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<\/p>\n

1917\u5e74\u5217\u5b81\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u53d1\u8868\u6f14\u8bb2<\/p>\n

\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\u300b\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9636\u6bb5\u300b\uff081916\uff09\u4e00\u6587\u7684\u96cf\u5f62\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u5df2\u7ecf\u5305\u542b\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u72b6\u51b5\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u65ad\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5373\u6b27\u6d32\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u63a8\u7ffb\u5c01\u5efa\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65e7\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u963b\u788d\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u3002\u201d\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u5b8c\u5168\u540c\u610f\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fdb\u5165\u8d85\u8d8a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8d70\u5411\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f62\u6001\u3002[39]<\/p>\n

\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u80fd\u591f\u671f\u671b\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e1d\u56fd\u6d17\u5fc3\u9769\u9762\u5417\uff1f\u5c24\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u9636\u6bb5\u5373\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u201c\u4fb5\u5360\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u65bd\u884c\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u538b\u8feb\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u600e\u4e48\u80fd\u591f\u529d\u963b\u906d\u53d7\u6c11\u65cf\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u8d77\u6765\u9769\u547d\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u7531\u6b64\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u201c\u53cd\u5e1d\u8bba\u201d\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5171\u65e9\u671f\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f53\u65f6\u6b63\u5728\u906d\u53d7\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u5927\u56fd\u6b3a\u538b\u548c\u63a0\u593a\u3002\u82e5\u5bf9\u6bd4\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f97\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u75db\u65a5\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u53db\u5f92\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u70b9\u513f\u6ca1\u51a4\u6789\u4ed6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57281915\u5e74\u7684\u5c0f\u518c\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f81\u670d\u6240\u77a9\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u533a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u5e02\u573a\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u8f93\u51fa\u6765\u8bf4\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u201d\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u6574\u4e2a\u975e\u6d32\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u591a\u4e24\u500d\uff0c\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u7b49\u4e8e\u8fde\u4fc4\u56fd\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u3002\u201d\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6587\u660e\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5c45\u6c11\uff08\u4e0d\u7b97\u8fb9\u8fdc\u5730\u533a\uff09\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u201c\u6bd4\u8d77\u5370\u5ea6\u5c45\u6c11\u6765\u8981\u5e73\u5747\u5f97\u591a\u201d\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u6c34\u5e73\u4e5f\u6bd4\u5370\u5ea6\u519c\u6c11\u201c\u8981\u9ad8\u5f97\u591a\u201d\u3002\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u6ca1\u6709\u8bf4\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c1a\u5904\u4e8e\u5c01\u5efa\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bf4\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u867d\u7136\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u5e7f\u5927\u5c45\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f17\u4e00\u76f4\u8fd8\u5904\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u4e0b\u201d\uff08\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u300b\uff0c\u987554 – 55\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bf4\u6cd5\u7b97\u5f97\u4e0a\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6765\u81ea\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fdc\u4e0d\u5982\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f97\u7ec6\u817b\u5165\u5fae\uff08\u6bd4\u8f83\u300a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u9875272 – 274\uff09\u3002\u8ba9\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6211\u4eec\u5927\u8dcc\u773c\u955c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c31\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de8\u5927\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u5927\u70ae\u6765\u53d6\u5f97\u201d\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8981\u4e48\u201c\u7528\u66f4\u4f4e\u5ec9\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u201d\u3001\u8981\u4e48\u201c\u7528\u4fe1\u4efb\u201d\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u662f\u201c\u9ad8\u50b2\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u3002\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5927\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e89\u593a\u4e2d\u56fd\u800c\u53ae\u6253\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u201c\u52a0\u901f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u2018\u4e2d\u592e\u4e4b\u56fd\u2019\u53bb\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4ea4\u901a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4fee\u7b51\u94c1\u8def\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u95fb\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u8fd9\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u52a8\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u4f1a\u201c\u7528\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u59cb\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u201d\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u5c31\u4f1a\u5f7b\u5e95\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u540c\u5916\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ec8\u7a76\u52bf\u4e0d\u4e24\u7acb\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u90e8\u52bf\u529b\u90fd\u4f1a\u62b5\u6297\u5230\u5e95\uff08\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u300b\uff0c\u987556\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8bf4\u5f97\u771f\u4e00\u70b9\u513f\u6ca1\u9519\uff01\u7b14\u8005\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u7adf\u7136\u51ed\u6b64\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4eec\u51fa\u8c0b\u5212\u7b56\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u201c\u4fc4\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u201d\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u60e8\u75db\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u593a\u53bb\u5927\u7247\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u50cf\u82f1\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u7ef4\u62a4\u95e8\u6237\u5f00\u653e\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u505a\u6700\u597d\u7684\u751f\u610f\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u61c2\u5f97\u201c\u51b7\u9759\u6743\u8861\u5229\u5bb3\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u88ab\u8868\u9762\u73b0\u8c61\u6240\u8ff7\u60d1\u201d\uff08\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u300b\uff0c\u987555\uff09\u3002\u8a00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5e94\u8be5\u5411\u82f1\u7f8e\u5b66\u4e60\u3002\u8003\u8328\u57fa\u53d8\u5356\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u575a\u6301\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4e49\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u53c8\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

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\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u9700\u5f88\u4e45\u5fc5\u7136\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u5206\u5177\u5907\u4e3a\u5c06\u6765\u5185\u90e8\u53d1\u5c55\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c06\u8f6c\u800c\u53cd\u5bf9\u5b83\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6559\u5316\u8005\uff0c\u6446\u8131\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u63f4\u52a9\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5ec9\u4ef7\u51fa\u552e\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u62d3\u5c55\u81f3\u56fd\u5916\u5e02\u573a\u53bb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5176\u4ed6\u5c1a\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u53bb\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u4e8b\u4e1a\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u8f6c\u6298<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u660e\u786e\u544a\u8bc9\u6218\u540e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u62c5\u7eb2\u8005\u4eec\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e94\u8be5\u201c\u660e\u767d\u800c\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u5ba3\u5e03\u2018\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u2019\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u590d\u8fd4\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u968f\u5373\u8865\u5145\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec8\u7ed3\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u91cd\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u7ecf\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u52a0\u76df\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u8054\u76df\u6765\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u8054\u76df\u91cc\u9762\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u7533\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u6587\u5316\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u529e\u6cd5\u5219\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u53cb\u597d\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u5448\u73b0\u7ed9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b83\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u9664\u81ea\u5df1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u3001\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u521b\u5efa\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5e9e\u5927\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\uff08\u987519\uff09<\/p>\n

\u82cf\u8054\u4e0d\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u52a0\u76df\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6027\u8054\u76df\u201d\u7684\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5417\uff1f\u5728\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u773c\u91cc\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8981\u8bf4\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u7ed9\u6218\u540e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u62c5\u7eb2\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u5177\u6709\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u79bb\u8c31\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1942\u5e748\u6708\u5fb7\u56fd\u7b2c24\u88c5\u7532\u5e08\u524d\u5f80\u65af\u5927\u6797\u683c\u52d2<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u975e\u5e38\u656c\u4f69\u65af\u5927\u6797\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u667a\u8bc6\u4eba\u770b\u6765\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u3002\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u8ba9\u5217\u5b81\u7f14\u9020\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u52a0\u76df\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f97\u4ee5\u633a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u96be\u5173\uff0c\u5feb\u901f\u63a8\u8fdb\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u51ed\u6b64\u9876\u4f4f\u4e86\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u88c5\u7532\u5316\u95ea\u51fb\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u503c\u5f97\u94a6\u4f69\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5426\u8ba4\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u597d\u4e9b\u7edf\u6cbb\u624b\u6cd5\u611a\u8822\u4e4b\u6781\u3002\u5e0c\u7f57\u591a\u5fb7\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u79d1\u6797\u591a\u50ed\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u5584\u6076\u96be\u8fa8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f97\u5230\u4eba\u6c11\u7231\u6234\u3002\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u4e0d\u4f1a\u611a\u8822\u5230\u65e0\u89c6\u5e38\u8bc6\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u66f4\u4e3a\u660e\u667a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u57281990\u5e74\u4ee3\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u7edd\u975e\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u5fc5\u7136\u201d\u3002\u6bcb\u5b81\u8bf4\uff0c\u82cf\u5171\u957f\u671f\u5b98\u50da\u5316\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u624d\u5e72\u7684\u8840\u8109\u65e5\u76ca\u5835\u585e\uff0c\u5e73\u5eb8\u4e4b\u58eb\u548c\u66f2\u610f\u8fce\u9022\u4e4b\u624d\u6210\u4e86\u515a\u7684\u4e2d\u575a\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u74e6\u89e3\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u666e\u4eac\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u8c01\u8981\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u82cf\u8054\u74e6\u89e3\u662f\u597d\u4e8b\u6216\u5386\u53f2\u5fc5\u7136\uff0c\u90a3\u4ed6\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u4e2a\u767d\u75f4\u3002<\/p>\n

1957\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u5e94\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\u9080\u8bf7\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u675c\u585e\u5c14\u591a\u592b\u505a\u8fc7\u4e00\u573a\u79d8\u5bc6\u5b66\u672f\u62a5\u544a\u3002[41]\u62a5\u544a\u4f1a\u5728\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u5c0f\u5708\u5b50\u5185\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u5f00\u573a\u5c31\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4ee5\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u201d\u800c\u975e\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u201d\u8eab\u4efd\u505a\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u201c\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5730\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5730\u907f\u514d\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u653f\u6cbb\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\uff08\u9875188\uff09\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u5c06\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57281957\u5e74\u7684\u51b7\u6218\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u4eae\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u59ff\u6001\u663e\u7136\u4f1a\u81ea\u60f9\u9ebb\u70e6\uff0c\u4f55\u51b5\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u9ad8\u5c42\u5b98\u5458\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u5728\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u52c7\u6562\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u663e\u5f97\u5177\u6709\u201c\u5965\u5eb7\u5243\u5200\u201d\u5f0f\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u5373\u91cd\u5728\u51c6\u786e\u628a\u63e1\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u53d1\u6325\u73b0\u5b9e\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4f88\u8c08\u6559\u6761\u6216\u63ea\u4f4f\u679d\u8513\u7406\u8bba\u6389\u4e66\u888b\u3002\u4ed6\u5f00\u5b97\u660e\u4e49\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bde\u751f\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\u5373\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e76\u76f4\u63a5\u9488\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8d4b\u4e88\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u786e\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5e26\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u610f\u5473\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u201d\uff08\u9875189\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u7ee7\u627f\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u4e5f\u5e26\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u610f\u5473\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u5784\u65ad\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3002[42]<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6218\u540e\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u60c5\u52bf\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u2013\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u5462\uff1f\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff0c\u8c01\u90fd\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u6218\u540e\u6d3b\u5f97\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7206\u53d1\u666e\u904d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fc7\u65f6\u4e86\u3002\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c31\u53cd\u9a73\u8bf4\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u201c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u9519\u4e86\uff0c\u53cd\u5012\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6b63\u786e\u3002\u201d\uff08\u9875190\uff09\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u201c\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u662f\u5426\u60e0\u53ca\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u800c\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u60e0\u53ca\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u3002\u6b27\u7f8e\u6ca1\u6709\u7206\u53d1\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b27\u7f8e\u5927\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u5229\u6da6\u8ba9\u201c\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u60e0\u53ca\u4e86\u591a\u6570\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6b27\u7f8e\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u6709\u4e86\u666e\u904d\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u51ed\u5e38\u8bc6\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e86\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8ba9\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u56e0\u5206\u4eab\u201c\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u800c\u5bcc\u88d5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u7684\u5229\u5df1\u4e4b\u5fc3\u6210\u4e86\u9ad8\u5c1a\u4e14\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u54c1\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u624b\u6bb5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u4eab\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e4b\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u6b27\u7f8e\u5c0f\u6570\u6d3e\uff08a Euro \u2013 American Minority\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fdb\u6b65\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5728\u5e74\u590d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u81a8\u80c0\uff1b\u4f46\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e9a\u975e\u591a\u6570\u6d3e\uff08the Afro \u2013 Asian Majority\uff09\u56fa\u7136\u5728\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u8d2b\u56f0\uff08\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5374\u66f4\u52a0\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e86\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u6240\u7275\u6d89\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u5f7c\u6b64\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u548c\u4e9a\u975e\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f80\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u65b9\u5f0f\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u90a3\u4e2a\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u5728\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u5916\u90a3\u4e2a\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5374\u7edd\u5bf9\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u9ad8\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6301\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u6700\u4f4e\u7ebf\u6c34\u5e73\u3002\uff08\u9875193 – 194\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u57281902\u5e74\u7684\u8a00\u8bba\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u662f\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u2013\u5217\u5b81\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5373\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u6216\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u201c\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u8ba9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u83b7\u5f97\u798f\u5229\u3002\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u751a\u81f3\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u201c\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u7531\u79c1\u4eba\u6765\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b98\u50da\u6765\u6295\u8d44\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b98\u50da\u6765\u6295\u8d44\u201d\u521b\u9020\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u6307\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6027\u8d28\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u201c\u7531\u79c1\u4eba\u6765\u6295\u8d44\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b98\u50da\u6765\u6295\u8d44\u201d\u521b\u9020\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u79c1\u4eba\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b98\u50da\u662f\u5426\u72ec\u4eab\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u8bf4\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u611f\u5230\u4e49\u6124\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u201c\u52b3\u52a8\u7fa4\u4f17\u5374\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u7ebf\u3002\u201d\uff08\u9875192\uff09<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u7684\u8fd9\u4efd\u79d8\u5bc6\u62a5\u544a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u57281945\u5e74\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u62c9\u4e01\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u6784\u60f3\u3002[43]\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ec5\u671f\u671b\u201c\u62c9\u4e01\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u80fd\u5728\u201c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ec7\u89c6\u3001\u5f7c\u6b64\u5bf9\u7acb\u201d\u7684\u65af\u62c9\u592b – \u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u65b0\u6559\u7684\u7f8e\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u8d77\u201c\u7f13\u548c\u4f5c\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u62c9\u4e01\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u5e94\u8be5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e1d\u56fd\u6297\u8861\uff1a\u53d1\u660e\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u6b27\u7f8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u201d\u5bcc\u88d5\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e9a\u975e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u201d\u5bcc\u88d5\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u62c9\u4e01\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u4e3a\u7684\u662f\u628a\u63e1\u201c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u610f\u5fd7\u7684[\u5386\u53f2]\u673a\u4f1a\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u666e\u904d\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2al\u2019id\u00e9e politique id\u00e9ale[\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5]\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff08\u987520\uff09\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u5ff5\u5e26\u6709\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u60f3\u201d\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u68a6\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n

1945\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd8\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\u2014\u2014\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u9664\u5916\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6bd4\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u65e9\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u8fd110\u5e74\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u4ea7\u751f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u68a6\u60f3\u3002\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u63d0\u4ea4\u56fd\u662f\u62a5\u544a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u540e\uff081945\u5e7410\u6708\u521d\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u5728\u91cd\u5e86\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u520a\u5e03\u4e86\u5199\u4e8e1936\u5e74\u7684\u548f\u96ea\u8bcd\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u65e9\u5c31\u6709\u7684\u5bf9\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u671f\u5f85\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5e26\u6765\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5927\u5730\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1936\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u3001\u5468\u6069\u6765\u548c\u535a\u53e4\u7b49\u4eba\u5728\u957f\u5f81\u9014\u4e2d<\/p>\n

\u4e09<\/p>\n

\u8054\u90a6\u5f0f\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u96be\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4ece\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u201c\u8054\u76df\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

1945\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u664b\u5bdf\u5180\u519b\u533a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u652f\u961f\uff08\u66fe\u514b\u6797\u90e8\uff09\u8fdb\u5165\u4e1c\u5317\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u65e5\u519b\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u521a\u5230\u8fbe\u5c31\u88ab\u82cf\u519b\u5305\u56f4\u7f34\u68b0\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b88\u4f4f\u4fc4\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u80f6\u5dde\u6e7e\u7684\u6218\u7565\u51fa\u53e3\uff0c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7b54\u5e94\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6c99\u4fc4\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1c\u5317\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f97\u5230\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u628a\u4e1c\u5317\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e2d\u5171\u3002\u88ab\u5305\u56f4\u7f34\u68b0\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u519b\u961f\u96c6\u4f53\u5531\u8d77\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u6b4c\uff0c\u82cf\u519b\u4e0b\u5c42\u5b98\u5175\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u65af\u5927\u6797\u7684\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u542c\u89c1\u8fd9\u9996\u5171\u901a\u7684\u6b4c\u66f2\uff0c\u968f\u5373\u89e3\u9664\u5305\u56f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u793c\u76f8\u5f85\u3002[44]\u4e00\u65e6\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u5b66\u95ee\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e1d\u56fd\u8fd8\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u6b27\u6d32\u5f0f\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7248\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\uff1a\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u672a\u5fc5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53ea\u6709\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u7ed9\u201c\u62c9\u4e01\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u4e0b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u201c\u52a0\u76df\u5f0f\u5e1d\u56fd\u8054\u76df\u201d\uff0c\u4e0e\u970d\u5e03\u68ee\u7684\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f0f\u8054\u76df\u201d\u63d0\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u90fd\u5728\u4e8e\u8d85\u8d8a\u6b27\u6d32\u73b0\u4ee3\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u8054\u90a6\u5f0f\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u548c\u65af\u5927\u6797\u582a\u79f0\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u5929\u624d\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u6253\u9020\u4e86\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8054\u76df\u548c\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\uff08\u987510\uff09\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e18\u5409\u5c14\u7684\u6770\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5927\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u6770\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u523b\u610f\u62b9\u53bb\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bd5\u7adf\u662f\u5728\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u5199\u7b56\u8bba\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u5fc3\u91cc\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5f0f\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\u867d\u7136\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5927\u56fd\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u4e89\u593a\u52bf\u529b\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5728\u4e89\u53d6\u6210\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u2014\u2014\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u5e1d\u56fd\u662f\u518d\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5018\u82e5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u5b66\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5f0f\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u63a8\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u201c\u8054\u76df\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u201c\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u4e00\u6837\u53e4\u8001\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u5355\u4f4d\u8eab\u5904\u591a\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u6216\u8005\u6539\u5584\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u589e\u5f3a\u81ea\u8eab\u5b9e\u529b\uff0c\u8fd8\u5f97\u501f\u52a9\u8054\u76df\u624b\u6bb5\u5229\u7528\u4ed6\u56fd\u5b9e\u529b\u6216\u4e0d\u8ba9\u5bf9\u624b\u83b7\u5f97\u4ed6\u56fd\u5b9e\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8054\u76df\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u5b9c\u624b\u6bb5\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u62b5\u5236\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5747\u52bf\u8bba\u201d\uff08the Balance of Power Theory\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6b27\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u663e\u8bba\uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u539f\u7406\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u6587\u660e\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6b27\u6d3217\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd730\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ef4\u6301\u5747\u52bf\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u76df\u603b\u662f\u968f\u5f62\u52bf\u800c\u53d8\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5927\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\uff08\u5982\u6cd5\u56fd\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u5c0f\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\uff08\u598218\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\uff09\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u4eec\u90fd\u8d8b\u5411\u4e8e\u63a5\u53d7\u5747\u52bf\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8ba9\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u5904\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u8861\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba9\u67d0\u4e2a\u738b\u56fd\u5f3a\u5927\u5230\u7edf\u4e00\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u81ea\u8eab\u4f1a\u88ab\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\u3002[45]<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u738b\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u201c\u65e0\u8bba\u8fdb\u653b\u8fd8\u662f\u9632\u5b88\uff0c\u90fd\u660e\u663e\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6e34\u6c42\u666e\u904d\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b63\u5728\u5939\u7f1d\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u8270\u96be\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ed3\u76df\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8c0b\u6c42\u5747\u52bf\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e00\u79cd\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5f7c\u6b64\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u76f8\u90bb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7684\u673a\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u5f3a\u56fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u201c\u4fb5\u72af\u522b\u56fd\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u5f31\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u9762\u4e34\u8986\u4ea1\u7684\u5371\u9669\u800c\u6b8a\u6b7b\u62b5\u6297\u3002[46]<\/p>\n

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17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd730\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\uff081618 – 1648\uff09\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u8054\u76df\u653f\u6cbb\u6700\u5177\u6b27\u6d32\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u82f1\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u57fa\u4e8e\u5730\u7406\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u66f4\u6539\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7684\u8054\u76df\u6027\u8d28\u53e6\u5f53\u522b\u8bba\u3002\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8054\u76df\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8bf4\u4e0e\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u6218\u4e89\u4e43\u81f3\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd730\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u6709\u4e00\u8109\u76f8\u627f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fde\u5e26\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5730\u533a\u7684\u516c\u56fd\u67094\u767e\u591a\u4e2a\uff0c\u800c\u6574\u4e2a\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u653f\u6cbb\u5355\u4f4d\u591a\u8fbe2500\u4e2a\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u4ecd\u7136\u5904\u4e8e\u5c01\u5efa\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u5c01\u5efa\u7ed3\u6784\u8f6c\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed3\u6784\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u5165\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5f88\u96be\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u5212\u51fa\u4e00\u6761\u6cfe\u6e2d\u5206\u660e\u7684\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\/\u73b0\u4ee3\u5206\u9694\u7ebf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u665a\u8fd1\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5178\u578b\u73b0\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u671f\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d7\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u53f2\u5b66\u754c\u5927\u5bb6\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002[48]<\/p>\n

19\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u624d\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f0f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\uff081871\uff09\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u519b\u961f\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u3002\u5e1d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c63\u6761\u867d\u7136\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u662f\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u6b66\u88c5\u529b\u91cf\u7edf\u5e05\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u548c\u5e73\u65f6\u671f\u6307\u6325\u5e1d\u56fd\u5168\u90e8\u9646\u519b\u529b\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u7b26\u817e\u5821\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u519b\u961f\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002[49]\u751a\u81f3\u5230\u4e8620\u4e16\u7eaa\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6b27\u6218\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u738b\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u867d\u5f52\u5c5e\u5e1d\u56fd\u603b\u53c2\u8c0b\u90e8\u6307\u6325\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u7740\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u4f20\u7edf\u5efa\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u519b\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u57fa\u672c\u8986\u4ea1\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6842\u519b\u3001\u664b\u519b\u3001\u6ec7\u519b\u3001\u5ddd\u519b\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u5efa\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

1608\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u5206\u5b50\u3001\u884c\u5bab\u9886\u5730\u7684\u9009\u5e1d\u4faf\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u4e94\u4e16\uff081596 – 1632\uff09\u7275\u5934\u641e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u8054\u76df\u201d\uff0c\u5df4\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u897f\u7c73\u8fde\u516c\u7235\uff08 1573 \u20131651\uff09\u7d27\u8ddf\u7740\uff081609\uff09\u641e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8054\u76df\u201d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u4ee5\u6b66\u529b\u76f8\u5411\u3002\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6709\u5e1d\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e43\u81f3\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u7ba1\u4e0d\u7740\u5417\uff1f\u53d1\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u6070\u6070\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\uff081356\uff09\u5b9a\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u77e9\uff1a\u7687\u5e1d\u4ece\u4e03\u4f4d\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u4e3b\uff08\u9009\u5e1d\u4faf\uff09\u4e2d\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u3002[50]<\/p>\n

\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u4f9d\u6258\u7684\u662f\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u516c\u56fd\u201d\uff08principalities\uff09\u592a\u591a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u541b\u4e3b\u592a\u591a\u3002\u5982\u6c83\u683c\u6797\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u5927\u5c0f\u4e0d\u7b49\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u548c\u516c\u56fd\uff0c\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6751\u53ca\u5176\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u5b97\u6559\u6d3e\u7cfb\u4e4b\u95f4\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u67d0\u79cd\u4f11\u6218\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5c0f\u653f\u6cbb\u5355\u4f4d\u90fd\u80fd\u591f\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u505a\u51fa\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u662f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8fd8\u662f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u670d\u4ece\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u79bb\u5f00\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\u5f88\u8fdc\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5185\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u9002\u5b9c\u7684\u73af\u5883\u300216\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fbe\u6210\u505c\u6218\u534f\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6bd4\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u8981\u65e9\u5f97\u591a\uff1b\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5206\u88c2\u4e3a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e92\u76f8\u654c\u5bf9\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6d3e\u7cfb\u800c\u53c8\u5728\u9886\u571f\u4e0a\u5f7c\u6b64\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c40\u9762\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u5185\u65b0\u6559\u548c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u5927\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7206\u53d1\u4e3a\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5927\u707e\u96be\u3002[51]<\/p>\n

\u5373\u4fbf\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u90a6\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u6b66\u88c5\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u5927\u8054\u76df\u90fd\u5bfb\u6c42\u5916\u90e8\u52bf\u529b\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u4e39\u9ea6\u3001\u745e\u5178\u3001\u8377\u5170\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u8054\u76df\u201d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u8054\u76df\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u201d\u8054\u76df\u3002\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u5965\u5730\u5229\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e43\u81f3\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5b97\u652f\u6301\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8054\u76df\u201d\u7b97\u662f\u5206\u5185\u4e8b\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u738b\u56fd\u548c\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u738b\u56fd\u4e5f\u52a0\u5165\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u60c5\u5f62\u5c31\u4e0d\u540c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

1683\u5e74\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4e4b\u6218<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u7ed3\u6784\u56e0\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5206\u88c2\u800c\u8d77\u6218\u7aef\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u662f\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd730\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5185\u5728\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5185\u6218\u7ed9\u5468\u8fb9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5355\u4f4d\u5e26\u6765\u53ef\u4e58\u4e4b\u673a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd730\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u6cd5\u5170\u897f\u738b\u56fd\u867d\u7136\u4fe1\u5949\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u9996\u76f8\u9ece\u585e\u7559\u4e3b\u5f20\u738b\u56fd\u5229\u76ca\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u524a\u5f31\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u963b\u6b62\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\u52a0\u5f3a\u5728\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u8fb9\u754c\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6bc5\u7136\u652f\u6301\u65b0\u6559\u8054\u76df\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b97\u6559\u7ecf\u5e38\u52a0\u5267\u65e2\u5b58\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u5374\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u8d85\u8d8a\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u201d[52]<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e39\u9ea6\u5df2\u7ecf\u652b\u53d6\u4e86\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u9886\u5730\uff0c\u53c8\u4f01\u56fe\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5411\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u5317\u90e8\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u5219\u60f3\u628a\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u53d8\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5185\u6e56\uff1b\u82f1\u56fd\u65e2\u62c5\u5fc3\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5728\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u897f\u5317\u90e8\u548c\u5317\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u589e\u5f3a\u52bf\u529b\uff0c\u53c8\u62c5\u5fc3\u53cd\u54c8\u5e03\u65af\u5821\u738b\u671d\u540c\u76df\u5404\u56fd\u53d8\u5f97\u5f3a\u5927\u8d77\u6765\uff1b\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e5f\u53c2\u52a0\u8fdb\u6765\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6536\u590d\u6ce2\u5170\u738b\u56fd\u6b66\u88c5\u5e72\u6d89\u4fc4\u56fd\u671f\u95f4\u88ab\u6ce2\u5170\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u738b\u56fd\u4fb5\u5360\u7684\u9886\u571f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd730\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e2d\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u4f24\u75db\u3002\u6218\u540e\u7684\u300a\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff081648\uff09\u786e\u7acb\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\u4e4b\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u745e\u5178\u4f01\u56fe\u6210\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u6253\u7834\u5747\u52bf\u30021713\u5e74\u7684\u4e4c\u7279\u52d2\u652f\u548c\u7ea6\u8bd5\u56fe\u6291\u5236\u745e\u5178\u4e0e\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u7a33\u56fa\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff08\u81f31772\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u74dc\u5206\u6ce2\u5170\uff09\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4ecd\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u5408\u7eb5\u8fde\u6a2a\u7684\u8054\u76df\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u745e\u5178\u8d25\u5728\u5f7c\u5f97\u5927\u5e1d\u624b\u4e0b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u666e\u3001\u4fc4\u3001\u82f1\u7b49\u738b\u56fd\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\u518d\u5ea6\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

\u968f\u7740\u5730\u7406\u5927\u53d1\u73b0\u800c\u6765\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u6218\u4e89\u9010\u6e10\u6269\u5927\u5230\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\uff1a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e24\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u88ab\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5f0f\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b2130\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4e0d\u65e0\u9053\u7406\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd730\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5168\u7403\u531630\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u6e05\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u968f\u6b27\u6d32\u5f0f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u8054\u76df\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8fc4\u4eca\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u8ba9\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u5b66\u6df1\u611f\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002[53]<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5f0f\u8054\u76df<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u5728\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u6218\u540e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e94\u8be5\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4e0e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u548c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7ed3\u6210\u52a0\u76df\u5f0f\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u663e\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u63a5\u8fd1\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u8054\u76df\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u5bfb\u6c42\u786e\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\u3002\u773c\u4e0b\u7684\u6001\u52bf\u5341\u5206\u660e\u663e\uff1a\u7f8e\u82f1\u540c\u76df\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u4e24\u5927\u201c\u52a0\u76df\u5f0f\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\uff0c\u4eca\u540e\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u578b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u90fd\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u95f4\u505a\u51fa\u5f52\u5c5e\u6027\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u4eb2\u7f8e\u82f1\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u4eb2\u82cf\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u4eca\u82e5\u8981\u4e0e\u8fd9\u7c7b\u201c\u52a0\u76df\u5f0f\u5e1d\u56fd\u201d\u53eb\u677f\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u81ea\u53d6\u706d\u4ea1\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u591a\u5f3a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u4ece\u5730\u7f18\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u98ce\u571f\u4eba\u60c5\u201d\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4f1a\u9009\u62e9\u7f8e\u82f1\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e00\u53e5\u8ba9\u6234\u9ad8\u4e50\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u4e0d\u987a\u8033\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u672a\u6765\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u90fd\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4f2a\u88c5\u7684\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u72b6\u6001\u201d\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u56fa\u5b88\u5176\u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u201d\u653f\u6cbb\u5b64\u7acb\u6027\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u3002\uff08\u987513\uff09<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u8bdd\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u6b27\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u9636\u6bb5\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u8fd1\u51e0\u767e\u5e74\u52aa\u529b\u4e89\u53d6\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6743\u201d\u65e0\u4e00\u4e0d\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u6ce1\u6cab\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5f0f\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u6743\u65e0\u5b9e\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u72b6\u51b5\u53f8\u7a7a\u89c1\u60ef\u3002\u5747\u52bf\u72b6\u6001\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u56fd\u52bf\u529b\u5f80\u5f80\u9760\u8054\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u52a0\u76df\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u6784\u6210\u7684\u2018\u5e1d\u56fd\u6027\u2019\u8054\u76df\u201d\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\u5e76\u975e\u771f\u7684\u5177\u6709\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u79d1\u8036\u592b\u6240\u8bf4\u768415\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u73b0\u4ee3\u9636\u6bb5\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u4e09\u6b21\u5927\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4ee517\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd730\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\u7684\u300a\u5a01\u65af\u7279\u4f10\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4ee519\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u62ff\u7834\u4ed1\u6218\u4e89\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u7684\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u65e9\u5df2\u6df1\u5ea6\u4ecb\u5165\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\u4e2d\u6781\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\u4ee520\u4e16\u7eaa\u768430\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u4e3a\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u524d\u4e24\u6b21\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5747\u52bf\u5df2\u7ecf\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u5747\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5982\u679c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u50cf\u6b27\u6d32\u90a3\u6837\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u524d\u666f\u5c31\u5f88\u6697\u6de1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5927\u56fd\u8054\u5408\u7684\u4e2d\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u603b\u4f1a\u62c5\u5fc3\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u6743\u3002[54]<\/p>\n

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\u60c5\u5f62\u771f\u7684\u5982\u6b64\u5417\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u771f\u5730\u6df1\u5165\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u5f97\u968f\u65f6\u51c6\u5907\u72af\u9519\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u96be\u514d\u8bf4\u8bdd\u4e5f\u8bed\u8bcd\u54ac\u97f3\u4e0d\u51c6\u3002\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff1f\u4f55\u8c13\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8054\u59fb\uff1f<\/p>\n

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\u968f\u7740\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u897f\u6269\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\u88ab\u56fd\u5185\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u5730\u65b9\u8d35\u65cf\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u641e\u6210\u5206\u88c2\u72b6\u6001\uff1a\u62c9\u591a\u59c6\uff08Radom\uff09\u540c\u76df\u4eb2\u4fc4\u548c\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\uff0c\u5df4\u5c14\uff08Bar\uff09\u540c\u76df\u4eb2\u897f\u65b9\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002\u5e94\u5df4\u5c14\u540c\u76df\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u5362\u68ad\u4e3a\u6ce2\u5170\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u201c\u6539\u9769\u89c4\u5212\u201d\uff081771\uff09\u3002[55]\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5362\u68ad\u624d\u667a\u8d85\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6539\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6765\u5f97\u53ca\u8ba9\u6ce2\u5170\u907f\u514d\u88ab\u74dc\u5206\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ce2\u5170\u88ab\u74dc\u5206\u540e\uff0c\u9f0e\u529b\u652f\u6301\u6ce2\u5170\u590d\u56fd\u7684\u6070\u597d\u662f\u65b0\u6559\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4f46\u82f1\u56fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u6ce2\u5170\u5b8c\u6210\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8054\u59fb\uff1f\u672a\u5fc5\u3002\u6bcb\u5b81\u8bf4\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u7ad9\u5728\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u7f18\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5e72\u9884\u6b27\u6d32\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u7740\u529b\u70b9\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u81ea18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u79ef\u6781\u62d3\u5c55\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u82e5\u5373\u82e5\u79bb\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u5f62\u6210\u8054\u90a6\u5f0f\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57df\u5916\u52bf\u529b\u4ecb\u5165\u6b27\u6d32\u4e89\u9738\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u7edd\u597d\u7684\u672c\u94b1\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6b27\u6218\u540e\u671f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e00\u6539\u201c\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u653f\u7b56\u4ecb\u5165\u6b27\u6d32\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u6a21\u5f0f\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f99\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u66f4\u4f73\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u514d\u53d7\u6b27\u9646\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653b\u51fb\u4ec5\u4ec5\u51ed\u9760\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u6d77\u5ce1\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5219\u51ed\u9760\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u6d0b\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u6b64\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u56fd\u9645\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u51b2\u7a81\u5177\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8bf4\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7206\u53d1\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6307\u660e\u4e86\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u201c\u5b8c\u6574\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4ece\u8fd9\u65f6\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u201d\u3002[56]<\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u65e5\u5185\u74e6<\/p>\n

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