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Kimerling)\u3001\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u5e73\u5e93\u65af(Benjamin Pinkus)\u548c\u8428\u6d1b\u00b7\u5df4\u9f99(Salo Baron)\u8ba4\u4e3a,\u5c06\u8fd150%\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u301022\u3011\u3002\u603b\u4e4b,\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e2d\u95f4,\u201c\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u6743\u5229\u8005\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileAsset\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1790547589166cMp6LC.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1%2F7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3%2F2026-09-27T22%3A19%3A48Z%2F86400%2Fhost%2F9d1049c73225c79546b746013215647e0da0858fcdbca11a52dea28a8144ce92\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u5e73\u5e93\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u300b<\/p>\n<p>3.\u897f\u65b9\u72b9\u592a\u6148\u5584\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u5173\u6ce8<\/p>\n<p>\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u72b6\u51b5\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6b27\u7f8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6df1\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u4e00\u6218\u671f\u95f4,\u7f8e\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u6148\u5584\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f8e\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8054\u5408\u5206\u914d\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a(The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee,\u7b80\u79f0JDC)\u901a\u8fc7\u4fc4\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u798f\u5229\u7ec4\u7ec7EKOPO\u301023\u3011\u7b49\u6551\u52a9\u53d7\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u5c60\u6740\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u707e\u5bb3\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba,\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5584\u6b3e\u3001\u6551\u6d4e\u54c1,\u7f8e\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eb2\u5c5e\u7684\u6c47\u6b3e\u3001\u98df\u7269\u548c\u8863\u7269\u5305\u88f9,\u53d1\u653e\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u540e,JDC\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u8ddf\u968f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6551\u6d4e\u7f72\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd,\u76f4\u63a5\u53c2\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u7684\u6062\u590d\u548c\u91cd\u5efa\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u9664JDC\u5916,\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u6148\u5584\u7ec4\u7ec7\u72b9\u592a\u57a6\u6b96\u534f\u4f1a(Jewish Colonization Association,\u7b80\u79f0JCA)\u548c\u4e16\u754cORT\u8054\u76df(World ORT Union,\u7b80\u79f0WOU)\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u5230\u63f4\u52a9\u3001\u6551\u6d4e\u4fc4\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f53\u4e2d,\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u57a6\u6b96\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u8ba9\u897f\u65b9\u72b9\u592a\u6148\u5584\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u5883\u53ca\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898,\u7279\u522b\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u6743\u5229\u8005\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002JDC\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u7f57\u68ee\u535a\u683c(James Rosenberg)\u5728\u7ed9\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053,\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ea\u6709\u6765\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u2026\u2026\u4e00\u4e2a\u505a\u5c0f\u4e70\u5356\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u7a77\u4eba\u5728\u770b\u75c5\u65f6\u5fc5\u987b\u6392\u5230\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u4e4b\u540e\u2026\u2026\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u519c\u6c11\u5b50\u5f1f\u90fd\u6709\u5b66\u4e0a\u65f6,\u4ed6\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u624d\u80fd\u5165\u5b66\u3002\u201d\u301024\u3011\u4e16\u754cORT\u8054\u76df\u4e5f\u5728\u81f4\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u8bf4:\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u6709\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u2018\u5730\u4f4d\u4f4e\u4e0b\u2019\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8c0b\u751f\u624b\u6bb5:\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u8d4b\u4e88\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u548c\u96c7\u5de5\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7279\u6743,\u5b69\u5b50\u4e0d\u80fd\u5165\u5b66,\u533b\u9662\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u95ed,\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4ef7\u683c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u793e\u4e2d\u8d2d\u4e70\u98df\u7269\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba,\u5904\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u8d2b\u56f0\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u201d\u301025\u3011\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u662f,1924\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u51fa\u53f0\u201c\u91cc\u5fb7-\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u6cd5\u6848\u201d,\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\u4e1c\u6b27\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u4e5f\u9881\u5e03\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6cd5\u6848,\u9650\u5236\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u5176\u59d4\u4efb\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u3002\u7f8e\u82f1\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u65e0\u7591\u5411\u5904\u5728\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5173\u95ed\u4e86\u79fb\u6c11\u5927\u95e8\u3002JDC\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u6d77\u66fc(Joseph Hyman)\u8bf4:\u201c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u6cd5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e,\u6b27\u6d32\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5c06\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5728\u5ba2\u5c45\u5730\u5bfb\u627e\u6551\u8d4e,\u800c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u9002\u5e94\u53d8\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u73af\u5883\u3002\u201d\u301026\u3011JDC\u5728\u82cf\u57a6\u6b96\u9879\u76ee\u4e3b\u7ba1\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u7f57\u68ee\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u519c\u4e1a\u5b9a\u5c45\u8ba1\u5212\u89e3\u51b3\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u6743\u5229\u8005\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4:\u201c\u4fc4\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u6c11\u4f17\u4e0d\u7ba1\u613f\u610f\u4e0e\u5426\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u7559\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u519c\u4e1a\u5b9a\u5c45\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u8ba9\u5927\u6279\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u9002\u5e94\u4fc4\u56fd\u65b0\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6700\u5177\u5efa\u8bbe\u6027\u7684\u8ba1\u5212,\u56e0\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u4e2d\u95f4\u4eba\u5728\u4fc4\u56fd\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u3002\u201d\u301027\u3011\u8003\u8651\u5230\u82cf\u8054\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5,\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c34\u5e73\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3001\u5de5\u5382\u6570\u91cf\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b,\u4ece\u4e8b\u519c\u4e1a\u4e0d\u5931\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u9636\u7ea7\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u660e\u667a\u4e4b\u4e3e\u30021924\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e,JDC\u3001JCA\u3001\u4e16\u754cORT\u8054\u76df\u3001ICOR\u301028\u3011,\u5f00\u59cb\u540c\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7KOMZET\u301029\u3011\u548cOZET\u301030\u3011\u5408\u4f5c,\u5171\u540c\u63a8\u8fdb\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u57a6\u6b96\u548c\u5b9a\u5c45\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img 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Committee)\u4e3aJDC\u6350\u6b3e10.1\u4e07\u7f8e\u5143\u301074\u3011\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4,\u4e00\u65b9\u6709\u96be\u3001\u516b\u65b9\u652f\u63f4\u7684\u6148\u5584\u4f20\u7edf\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u6e21\u8fc7\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u3001\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u73b0\u804c\u4e1a\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916,\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u975e\u5e38\u61c2\u5f97\u53d8\u901a\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed5\u5f00\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u201c\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u6743\u5229\u8005\u201d\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u9650\u5236,\u4e00\u4e9b\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u9690\u7792\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u51fa\u8eab,\u5230\u8fdc\u79bb\u6545\u571f\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6c42\u5b66\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u770b\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u54e5\u54e5\u59d0\u59d0\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bb6\u5ead\u51fa\u8eab\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u88ab\u767d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u5f00\u9664\u5b66\u7c4d\u540e,\u660e\u65af\u514b\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u963f\u4f26\u00b7\u7f57\u6d25(Aron Rozin)\u9009\u62e9\u5230\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u4e0a\u5927\u5b66,\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u4eba\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u201c\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u6743\u5229\u8005\u201d\u8eab\u4efd\u301075\u3011\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u72b9\u592a\u201c\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u6743\u5229\u8005\u201d\u7684\u5c31\u533b\u95ee\u9898,\u660e\u65af\u514b\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u533b\u751f\u51b3\u5b9a\u6210\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u533b\u7597\u673a\u6784\u30021926\u5e74,\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728Z.\u5217\u6587(Z.Levin)\u533b\u751f\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u6210\u7acb\u72b9\u592a\u533b\u7597\u536b\u751f\u534f\u4f1a,\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u660e\u65af\u514b\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u7a77\u4eba\u548c\u201c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u63d0\u4f9b\u533b\u7597\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u534f\u4f1a\u662f\u6c11\u4f17\u81ea\u53d1\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7ec4\u7ec7,\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u673a\u6784,\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53d7\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u72b9\u592a\u5c40\u76d1\u7ba1,\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u5e74\u540e,\u660e\u65af\u514b\u5730\u533a\u515a\u59d4\u4ecd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u662f\u8c01\u6279\u51c6\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u673a\u6784\u301076\u3011\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50,\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u968f\u673a\u5e94\u53d8\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4.\u5bf9\u82cf\u8054\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n<p>\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u524d,\u56e0\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u548c\u9650\u5236\u653f\u7b56,\u7edd\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u4e8b\u516c\u804c\u3002\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u540e,\u968f\u7740\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u9650\u5236\u7684\u53d6\u6d88,\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5927\u91cf\u6d8c\u5165\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u515a\u653f\u673a\u5173\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa20\u201430\u5e74\u4ee3\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u6700\u4e3a\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u65f6\u671f,\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u653f\u6cbb\u53c2\u4e0e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0,1926\u5e74\u82cf\u805424.7%\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba,1939\u5e74\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u4ece\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u4e2d\u5360\u523040%\u301077\u3011\u3002\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u9ad8\u5c42\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e2d,\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5360\u636e\u7740\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d,\u96c5\u79d1\u592b\u00b7\u65af\u7ef4\u5c14\u5fb7\u6d1b\u592b(Yakov Sverdlov)\u57281917\u20141919\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u5168\u4fc4\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d,\u5373\u82cf\u4fc4\u7684\u9996\u4efb\u56fd\u5bb6\u5143\u9996;\u5217\u592b\u00b7\u52a0\u7c73\u6d85\u592b(Lev Kamenev)\u57281923\u20141926\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u82cf\u8054\u90e8\u957f\u8054\u5e2d\u4f1a\u8bae\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d;\u683c\u91cc\u6208\u91cc\u00b7\u5b63\u8bfa\u7ef4\u4e5f\u592b(Grigory Zinoviev)\u57281919\u20141926\u5e74\u62c5\u4efb\u5171\u4ea7\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u201c\u5927\u6e05\u6d17\u201d\u524d,\u5148\u540e\u6709\u5341\u51e0\u540d\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u62c5\u4efb\u90e8\u957f\u6216\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458,\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u519b\u4e8b\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u5217\u6602\u00b7\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa(Leon Trotsky)\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u4eba\u6c11\u59d4\u5458\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u8d8a\u98de(Adolph 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