\u7956\u800c\u6709\u77e5\u4e5f\uff0c\u5176\u8c13\u4e4b\u4f55\uff1f\u201d\u738b\u829d\u4e5f\u8bf4\u201c\u6b27\u7f57\u5df4\u7acb\u6559\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u5c82\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8db3\u5584\u56fd\uff0c\u4eca\u4e43\u7ade\u6559\u800c\u4e92\u6215\u77e3\u2026\u2026\u7acb\u6559\u8005\u82df\u6709\u77e5\uff0c\u80fd\u4e0d\u8d67\u989c\u6c57\u80cc\u4e5f\u4e4e\u201d\u3002 \u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u5728\u5149\u7eea\u521d\u5e74\u51fa\u4f7f\u82f1\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u65e5\u8bb0\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\u201c\u6ce2\u7f57\u7279\u58eb\u8005\uff0c\u8a93\u4e0d\u4ece\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u4e4b\u8c13\u4e5f\u3002\u76d6\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u4e4b\u79ef\u655d\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u601d\u53d8\u8ba1\uff0c\u8def\u5254\u4e4b\u521b\u7acb\u6559\u540d\uff0c\u8bda\u4ea6\u672b\u6d41\u8865\u6551\u4e4b\u672f\u4e5f\u201d\uff0c \u5f53\u7136\u90ed\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u4ecd\u6709\u538c\u6076\u4e4b\u60c5\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u628a\u8def\u5fb7\u6539\u6559\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u672b\u6d41\u8865\u6551\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u81f3\u5c11\u5df2\u7ecf\u63ed\u793a\u51fa\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u6539\u9769\u9488\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e4b\u201c\u79ef\u5f0a\u201d\u800c\u8f83\u83b7\u6c11\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6070\u6070\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u8bb0\u8ff0\u3002\u300a\u6d77\u56fd\u56fe\u5fd7\u300b\u4e2d\u66fe\u957f\u7bc7\u5f15\u7528\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u7236\u5b50\u7b49\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u5916\u56fd\u53f2\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u79f0\u8def\u5fb7\u4e3a\u201c\u8d24\u58eb\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5ba3\u8a00\u6559\u7687\u4e4b\u8c2c\uff0c\u5207\u529d\u5404\u56fd\u53bb\u6559\u7687\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u201c\u5c06\u300a\u5723\u4e66\u300b\u7ffb\u8bd1\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee4\u6c11\u8bfb\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e43\u5174\u5d07\u6b63\u9053\u201d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u79cd\u79cd\uff0c\u5c3d\u5728\u8d5e\u9882\u8def\u5fb7\u6539\u6559\u4e4b\u529f\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u5728\u8bb0\u8ff0\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u7528\u4e86\u4e00\u5bf9\u7279\u522b\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff1a\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u672c\u6559\u201d\uff0c \u8fd9\u7ec4\u540d\u8bcd\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\u968f\u610f\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b83\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65b0\u6559\uff08\u8036\u7a23\u6559\uff09\u56de\u590d\u4e86\u8036\u7a23\u539f\u672c\u7684\u6b63\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53cd\u800c\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u8eab\u4e3a\u201c\u6b63\u201d\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e4b\u7528\u5fc3\uff0c\u5373\u60f3\u8981\u6811\u7acb\u81ea\u8eab\u76f8\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u533a\u522b\u548c\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u867d\u7136\u5927\u591a\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u665a\u6e05\u8f83\u901a\u884c\u7684\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u201d\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u8eab\u6559\u6d3e\u4e3a\u6b63\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u66f4\u6b63\u6559\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8fa8\u6b63\u6559\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4fee\u6574\u6559\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u540d\u8bcd\u5728\u5176\u7b14\u4e0b\u76f8\u5f53\u591a\u89c1\u30021838\u5e74\u300a\u4e1c\u897f\u6d0b\u8003\u6bcf\u6708\u7edf\u8bb0\u4f20\u300b\u4e0a\u5c31\u8bf4\u4e39\u9ea6\u56fd\u6c11\u4fe1\u65b0\u6559\u4e3a\u201c\u8fdb\u6b63\u6559\u201d\uff0c 1857\u5e74\u300a\u516d\u5408\u4e1b\u8c08\u300b\u4e0a\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u6b63\u6559\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u201d\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c \u800c\u4e8e1850\u5e74\u4ee3\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e0e\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4ea4\u5f80\u751a\u591a\u7684\u6d2a\u4ec1\u7395\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u8d44\u653f\u65b0\u7bc7\u300b\u4e2d\u8bba\u53ca\u201c\u65e5\u8033\u66fc\u90a6\u201d\u65f6\u4e5f\u8bf4\u201c\u8fa8\u6b63\u6559\u4ea6\u51fa\u6b64\u90a6\u4e4b\u8def\u5f97\u4e5f\u201d\uff0c \u6d2a\u6c0f\u201c\u8fa8\u6b63\u6559\u201d\u7684\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u51fa\u81ea\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u5b58\u5fb7\u7f16\u5199\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5c06\u201cProtestant\u201d\u8bd1\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u5f03\u62d2\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u8005\u3001\u80cc\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8005\u3001\u6b63\u6559\u8005\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e2\u5ba3\u626c\u65b0\u6559\u4e3a\u6b63\u9053\uff0c\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4eec\u66f4\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u5bf9\u8def\u5fb7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u52a0\u4ee5\u8912\u626c\u30021879\u5e74\u8303\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff08John M. W. Farnham\uff09\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u300a\u5c0f\u5b69\u6708\u62a5\u300b\u520a\u8f7d\u300a\u8def\u5f97\u9a6c\u4e01\u5c0f\u4f20\u300b\uff0c\u8be5\u5c0f\u4f20\u8bb2\u8ff0\u5230\u8def\u5fb7\u6388\u8bfe\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u542c\u8005\u7686\u8a00\uff0c\u6b64\u4e43\u771f\u795e\u501f\u8def\u6c0f\u4e4b\u53e3\u800c\u5ba3\u751f\u547d\u4e4b\u9053\u8005\u201d\uff0c\u6b64\u4e2d\u660e\u793a\u8def\u5fb7\u4ee3\u8868\u201c\u771f\u795e\u4e4b\u9053\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5219\u8bf4\u8def\u5fb7\u201c\u522b\u7acb\u8036\u7a23\u6b63\u6559\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e4b\u6743\u8870\uff0c\u800c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u76db\u884c\u4e8e\u4e16\u7109\u3002\u201d 1881\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4f26\u6566\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6155\u7ef4\u5ec9\uff08William Muirhead\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u516c\u62a5\u300b\u8fde\u8f7d\u300a\u8def\u5f97\u4e70\u4e01\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bf4\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u52a0\u79c3\u5229\u6559\uff08\u6309\uff1a\u5373\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff09\u79bb\u5723\u7ecf\u4e4b\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u6742\u4e4e\u8bf8\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u65b0\u6559\u4e4b\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u53c8\u8bf4\u201c\u8def\u5f97\u4e43\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u7acb\uff0c\u4ee5\u5174\u6b63\u6559\uff0c\u901a\u884c\u4e8e\u4e07\u56fd\u4e5d\u6d32\uff0c\u4eca\u65f6\u897f\u65b9\u8457\u540d\u4e4b\u56fd\uff0c\u5927\u534a\u5d07\u5949\u8036\u7a23\u6b63\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u79bb\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u5219\u4fe1\u4ece\u8005\u5927\u4e3a\u6d3b\u6cfc\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u653f\u4e8b\u6587\u5b66\u7b49\u4e8b\u5927\u5174\u77e3\u3002\u201d 1882\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u7406\u4f1a\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u8c22\u536b\u697c\u51fa\u7248\u897f\u53f2\u8bd1\u8457\u300a\u4e07\u56fd\u901a\u9274\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f46\u9882\u626c\u201c\u9c81\u7279\u201d\uff08\u6309\uff1a\u5373\u8def\u5fb7\uff09\u6539\u6559\u4e4b\u529f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c06\u65b0\u6559\u6539\u9769\u5217\u4e3a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u7684\u754c\u6807\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u66f4\u6b63\u6559\u632f\u5174\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u8bf8\u56fd\u4e4b\u666f\u8c61\u53d8\u5316\u4e00\u65b0\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u501f\u52a9\u8def\u5fb7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u6559\u58eb\u8457\u4e66\u4e13\u95e8\u9610\u8ff0\u65b0\u6559\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u5e94\u6570\u957f\u671f\u5bd3\u5c45\u5b81\u6ce2\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5e94\u601d\u7406\uff08Elias Inslee\uff09\u57281860\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5723\u6559\u9274\u7565\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u3002 \u8be5\u4e66\u4ee5\u201c\u5723\u6559\u201d\u6307\u65b0\u6559\uff08\u8036\u7a23\u6559\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u90aa\u6559\u201d\u79f0\u547c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u8005\u8457\u4e66\u7684\u4e3b\u65e8\u5373\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u5206\u5176\u4f18\u52a3\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e00\u660e\u90aa\u6b63\u201d\u3002\u5e94\u601d\u7406\u4ece\u897f\u65b9\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7740\u773c\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5728\u5404\u5904\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u6076\u884c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8bf4\u201c\u5f7c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5728\u4e2d\u534e\uff0c\u5176\u540d\u6700\u4e11\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u6e05\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u7981\u6559\u89c6\u4e3a\u82f1\u660e\u4e4b\u4e3e\uff0c\u201c\u540e\u4e3a\u7687\u5e1d\u660e\u5bdf\uff0c\u6076\u800c\u9010\u4e4b\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u654c\u89c6\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u6765\u534e\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e2d\u5f53\u5c5e\u6781\u7aef\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u7a00\u89c1\uff0c\u674e\u63d0\u6469\u592a\u5728\u620a\u620c\u53d8\u653f\u524d\u66fe\u7f16\u5199\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u53d8\u901a\u5174\u76db\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bf4\u9053\uff0c\u660e\u672b\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u201c\u7686\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e4b\u65c1\u95e8\u5916\u9053\uff0c\u6258\u540d\u4e3a\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5219\u7cfb\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u4e0e\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u7686\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6b63\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u201c\u5176\u65f6\u65e5\u672c\u671d\u5ef7\u521d\u4e0d\u77e5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6709\u6b63\u90aa\u4e4b\u522b\u201d\uff0c \u4e5f\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u4ee5\u201c\u6b63\uff0f\u90aa\u201d\u6765\u533a\u5206\u65b0\u65e7\u6559\u7684\u7528\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u8fa8\u6b63\u201d\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u8eab\u4e3a\u201c\u6539\u65b0\u201d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u9ea6\u90fd\u601d\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u5b57\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u5362\u516c\u660e\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u8403\u6797\u97f5\u5e9c\u300b\uff0c\u7f57\u5b58\u5fb7\u7684\u300a\u82f1\u534e\u5b57\u5178\u300b\u5728\u201cProtestantism\u201d\u8bcd\u6761\u4e0b\u90fd\u6709\u201c\u6539\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u7684\u4e49\u9879\u3002 \u4e0d\u8bba\u201c\u8fa8\u6b63\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u6539\u65b0\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0a\u90fd\u542b\u6709\u6539\u6b63\u4e4b\u4e49\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u5176\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6db5\u4e49\u540e\u6765\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u4e86\u666e\u901a\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002\u5982\u300a\u4eac\u8bdd\u62a5\u300b1901\u5e74\u520a\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\u201c\u90a3\u8036\u82cf\u6559\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u53eb\u505a\u8fa9\u6b63\u6559\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8036\u82cf\u6559\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6539\u4e86\u597d\u4e9b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u7531\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u6240\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u8fa8\u6b63\u6559\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6539\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u897f\u6559\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4fee\u6559\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u201d\u7b49\u65e9\u671f\u56fd\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u5e26\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u504f\u5411\u3002\u201cProtestant\u201d\u897f\u6587\u539f\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u6297\u8bae\u3001\u53cd\u6297\u201d\uff0c \u5373\u90ed\u5d69\u7118\u6240\u8bf4\u201c\u6ce2\u7f57\u7279\u58eb\u8005\uff0c\u8a93\u4e0d\u4ece\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u4e4b\u8c13\u4e5f\u201d\uff0c\u6155\u7ef4\u5ec9\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u5927\u82f1\u56fd\u5fd7\u300b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bf4\u201c\u5927\u82f1\u56fd\u4f17\u591a\u6ce2\u7f57\u7279\u58eb\u4f46\u6559\uff0c\u8a00\u8a93\u4e0d\u4ece\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4e5f\u201d\u3002 \u4f46\u7ecf\u8fc7\u665a\u6e05\uff0c\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u7684\u539f\u6db5\u4e49\u53cd\u800c\u4e0d\u592a\u88ab\u63d0\u5230\u3002\u4e3a\u4f55\u4f1a\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u53f2\u9886\u57df\u5185\u7684\u590d\u6742\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u665a\u6e05\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u521b\u5236\u4e0a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u540e\u6765\u8f83\u591a\u7528\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u63cf\u8ff0\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u7684\u65b0\u65e7\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8fd8\u5e26\u6709\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u884c\u5176\u9053\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u80dc\u4e8e\u65e7\u201d\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u665a\u6e05\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u548c\u65b0\u6559\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdb\u6b65\u89c2\u5ff5\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u620a\u620c\u524d\u540e\u7684\u7ef4\u65b0\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f88\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

3<\/p>\n

\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u51fa\u800c\u65e7\u6559\u6b86\u201d\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5174\u8d77<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u738b\u97ec<\/p>\n

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4<\/p>\n

\u4f59\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n

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