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Eastman, Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937\u20141949(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984), p. 146. 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Joseph Stilwell)\u4e3a\u603b\u6307\u6325\uff0c\u53c8\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u6325\u675c\u807f\u660e\u548c\u7f57\u5353\u82f1\uff0c\u5219\u4f7f\u5f97\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u52a8\u6012\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u9ec4\u4ec1\u5b87\uff1a\u300a\u5f20\u5b66\u826f\u3001\u5b59\u7acb\u4eba\u548c\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5730\u5317\u5929\u5357\u53d9\u53e4\u4eca\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c121\u9875\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u9664\u4e86\u8d8a\u7ea7\u6307\u6325\uff0c\u51b3\u7b56\u53c8\u5f80\u5f80\u4e00\u5915\u6570\u53d8\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u662f\u5c1a\u672a\u8003\u8651\u6210\u719f\u5373\u4e0b\u8fbe\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u519b\u961f\u8c03\u52a8\u5230\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ffd\u7136\u53c8\u6539\u53d8\u4e3b\u610f\uff0c\u66f4\u52a8\u81ea\u5df1\u521a\u4e0b\u8fbe\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5f04\u5f97\u4e0a\u4e0b\u65e0\u6240\u9002\u4ece\u3002\u7a76\u5176\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u674e\u5b97\u4ec1\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662f\u848b\u672a\u4f5c\u8fc7\u4e2d\u3001\u4e0b\u7ea7\u519b\u5b98\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6240\u81f4\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a\u674e\u5b97\u4ec1\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c549\u9875\u3002\uff09\uff0c\u5f90\u6c38\u660c\u5219\u4ee5\u4e3a\u662f\u848b\u201c\u7528\u5175\u4e0d\u614e\u6df1\u601d\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0e\u50da\u4f50\u58f0\u6c14\u4e0d\u4e00\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u519b\u961f\u767e\u82e6\u4e8e\u66f4\u8c03\u4e4b\u70e6\u201d\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a\u5f90\u6c38\u660c\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c135\u9875\u3002\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9488\u5bf9\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e5f\u6709\u6240\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u624b\u4ee4\u8fc7\u591a\u4f7f\u5f97\u5404\u519b\u653f\u9996\u957f\u53ea\u77e5\u5e94\u4ed8\u624b\u4ee4\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u848b\u8868\u793a\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u624b\u4ee4\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5404\u9996\u957f\u53c2\u8003\u5219\u6709\u4e4b\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u624b\u4ee4\u751a\u5c11\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a\u5510\u7eb5\u5931\u843d\u5728\u5927\u9646\u7684\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c289\u2014290\u9875\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u848b\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u90e8\u5c5e\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u8d8a\u7ea7\u6307\u6325\u30021942\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u5411\u53f2\u8fea\u5a01\u62b1\u6028\u519b\u4e2d\u5c06\u9886\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u987b\u9192\u7740\u8eba\u5728\u5e8a\u4e0a\uff0c\u60f3\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e9b\u4ec0\u4e48\u611a\u8822\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5199\u4e0b\u6765\u5e76\u4e14\u544a\u8bc9\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u4f5c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u5728\u592a\u7b28\u4e86\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u4f60\u51e1\u4e8b\u5148\u66ff\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u597d\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f5c\u8bb8\u591a\u8822\u4e8b\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5e26\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u79d8\u8bc0\u2014\u2014\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u60f3\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u9519\u4e8b\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u9884\u5148\u8b66\u544a\u4ed6\u4eec\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1aTheodore H. White (ed. ), The Stilwell Papers (New York: Schocken Books, 1948), p. 125. \uff09<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=3747676216,1031860438&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=120&amp;f=JPEG?w=522&amp;h=374\" alt=\"\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u7f55\u89c1\u5e74\u8f7b\u65e7\u7167\" 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02\u201401\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u66f4\u6539\u201c\u624b\u4ee4\u201d\u540d\u79f0\u30021941\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u66fe\u6709\u4f8d\u4ece\u5ba4\u5e55\u50da\u5411\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u624b\u4ee4\u4e0d\u4e0b\u5219\u5df2\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0b\u975e\u5b9e\u884c\u4e0d\u53ef\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u5931\u624b\u4ee4\u5a01\u4fe1\u3002\u6307\u51fa\u8fd1\u5e74\u5404\u90e8\u95e8\u5e38\u4e0d\u8bba\u4e8b\u60c5\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5747\u4ee5\u624b\u4ee4\u4e0b\u8fbe\uff0c\u5e94\u4e88\u4ee5\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u51e1\u9047\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7d27\u6025\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u5e94\u4e0b\u624b\u4ee4\uff0c\u6b21\u8981\u4e8b\u9879\u5219\u5e94\u7528\u547d\u4ee4\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a1941\u5e7412\u670830\u65e5\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u81f4\u5b54\u7965\u7199\u51fd\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u4e8e\u300a\u901a\u4ee4\u4e2d\u592e\u5404\u9662\u90e8\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5f97\u4ee5\u848b\u4e2d\u6b63\u624b\u4ee4\u4e3a\u901a\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e94\u4f9d\u624b\u4ee4\u610f\u65e8\u5b9e\u884c\u300b\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6863\u6848\uff0c0431\/3720. 02\u201401\u3002\uff091942\u5e7412\u67084\u65e5\uff0c\u848b\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u793a\u4f8d\u4ece\u5ba4\u4e24\u4f4d\u4e3b\u4efb\u8d3a\u8000\u7ec4\u548c\u9648\u5e03\u96f7\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u4ea4\u5404\u673a\u5173\u7684\u624b\u542f\u5404\u6848\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u201c\u624b\u4ee4\u201d\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a\u848b\u4e2d\u6b63\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u9648\u5e03\u96f7\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u5404\u673a\u5173\u4e4b\u624b\u542f\u5404\u6761\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u624b\u4ee4\u540d\u79f0\u300b\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6863\u6848\uff0c0161. 42\/4450. 01\u201401\u3002\uff09\u9648\u66fe\u5efa\u8bae\u848b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76f4\u5c5e\u5404\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u5f97\u7528\u201c\u624b\u8c15\u201d\u5b57\u6837\u4ee3\u66ff\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u975e\u76f4\u5c5e\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u201c\u624b\u542f\u4fbf\u51fd\u201d\u6216\u201c\u624b\u6761\u201d\u7b49\u5b57\u6837\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u201c\u624b\u4ee4\u201d\u6216\u201c\u624b\u8c15\u201d\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a\u848b\u4e2d\u6b63\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u9648\u5e03\u96f7\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u5404\u673a\u5173\u4e4b\u624b\u542f\u5404\u6761\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u624b\u4ee4\u540d\u79f0\u300b\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6863\u6848\uff0c0161. 42\/4450. 01\u201401\u3002\uff09\u6b64\u9879\u5efa\u8bae\u672a\u89c1\u848b\u6279\u793a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u201c\u624b\u4ee4\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u4ee5\u540e\u4ecd\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img 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Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946\u20141950(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 9\u201410. \uff091948\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u5f90\u590d\u89c2(\u66fe\u4efb\u4f8d\u4ece\u5ba4\u53c2\u8c0b)\u5373\u66fe\u5728\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5c06\u56fd\u5171\u4e24\u65b9\u7684\u6307\u6325\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f5c\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u603b\u88c1(\u6309\uff1a\u6307\u848b)\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u6325\u4f5c\u6218\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u592a\u59a5\u5f53\u2026\u2026\u532a\u519b\u7279\u6027\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u673a\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u3002\u7531\u524d\u7ebf\u7684\u56e2\u957f\u3001\u5e08\u957f\uff0c\u628a\u60c5\u51b5\u9010\u7ea7\u62a5\u5230\u603b\u88c1\u8fd9\u91cc\u6765\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u603b\u88c1\u6307\u793a\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u532a\u60c5\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u518d\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u517b\u6210\u4ed6\u4eec\u9047\u4e8b\u8bf7\u793a\u7684\u501a\u8d56\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u79ef\u6781\u5730\u8d23\u4efb\u5fc3\uff1b\u5931\u8d25\u540e\uff0c\u628a\u8d23\u4efb\u90fd\u5411\u603b\u88c1\u8eab\u4e0a\u63a8\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u6c14\u5e94\u77eb\u6b63\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u5f90\u590d\u89c2\uff1a\u300a\u5783\u573e\u7bb1\u5916\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5f90\u590d\u89c2\u6742\u6587\u2014\u2014\u5fc6\u5f80\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u65f6\u62a5\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u4f01\u4e1a\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f81980\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c39\u9875\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u848b\u542c\u540e\u4e00\u8a00\u4e0d\u53d1\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f90\u6240\u63d0\u610f\u89c1\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u695a\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u5f90\u590d\u89c2\uff1a\u300a\u5783\u573e\u7bb1\u5916\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5f90\u590d\u89c2\u6742\u6587\u2014\u2014\u5fc6\u5f80\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c39\u201440\u9875\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\u503c\u5f97\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u96c6\u6743\u5f0f\u6307\u6325\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u5219\u597d\u8d8a\u7ea7\u6307\u6325\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u5e94\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u848b\u4ecb\u77f3\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u960e\u9521\u5c71\uff08\u6ce8\uff1aDonald G. Gillin, Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911\u20141949(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), pp. 258\u2014259. 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u540e\u6765\u859b\u51e0\u4e4e\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u5230\u5904\u5206\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u95ee\u859b\u4f55\u4ee5\u8981\u5982\u6b64\u505a\uff0c\u859b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8dd1\u8fdc\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6(\u6307\u848b)\u7535\u8bdd\u4fbf\u6253\u4e0d\u901a\u4e86\uff01\u201d\u8fd9\u662f\u6297\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u519b\u4e2d\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5c06\u9886\u4f17\u4eba\u7686\u77e5\u7684\u8da3\u4e8b\u3002\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u300a\u674e\u5b97\u4ec1\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c550\u9875\u3002\u8fd9\u5219\u8da3\u4e8b\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u66f4\u4e3aBarbara W. Tuchman\u7684\u7545\u9500\u8457\u4f5c\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u53c2\u9605Tuchman, Stilwell and American Experience in China, 1911\u201445(New York: Macmillan Co. , 1970), p. 357. 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