{"id":77228,"date":"2026-10-06T15:31:41","date_gmt":"2026-10-06T07:31:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=77228"},"modified":"2026-10-06T15:31:41","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T07:31:41","slug":"%e5%8f%8d%e7%8a%b9%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e6%a6%82%e5%bf%b5%e7%9a%84%e8%b5%b7%e6%ba%90%e4%b8%8e%e6%b5%81%e5%8f%98","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=77228","title":{"rendered":"\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u6d41\u53d8"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u81ea1879\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u9996\u521b\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672f\u8bedAntisemitismus\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u4e8e\u4f55\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u6301\u7eed\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u5728\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee5Antisemitismus\u6700\u521d\u7279\u6307\u73b0\u4ee3\u79cd\u65cf\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u79cd\u65cf\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u6f14\u53d8\u51fa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\uff1b\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u62bd\u8c61\u63d0\u70bc\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u666e\u904d\u7279\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7c7b\u548c\u5b9a\u6027\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6b64\u79cd\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u4f53\u7cfb\u6108\u52a0\u5f00\u653e\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u636e\u6b64\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5bbd\u6cdb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5b66\u754c\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e94\u7a81\u51fa\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u63d0\u70bc\u603b\u7ed3\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u3001\u8feb\u5bb3\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u628a\u63e1\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u6db5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u8005: \u674e\u5927\u4f1f\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u6765\u6e90: \u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e13\u95e8\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5907\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u3002\u81ea1879\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u58eb\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14(Wilhelm Marr\uff0c1819-1904)\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672f\u8bed\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u5728\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u5173\u4e8e\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u5185\u6db5\u3001\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u601d\u8def\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6210\u679c\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5f62\u5f0f\u591a\u6837\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u4e92\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileAsset\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1791271526597qseqGS.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1%2F7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3%2F2026-10-06T07%3A25%3A27Z%2F86400%2Fhost%2F8fdbd2541d9d7796aac1591ed72d0cd256db97911cb4228d6b0f61818f35f8f7\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u81ea1879\u5e74\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672f\u8bed\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u51e0\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u8bf8\u591a\u65b0\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u53d8\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201c\u4f55\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u62df\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u53f2\u89d2\u5ea6\u7cfb\u7edf\u68b3\u7406\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u6d41\u53d8\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u63a8\u52a8\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u4ea4\u5f80\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileAsset\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1791271638360qXCbbM.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1%2F7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3%2F2026-10-06T07%3A27%3A19Z%2F86400%2Fhost%2F4b2f4ffc5954b80ed3dd4fb8fa63c870b68bc685dff6872b80baef9103f1711c\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bcd\u6e90\u53ca\u5176\u610f\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>18\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u54e5\u5ef7\u6839\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u6d3e(G\u00f6ttingen School of History)\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u5fb7\u8bedSemitisch\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8bed\u3001\u4e9a\u62c9\u59c6\u8bed\u3001\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u8be5\u8bcd\u53d6\u81ea\u5723\u7ecf\u4eba\u7269\u95ea(Shem)\u30021781\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u5b66\u6d3e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u683c\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u65bd\u6d1b\u6cfd(August Ludwig von Schl\u00f6zer)\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528Semitisch(\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd)\u6307\u79f0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u8a00\uff1b1787\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u5b66\u6d3e\u5723\u7ecf\u5b66\u8005\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u6208\u7279\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u827e\u5e0c\u970d\u6069(Johann Gottfried Eichhorn)\u9996\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\u672f\u8bed\u201c\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u8bed\u201d(Die Semitischen Sprachen)\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f3a\u8c03\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4ee5\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u8bed(Semitic)\u3001\u5370\u6b27\u8bed(Indo-European)\u3001\u542b\u7c73\u7279\u8bed(Hamitic)\u7b49\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u8bcd\u6c47\u533a\u5206\u79cd\u65cf\uff0cSemitisch\u4e00\u8bcd\u5f00\u59cb\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u79cd\u65cf\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u6307\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u53cd\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u201d(\u5fb7\u8bedAntisemitisch)\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fc4\u4eca\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u8005\u83ab\u91cc\u8328\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u65bd\u5948\u5fb7(Moritz Steinschneider\uff0c1816-1907)\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u5fb7\u8bedAntisemitisch(\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd)\u4e00\u8bcd\u300219\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6cd5\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u96f7\u5357(Ernest Renan)\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u5bfb\u6c42\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u5b9a\u4e49\u79cd\u65cf\u7279\u5f81\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u8bed\u8a00\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0e\u65cf\u7fa4\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u963f\u5361\u5fb7\u4eba(Akkadians)\u3001\u8fe6\u52d2\u5e95\u4eba(Chaldeans)\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7b49\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u79cd\u65cf\u52a3\u4e8e\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u672c\u80fd\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u597d\u8272\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u4e0d\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\u548c\u81ea\u79c1\u30021860\u5e74\u83ab\u91cc\u8328\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u65bd\u5948\u5fb7\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u520a\u7269\u300a\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b(Hamaskir\uff0c\u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05e8)(\u53773)\u4e2d\u6279\u5224\u4e86\u6b27\u5185\u65af\u7279\u00b7\u96f7\u5357\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u201c\u53cd\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u504f\u89c1\u201d(Antisemitisch Vorurteile)\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u83ab\u91cc\u8328\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u65bd\u5948\u5fb7\u6240\u8a00Antisemitisch\u6307\u53cd\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u8bb2\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u975e\u6307\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u65cf\u7fa4\u30021879\u5e749\u67082\u65e5\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u300a\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u603b\u62a5\u300b(Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums)\u518d\u6b21\u4ee5\u8d2c\u635f\u7684\u53e3\u543b\u63d0\u5230\u4e86Antisemitisch\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1879\u5e74\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u58eb\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u5728\u300a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6218\u80dc\u72b9\u592a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u7684\u518c\u5b50\u4e2d\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u540d\u8bcdAntisemitismus\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcdAntisemitisch\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8be5\u8bcd\u4e13\u6307\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u957f\u671f\u51b2\u7a81\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u5dee\u5f02\u5bfc\u81f4\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u5316\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u51b3\u53cc\u65b9\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u65b9\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u4fc3\u4f7f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u91d1\u878d\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u6050\u60e7\u4e0e\u5fcc\u60ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Antisemitisch\u548cAntisemitismus\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\u5185\u6db5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u4ee5\u8be5\u8bcd\u7279\u6307\u79cd\u65cf\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u975e\u6307\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u4eba\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f4d\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u53cd\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u8868\u8ff0\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u611f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4ec7\u6068\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u201d(Jew-hatred)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8be5\u8868\u8ff0\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53cd\u611f\u3001\u538c\u6076\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u540819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\u6b27\u6d32\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u53cd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n<p>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6cd5\u56fd\u8d35\u65cf\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u4e9a\u745f\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6208\u6bd4\u8bfa(Joseph Arthur de Gobineau)\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u9f13\u5439\u6240\u8c13\u79d1\u5b66\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49(Scientific Racism)\uff0c\u53c8\u79f0\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49(Biological Racism)\uff0c\u5373\u5229\u7528\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66(\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66)\u3001\u9885\u9aa8\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b66\u3001\u5176\u4ed6\u5b66\u79d1\u6216\u4f2a\u5b66\u79d1\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f7c\u65f6\u76db\u884c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u79d1\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u6700\u7ec8\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u79cd\u65cf\u6216\u6d88\u4ea1\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u96c5\u5229\u5b89\u4eba\u5974\u5f79\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u6240\u521bAntisemitismus\u4e00\u8bcd\u53ca\u8d4b\u4e88\u8be5\u8bcd\u7684\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5176\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u5f71\u54cd\uff0cSemitismus\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u4ee3\u8868\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u54c1\u8d28(\u6216\u7cbe\u795e)\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u6027(Jewishness)\uff0cAntisemitismus\u5f3a\u8c03\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4ece\u751f\u7269\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u52a3\u7b49\u79cd\u65cf\u3002\u6b64\u89c2\u70b9\u62ab\u4e0a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6216\u51c6\u79d1\u5b66(Quasi-Scientific)\u5916\u8863\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u79d1\u5b66\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f2a\u79d1\u5b66(Pseudo-scientific)\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0cAntisemitismus\u662d\u793a\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u672f\u8bed\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u5bfb\u6c42\u63ed\u793a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u65b0\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u53cd\u72b9\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u6709\u6240\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u9886\u57df\u8868\u73b0\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7a81\u5982\u5176\u6765\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u62c5\u5fc3\u4e0e\u6050\u60e7\u3002\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u62c5\u5fc3\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u65e0\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u878d\u5165\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e3b\u6d41\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u53ea\u4f1a\u52a0\u5267\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bf9\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bcd\u6c47\uff0cAntisemitismus\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e16\u4fd7\u610f\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u79cd\u65cf\u7279\u5f81\u4e0e\u751f\u7269\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u65e0\u8bba\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u62d2\u7edd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u70ed\u5fc3\u5730\u63a5\u7eb3\u5bc4\u5c45\u5730\u4e3b\u6d41\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u201c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u52a0\u201c\u4e2d\u7acb\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8868\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u63a8\u52a8\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c1879\u5e749\u670826\u65e5\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u53c2\u4e0e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8054\u76df(Antisemiten-Liga)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u9996\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6253\u51fb\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c06\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f3a\u884c\u9a71\u79bb\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u540c\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u62a5\u7eb8\u300a\u4fdd\u536b\u5fb7\u56fd\u300b(Deutsche Wacht)\u2014\u2014\u8be5\u62a5\u526f\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8054\u76df\u6708\u520a\u300b\u30021880\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u300a\u53cd\u72b9\u4f20\u5355\u300b(Antisemitische Flugnl\u00e4tter)\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u53cd\u72b9\u624b\u518c\u300b(Antisemitische Hefte)\u3002\u5728\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8054\u76df\u5efa\u7acb\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u6570\u4e2a\u4ee5Antisemitisch\u6216Antisemiten\u547d\u540d\u7684\u673a\u6784\u5f00\u59cb\u51fa\u73b0\u30021879\u5e7411\u6708\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u7279\u96f7\u5947\u514b(Heinrich von Treitschke)\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a(Antisemiten Vereine)\uff0c\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u53cd\u6297\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u6559\u517b\u88ab\u201c\u72b9\u592a-\u5fb7\u56fd\u201d\u6df7\u6742\u6587\u5316\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u72b9\u673a\u6784\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u8ba9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u4e5f\u81ea\u79f0\u201c\u53cd\u72b9\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1879\u5e74\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u300a\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u6218\u80dc\u72b9\u592a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u518c\u5b50\u7684\u53d1\u884c\u53ca\u5176\u53cd\u72b9\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86Antisemitismus\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u6d77\u56e0\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u51af\u00b7\u7279\u91cc\u5947\u514b\u5728\u53cd\u72b9\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u8bcd\uff1b1881\u5e742\u6708\u5fb7\u56fd\u300a\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u603b\u62a5\u300b\u62a5\u9053\u8be5\u8bcd\u5df2\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u30021881\u5e74\u8be5\u8bcd\u4f20\u5165\u82f1\u8bed\uff0c\u5373Antisemitism\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\u201c-\u201d\uff0c\u88ab\u62fc\u5199\u4e3aAnti-Semitism\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8f83\u4e3a\u6096\u7406\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u865a\u6784\u4e0e\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u4e3b\u4e49(Semitism)\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u53cd\u5bf9\u201d\u7684\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u91c7\u7528\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u8d4b\u4e88Semitism\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662fAntisemitismus\u4ec5\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u5b57\u7b26\u53ef\u4ee5\u6253\u6d88\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u5fb7\u8bed\u8fd8\u662f\u82f1\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0cAntisemitismus\u7684\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u4e0e\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u8d4b\u4e88\u8be5\u8bcd\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u5bfc\u81f4\u8be5\u8bcd\u5177\u6709\u8ff7\u60d1\u6027\u3002\u5fb7\u8bedSemitisch\u6700\u521d\u6307\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u79cd\u65cf\u610f\u5473\uff1bAntisemitismus\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u601d\u662f\u53cd\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u8bb2\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u8bed\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5374\u88ab\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u7528\u4e8e\u4e13\u6307\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64Semitisch\u548cAntisemitismus\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u610f\u4e49\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u629b\u5f00\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cAntisemitismus\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8bef\u79f0\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u5f88\u591a\u8bb2\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u8bed\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u4e3a\u88ab\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8bb2\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u5bfc\u81f4Antisemitismus(\u5305\u62ecAntisemitisch)\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u5f15\u53d1\u8bef\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u59821879\u5e7411\u6708\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u300a\u4fdd\u536b\u5fb7\u56fd\u300b\u62a5\u7eb8\u4e2d\uff0c\u9891\u7e41\u51fa\u73b0\u542b\u6709Antisemitisch\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\u8bcd\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u8bcd\u8fc7\u4e8e\u65b0\u9896\uff0c\u4e14\u8868\u8ff0\u542b\u6df7\uff0c\u8ba9\u4eba\u5f88\u96be\u89c9\u5bdf\u5230\u300a\u4fdd\u536b\u5fb7\u56fd\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u62a5\u520a\u30021882\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u300a\u5927\u5e03\u7f57\u514b\u8c6a\u65af\u8bcd\u5178\u300b(Great Brockhaus Lexicon)\u5728\u672a\u52a0\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c06Antisemitisch\u7b3c\u7edf\u5730\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u201c\u4ec7\u6068\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8005\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u8005\uff0c\u53cd\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\u3001\u5916\u8c8c\u4e0e\u610f\u56fe\u7b49\u201d\u30021885-1886\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u8bb0\u8005\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5947(Theodor Fritsch)\u5728\u7b79\u5efa\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u662f\u5426\u4f7f\u7528Antisemitisch\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u540d\u79f0\u5341\u5206\u72b9\u8c6b\u3002\u5728\u5176\u521b\u5efa\u7684\u300a\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u901a\u8baf\u300b(Antisemitische Correspondenz)\u62a5\u4e0a\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u7b79\u5efa\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4eba\u58eb\u66fe\u5c31\u6b64\u95ee\u9898\u5c55\u5f00\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5e94\u4ec5\u6307\u4fe1\u5949\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u800c\u975e\u6240\u6709\u72b9\u592a\u4eba(\u5373\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u88ab\u540c\u5316\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba)\u65f6\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6700\u7ec8\u91c7\u7528\u4e86Antisemitisch\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u534f\u4f1a(Deutscher Antisemitischer Verein)\u30021889\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5947\u5728\u300a\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6559\u4e49\u95ee\u7b54\u300b(Antisemitic Catechism)\u4e2d\u4ea6\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51faAntisemitisch\u6307\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7528Antisemitismus\u4e00\u8bcd\u6307\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u5982\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u4f5b\u745e\u65af\u7279(Paul F\u00f6rster)\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u5188\u745f(Hans Gunther)\u7b49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8be5\u8bcd\u6307\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u6070\u5f53\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\uff1b\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u683c\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u96f7\u6587\u6d1b(Graf Reventlow)\u66f4\u662f\u5c06\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u7684\u6709\u5bb3\u672f\u8bedAntisemitismus\u4e4b\u7236\u300220\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u300a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u95ee\u9898\u624b\u518c\u300b(Handbuch der Judenfrage)\u751a\u81f3\u591a\u6b21\u653b\u51fb\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\uff0c\u8be5\u624b\u518c\u4e3b\u7f16\u8bd5\u56fe\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba(Judengegner)\u3001\u53cd\u62c9\u6bd4\u4e3b\u4e49(Anti-Rabbinisimus)\u4ee3\u66ffAntisemitismus\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u8d4b\u4e88\u8be5\u8bcd\u201c\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u610f\u5473\u4ecd\u65e7\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6d41\u884c\uff0cAntisemitismus\u6210\u4e3a\u7279\u6307\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileAsset\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1791271688960XNWSSi.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1%2F7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3%2F2026-10-06T07%3A28%3A09Z%2F86400%2Fhost%2Fb38164a8a303f17bba16321bd305c43e9ff520656e6f7c02234c3948a1fe364d\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c\u3001\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u7684\u6f14\u53d8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1879\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8054\u76df\u5efa\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u8f83\u5c11\u8003\u8651Antisemitismus\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u5bab\u5ef7\u7267\u5e08\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u515a(Christian Social Party)\u521b\u5efa\u8005\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u514b(Adolf Stocker)\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u67cf\u6797\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5c42\u9762\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u6d3b\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u80dc\u8fc7\u4e86\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u4e0e\u60c5\u611f\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u4e5f\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u662f\u8d4b\u4e88Antisemitismus\u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8054\u76df\u521b\u5efa\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5fb7\u00b7\u683c\u6d1b\u897f\u5229\u8036(De Grousillier)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u8054\u76df\u547d\u540d\u4e3aAntij\u00fcdische-Liga\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u547d\u540d\u4e3aAntisemiten-Liga\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u533a\u522b\u2018\u72b9\u592a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u2019(\u88ab\u540c\u5316\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba)\u4e0e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f3a\u76d7\u822c\u7684\u2018\u5b97\u6559\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u2019(\u575a\u5b88\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba)\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u5426\u5b9a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u4e5f\u89c6\u4e3a\u95ea\u7c73\u7279\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6307\u5b97\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u79cd\u65cf\u53cd\u72b9\uff0c\u5f88\u663e\u7136\u4ed6\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7b49\u5b97\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u601d\u60f3\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u963f\u9053\u592b\u00b7\u65af\u6258\u514b\u867d\u7136\u8ba4\u53ef\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u6539\u5b97\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u540e\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u88ab\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ecd\u7136\u575a\u6301\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8d4b\u4e88\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8272\u5f69\u548c\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5728\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8054\u76df\u4e2d\u76f8\u5f53\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5176\u6807\u8bc6\u5373\u7531\u4e00\u7247\u5fb7\u56fd\u6a61\u6811\u53f6\u5b50\u4e0e\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u6784\u6210\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u663e\u793a\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u5bf9\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u65e5\u76ca\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u8054\u76df\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65ad\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fdc\u8d85\u8fc7\u79cd\u65cf\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00)\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u53d8\u5f97\u65e5\u76ca\u5408\u7406\u5316\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u30021943\u5e74\uff0c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u672c-\u9521\u5b89\u00b7\u8fea\u52aa\u5c14(Ben-Zion Dinur)\u8f83\u65e9\u63d0\u5021\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u79f0\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u60c5\u611f\u80fd\u529b\u76f4\u89c6\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u6df1\u6e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u770b\u5230\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u5e76\u65e0\u4e8c\u81f4\u3002\u201c\u4e8c\u6218\u201d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6731\u52d2\u65af\u00b7\u4ee5\u6492(Jules Isaac)\u8f83\u65e9\u4e14\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u63a2\u7a76\u4e86\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5e94\u5bf9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u8d1f\u4e00\u5b9a\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u8d2c\u635f\u3001\u4ec7\u6068\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6e90\u5934\uff0c\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u79cd\u65cf\u5185\u6db5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c24\u91cc\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u5854\u5c14(Uriel Tal)\u540c\u6837\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u8bf4\u662f\u53cd\u5929\u4e3b\u6559(Anti-Catholic)\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6d89\u53ca\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e14\u540e\u8005\u5f71\u54cd\u66f4\u4e3a\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u89c1\u8bc1\u8005\u201d\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f46\u5904\u5904\u906d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u4e0e\u4ec7\u6068\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6700\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u6307\u63a7\u662f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u62d2\u7edd\u5e76\u6740\u5bb3\u4e86\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5f25\u8d5b\u4e9a\u8036\u7a23\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u654c\u57fa\u7763\u8005(Anti-Christ)\uff0c\u6709\u8fb1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u989c\u9762\uff0c\u5e94\u53d7\u5230\u8bc5\u5492\uff0c\u7ecf\u53d7\u78e8\u96be\u3001\u8feb\u5bb3\u4e0e\u6d41\u6d6a\uff0c\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u5c42\u9762\u6210\u529f\u5730\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u65e7\u7684\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u5723\u7ecf\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u8be5\u9690(Cain)\u4e0e\u4e9a\u4f2f(Abel)\u3001\u4ee5\u626b(Esau)\u4e0e\u96c5\u5404(Jacob)\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5f15\u7533\u89e3\u91ca\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u3001\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6539\u5b97\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u540e\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7981\u6b62\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u65b0\u5efa\u72b9\u592a\u4f1a\u5802\u3001\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u901a\u5a5a\u3001\u51fa\u4efb\u516c\u804c\u7b49\u624b\u6bb5\u9650\u5236\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff1b\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u4e5f\u79c9\u627f\u8fd9\u4e00\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5728\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6c1b\u56f4\u7b3c\u7f69\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u53d7\u5b97\u6559\u60c5\u7eea\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a\u5f71\u54cd\u65f6\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u8feb\u5bb3\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e8b\u5c61\u89c1\u4e0d\u9c9c\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6c61\u8511\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8840\u796d\u8bfd\u8c24\u3001\u9ed1\u6b7b\u75c5\u671f\u95f4\u5728\u4e95\u91cc\u837c\u6bd2\u3001\u6215\u5bb3\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u75c5\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9ad8\u5229\u8d37\u6d3b\u52a8\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6307\u63a7\uff0c1096\u5e74\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u5728\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7b49\u5730\u5927\u8086\u5c60\u6740\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c14-15\u4e16\u7eaa\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u9a71\u9010\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6539\u9769\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f16\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\u4e3a\u4fc3\u4f7f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6539\u5b97\uff0c\u5f3a\u884c\u5efa\u7acb\u9694\u90fd\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u3001\u5f3a\u5236\u7a7f\u6234\u6807\u5fd7\u6027\u670d\u9970\u3001\u9a71\u9010\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u751a\u81f3\u6210\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u5ef7\u5b98\u65b9\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u88ab\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14(Robert Micheal)\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u62c9\u4e01\u4e0e\u5e0c\u814a\u6559\u7236\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u6559\u7687\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8c15\u4ee4\u3001\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u3001\u4e16\u4fd7\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6555\u4ee4\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e16\u4fd7\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4fe1\u5f92\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u6240\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8981\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>18\u4e16\u7eaa\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0e\u6001\u5ea6\u4ecd\u6df1\u523b\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328(Jacob Katz)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6210\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u4ec7\u6068\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6865\u6881\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u5173\u6ce8\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u89c6\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u9053\u5fb7\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f18\u8d8a\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u8f6c\u5411\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u601d\u60f3\u7ed3\u6784\u867d\u7136\u88ab\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u6467\u6bc1\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c)\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u53c8\u88ab\u4e0e\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u4e0e\u53e4\u5178\u4f5c\u5bb6\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u867d\u7136\uff0c\u4ee5\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5e15\u514b\u65af(James Parkes)\u3001\u8def\u6613\u65af\u00b7\u6208\u5c14\u4e01(Louis Golding)\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u53ea\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328\u3001\u6d77\u59c6\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u6bd4(Hyam Maccoby)\u4e0e\u5f90\u65b0\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63d0\u70bc\u603b\u7ed3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u4e0e\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u65cf\u7fa4\u95f4\u60ef\u5e38\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u964c\u751f\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u5f0f\u3001\u5272\u793c\u3001\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u4e0e\u996e\u98df\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9694\u79bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5dee\u5f02\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u9020\u6210\u3002\u6d77\u59c6\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u6bd4\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u65f6\u671f\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4e60\u4fd7\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4e0e\u5e0c\u814a\u4e3b\u4e49\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4f7f\u547d\u611f\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4ee5\u53ca\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u6fc0\u8d77\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d168\u5e74\uff0c\u585e\u7409\u53e4\u56fd\u738b\u5b89\u6761\u514b\u56db\u4e16(Antiochus IV)\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d88\u9664\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5f3a\u8feb\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u5b99\u65af\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4e60\u4fd7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e94\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5b98\u65b9\u53cd\u72b9\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ed9\u4e88\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53cd\u6297\u7f57\u9a6c\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u906d\u53d7\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u63d0\u56fe\u65af(Titus)\u3001\u54c8\u5fb7\u826f(Hadrian)\u7684\u9547\u538b\uff1b\u7f57\u9a6c\u963f\u76ae\u7fc1(Apion)\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u5404\u9879\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u8d4b\u4e88\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff1b\u7f57\u9a6c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5854\u897f\u4f57(Tacitus)\u5c06\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7eaf\u6d01\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u8005\u4e0e\u5815\u843d\u7684\u50ac\u5316\u8005\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0d\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u65cf\u7fa4\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u574f\u516c\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9694\u79bb\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u4ec7\u6068\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u504f\u6267\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u81ea\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e60\u4fd7\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u540c\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u62b5\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u300a\u65e7\u7ea6\u00b7\u4ee5\u65af\u5e16\u4e66\u300b(3\uff1a8)\u6240\u8bb0\u6ce2\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u5927\u81e3\u54c8\u66fc(Haman)\u5411\u56fd\u738b\u4e9a\u54c8\u968f\u9c81(Achashverosh)\u62b1\u6028\u6240\u8bf4\u201c\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6c11(\u72b9\u592a\u4eba)\u6563\u5c45\u5728\u738b\u56fd\u5404\u7701\u7684\u6c11\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f8b\u4f8b\u4e0e\u4e07\u6c11\u5f8b\u4f8b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b88\u738b\u7684\u5f8b\u4f8b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5bb9\u7559\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e8e\u738b\u65e0\u76ca\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u5bfc\u81f4\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u793e\u4f1a\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328\u4e0e\u6d77\u59c6\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u6bd4\u7b49\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u5c06\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u666e\u901a\u65cf\u7fa4\u95f4\u7684\u60ef\u5e38\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u4e0e\u53cd\u611f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u63d0\u70bc\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u524d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65f6\u671f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4ec7\u6068\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u8c61\u666e\u904d\u5316\uff0c\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u4e14\u65e0\u6cd5\u514b\u670d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e09)\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u6982\u62ec1879\u5e74\u8be5\u8bcd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e4b\u540e\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49(Anti-Zionism)\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5409\u7c73\u4eba(Dhimmi)\u53d7\u5230\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u7f34\u7eb3\u4eba\u5934\u7a0e\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u81ea\u6cbb\u7ba1\u7406\u4e43\u81f3\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4e0e\u81ea\u6cbb\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u4f9d\u9644\u4e8e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ed8\u51fa\u83b7\u53d6\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6b64\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u6216\u5730\u533a\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u65f6\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u4e5f\u4f1a\u69a8\u53d6\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u60dc\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u4f46\u6574\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u5e76\u672a\u51fa\u73b0\u7c7b\u4f3c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u90a3\u6837\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u4e0e\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u76f8\u5bf9\u878d\u6d3d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa80-90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ee5\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u8d6b\u8328\u5c14(Theodor Herzl)\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u6df1\u523b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u80fd\u8ba9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6446\u8131\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u5c5e\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u91cd\u56de\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee4\u4e00\u4e9b\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u56fd\u5145\u6ee1\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u6240\u8c13\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u6f6e\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5c06\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6279\u8bc4\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e94\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6c11\u65cf\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u601d\u8003\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5982\u72b9\u592a\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f2f\u683c(David Berger)\u4fbf\u6307\u51fa\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u56de\u5230\u53e4\u8001\u5bb6\u56ed\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u63a5\u7eb3\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u6c11\u65cf\u60c5\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5192\u72af\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8bcb\u6bc1\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4ece\u300a\u9521\u5b89\u957f\u8001\u8bae\u5b9a\u4e66\u300b\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5ba3\u4f20\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u5916\u5404\u79cd\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u523a\u6fc0\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u4e49\u8bcd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u8005\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5361\u52d2(Erich Kahler)\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u4e3a\u4e94\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u4ece\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u8d77\u6e90\u5230\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u4e4b\u56da(\u516c\u5143\u524d596\u5e74)\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u65e9\u671f\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u5468\u8fb9\u65cf\u7fa4\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u6bb5\u4ece\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u4e4b\u56da\u523011\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f\u5b97\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u8981\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u6beb\u4e0d\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7cbe\u795e\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u4eea\u5f0f\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u51fa\u73b0\u540e\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u9636\u6bb5\u4ece11\u4e16\u7eaa\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u8d4b\u4e88\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u300211\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u9ad8\u5229\u8d37\u6d3b\u52a8\u5907\u53d7\u6307\u8d23\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56e0\u7d20\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u59cb\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u867d\u7136\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u906d\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\u9636\u6bb5\u4e3a\u79cd\u65cf\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53731879\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u3002\u6770\u7f57\u59c6\u00b7\u67e5\u6069\u65af(Jerome A. Chanes)\u5219\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u4e3a\u516d\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u4e0e\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u516d\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u5373\u524d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u671f\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u300119\u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3\u7eb3\u7cb9\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1b\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u5373\u53e4\u4ee3\u81ea\u7136\u65cf\u7fa4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c19-20\u4e16\u7eaa\u79cd\u65cf\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea1879\u5e74\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u521b\u9020\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672f\u8bed\u5230\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8054\u76df\u5efa\u7acb\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u53c8\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u65b0\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8303\u7574\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6b64\u4e3a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e89\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileAsset\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/17912717416892FOIoi.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1%2F7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3%2F2026-10-06T07%3A29%3A02Z%2F86400%2Fhost%2F67c3639160ea36a42053d7ac17bb0eadfafcc4091f20f38349dc9789452cafab\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d4b\u4e88\u65b0\u5185\u6db5\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5f88\u65e9\u4fbf\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u83ab\u897f\u00b7\u9f50\u9ed8\u5c14\u66fc(Moshe Zimmermann)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u663e\u7136\u80cc\u79bb\u4e86\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u7684\u521d\u8877\uff0c\u6b6a\u66f2\u4e86\u8be5\u8bcd\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u8ba4\u53ef\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u6216\u8868\u8fbe\u6b64\u79cd\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u3002\u5fb7\u00b7\u683c\u6d1b\u897f\u5229\u8036\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6beb\u65e0\u88e8\u76ca\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u63d0\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8ba4\u53ef\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\uff0c\u4f46\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u5185\u6db5\u624d\u662f\u6839\u672c\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u4e8e1891\u5e74\u4ecd\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f3a\u8c03\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u53cd\u72b9\uff0c\u662f\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u6027\u7684\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u9886\u8896\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u8d6b\u8328\u5c14\u4e0e\u4e9a\u745f\u00b7\u9c81\u5e73(Arthur Ruppin)\u4e5f\u5f3a\u8c03\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672f\u8bed\u6240\u5177\u5907\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u8d6b\u8328\u5c14\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u5b97\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u4f46\u4eca\u5929\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u63a8\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u533a\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5373\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u89e3\u653e\u540e\u4ecd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u72ec\u6709\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e60\u4fd7\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4e9a\u745f\u00b7\u9c81\u5e73\u4ea6\u79f0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u573a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u5265\u593a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e1869\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u540e\u30021910-1911\u5e74\u7248\u300a\u5927\u82f1\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u4e5f\u62d2\u7edd\u627f\u8ba4\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ec7\u6068\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8fd4\u7956\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ec5\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u89e3\u653e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u53cd\u5bf9\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u53d8\u6210\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8ffd\u6eaf\u3002\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bcd\u6c47\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e5f\u662f\u59cb\u6599\u672a\u53ca\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u8131\u79bb\u7279\u5b9a\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u53bb\u63a2\u8ba8\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u524d\u8ff0\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b0\u5185\u6db5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u963f\u83ab\u65af\u00b7\u82ac\u91d1\u65af\u5766(Amos Funkenstein)\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u52a8\u673a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5176\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u975e\u9488\u5bf9\u6b63\u7edf\u72b9\u592a\u4eba(\u5373\u672a\u88ab\u540c\u5316\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba)\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u4f2a\u88c5\u201d\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba(\u5373\u88ab\u89e3\u653e\u3001\u540c\u5316\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba)\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6270\u4e71\u4e86\u65b0\u6c11\u65cf(\u4e3b\u4f53\u6c11\u65cf)\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u770b\u5f97\u89c1\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u770b\u4e0d\u89c1\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u96be\u4ee5\u78e8\u706d\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u6d17\u793c\u6216\u8f6c\u53d8\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u52a0\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6539\u5b97\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fbf\u7b26\u5408\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u540d\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5219\u662f\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f62\u5f0f\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u90fd\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u6570\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89e3\u653e\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u72b9\uff0c\u79bb\u5f00\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89e3\u653e\u80cc\u666f\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u963f\u83ab\u65af\u00b7\u82ac\u91d1\u65af\u5766\u53cd\u5bf9\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ec5\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u975e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5e76\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e5f\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u65e9\u57281895\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u897f\u5965\u591a\u00b7\u96f7\u7eb3\u8d6b(Th\u00e9odore Reinach)\u4fbf\u63d0\u51fa\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5e94\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u5b66\u8005\u6c99\u4e9a\u00b7\u79d1\u4ea8(Shaye J. D. Cohen)\u79f0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5f88\u96be\u5728\u5b66\u672f\u5c42\u9762\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e14\u88ab\u62a4\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u53e4\u4ee3\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u79cd\u65cf\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u4f5c\u5bb6\u77e5\u9053\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65cf\u7fa4\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7279\u70b9\u4e0e\u5916\u5f62\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u8c13Semities\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u6240\u8c13\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u63cf\u8ff0\u53e4\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u65f6\u4ee3\u9519\u4e71\u3001\u8bef\u5165\u6b67\u9014\uff0c\u5e76\u6307\u51fa\u516c\u514370\u5e74\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u7684\u706d\u4ea1\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u81f4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u9547\u538b\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53cd\u6297\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff1b\u5c3d\u7ba1\u963f\u76ae\u7fc1\u53cd\u5bf9\u8d4b\u4e88\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff0c\u54c8\u5fb7\u826f\u9547\u538b\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53cd\u53db\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u8005\u662f\u5426\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u9694\u90fd\u3001\u4eb5\u6e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4f1a\u5802\u4e0e\u5c60\u6740\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u5426\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u957f\u8fbe\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u4e0e\u5927\u91cf\u6b89\u9053\u8005\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u90fd\u65e0\u5b9a\u8bba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u6027\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4ee3\u66ff\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u65f6\u4ee3\u9519\u4e71\u4e0e\u8ffd\u6eaf\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u79f0\u8c13\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b66\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5185\u6db5\u4ee5\u53ca\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6d3b\u52a8\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7b3c\u7edf\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u66f4\u591a\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e5f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u666e\u901a\u65cf\u7fa4\u95f4\u7684\u60ef\u5e38\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u7279\u5b9a\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ece\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b66\u7406\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u68c0\u89c6\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u4e0e\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u660e\u786e\u6027\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u521d\u59cb\u6982\u5ff5\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u6709\u6548\u4f20\u64ad\u4e0e\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u963f\u83ab\u65af\u00b7\u82ac\u91d1\u65af\u5766\u665a\u5e74\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u575a\u6301\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u613f\u90fd\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdb\u53bb\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u5176\u4ed6\u62bd\u8c61\u4e8b\u7269\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u60f3\u8ba9\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u575a\u6301\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u9650\u5b9a\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0b\u5e76\u6392\u9664\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u901a\u7528\u7528\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6700\u65e9\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u624d\u5408\u4e4e\u60c5\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8377\u5170\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u5960\u57fa\u8005\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u8d6b\u4f0a\u6d25\u54c8(Johan Huizinga)\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e3a\u4e86\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u5448\u73b0\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u672f\u8bed\u5728\u6f14\u53d8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u51fa\u73b0\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316(Inflation)\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316(Stereotype)\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\uff1a\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u89c6\u8003\u5bdf\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5e38\u8fdb\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e26\u6709\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u7684\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u5373\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53c8\u5fc5\u987b\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e9b\u901a\u7528\u672f\u8bed\u5bf9\u5404\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7269\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u6027\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u672f\u8bed\u6982\u5ff5\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u5171\u540c\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4ec5\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u73b0\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u7b80\u5355\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7c7b\u3001\u5b9a\u6027\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u5373\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u3002\u672f\u8bed\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u6ce8\u91cd\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u7684\u63d0\u70bc\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u3002\u968f\u7740\u521d\u59cb\u6982\u5ff5\u65e5\u6e10\u6de1\u5316\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u4e0e\u88ab\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e00)\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6cdb\u5316<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u8ba4\u53ef\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u4ee5\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328\u3001\u6d77\u59c6\u00b7\u9ea6\u8003\u6bd4\u3001\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f2f\u683c(David Berger)\u3001\u6258\u5fb7\u00b7\u6069\u5fb7\u5c14\u66fc(Todd M. Endelman)\u3001\u5f90\u65b0\u7b49\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u53ef\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u666e\u904d\u6d41\u884c\u800c\u975e\u73b0\u4ee3\u72ec\u6709\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u4e0e\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e9\u57281894\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u62c9\u624e\u5c14(Bernard Lazare)\u4fbf\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u904d\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6bcf\u65f6\u6bcf\u523b\uff0c\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u964c\u751f\u8005\u7684\u5bb3\u6015\u4e0e\u4ec7\u6068\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4ed6\u8005\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u66b4\u529b\u6d3b\u52a8\u7b49\u4ec5\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u968f\u7740\u4ee5\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u5ef6\u7eed\u6027\u88ab\u4e0d\u65ad\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u6108\u6f14\u6108\u70c8\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e0e\u627f\u7ee7\u5173\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c1980\u5e74\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u575a\u5b88\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u7279\u522b\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u5bc4\u5c45\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e2d\u8bf1\u53d1\u4e86\u4e3b\u4f53\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u654c\u610f\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u654c\u610f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5730\u533a\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5386\u53f2\u201d\u30021981\u5e74\uff0c\u672c\u00b7\u54c8\u73c0(Ben Halpern)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ec5\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5c061870-1950\u5e74\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0e\u6570\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e43\u81f3\u5343\u5e74\u524d\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5272\u88c2\u3002\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u5176\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u5e94\u5c01\u95ed\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u7d20\u662f\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u2014\u2014\u6b64\u79cd\u654c\u610f\u7531\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u4e0e\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4ece\u6700\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u7fa4\u4f53\u5728\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u51dd\u7ec3\u5f62\u6210\uff1b\u4ece\u6700\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u5c06\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u53c8\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u30022004\u5e74\uff0c\u6770\u7f57\u59c6\u00b7\u67e5\u6069\u65af(Jerome A. Chanes)\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u3001\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u654c\u610f(\u5305\u62ec\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3)\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f7b\u5e95\u7684\u4ed6\u8005\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u540c\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u613f\u4e0e\u4eba\u6765\u5f80\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u4f1a\u5c06\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6551\u836f\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u56e0\u5176\u2018\u5408\u4f5c\u6027\u2019\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u618e\u6068\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u96be\u4ee5\u540c\u5316\u6216\u5408\u4f5c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4ece\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u957f\u671f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u8ba4\u53ef\u9664\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5b97\u6559\u5bbd\u5bb9\u6210\u4e3a\u88ab\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u51c6\u5219\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u4ee5\u5b97\u6559\u672f\u8bed\u8868\u8ff0\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5373\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u65e0\u8bba\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u4e3a\u4f55\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u6216\u6050\u60e7\u75c7(Judaephobia)\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u53e4\u4ee3\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4ec7\u6068\u6ca1\u6709\u79cd\u65cf\u610f\u5473\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\u79f0\u4e4b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u5f53\u5730\u795e\u7075\u4e0e\u7edf\u6cbb\u5bfc\u81f4\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u51fa\u73b0\uff1b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5174\u8d77\u540e\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u4e16\u4fd7\u5316\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u65e7\u6709\u53cd\u72b9\u601d\u60f3\u5e76\u672a\u6d88\u9664\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u601d\u60f3\u610f\u8bc6\u4ea4\u7ec7\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5206\u5b50\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u540c\u5316\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u6392\u65a5\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328\u5c31\u5f3a\u8c03\u73b0\u4ee3\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u878d\u5408\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u82db\u523b\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u5c06\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u56fd\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u5907\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u4f9d\u65e7\u6d41\u6563\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u547d\u8fd0\u4e0e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0d\u65ad\u906d\u53d7\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u65b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u9664\u4e86\u6700\u521d\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u6db5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u5185\u6db5\u88ab\u4e0d\u65ad\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e0e\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(\u4e8c)\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5316<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u62bd\u8c61\u63d0\u70bc\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u666e\u904d\u7279\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u5f52\u7c7b\u3001\u5b9a\u6027\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u65e9\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa90\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u524d\u8ff0\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u62c9\u624e\u5c14\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u964c\u751f\u8005\u7684\u5bb3\u6015\u4e0e\u4ec7\u6068\uff0c\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328\u3001\u672c\u00b7\u54c8\u73c0\u3001\u6770\u7f57\u59c6\u00b7\u67e5\u6069\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u8fd8\u67091979\u5e74\u7248\u300a\u5927\u82f1\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u89e3\u653e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u3002\u4ece\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u8f7b\u5ea6\u53cd\u611f\u5230\u66b4\u529b\u4ec7\u6068\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6d41\u6563\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u9c9c\u660e\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u5f15\u5411\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6240\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5bf9\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u4ec0\u6d1b\u83ab\u00b7\u4f2f\u683c\u66fc(Shlomo Bergman)\u7cfb\u7edf\u68c0\u89c6\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u53e4\u4ee3\u3001\u5341\u5b57\u519b(\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa)\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u88c1\u5224\u6240(\u8fd1\u4ee3)\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u5bfb\u6c42\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e74\u8868(Chronology)\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5171\u540c\u56e0\u7d20\u6216\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6574\u4f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u539f\u56e0\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u5b58\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5bfc\u81f4\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u65f6\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5916\u8863\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u8c61\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u975e\u5e38\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e94\u5148\u5265\u79bb\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u8981\u7d20\u4e0e\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u539f\u56e0\u6df7\u6dc6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u80fd\u591f\u6982\u62ec\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u6052\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7edf\u79f0\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7efc\u5408\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u8981\u533a\u5206\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5386\u53f2\u8d77\u6e90\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7406\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5219\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63a2\u7a76\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u66f4\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u6700\u65e9\u4ece\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6df1\u85cf\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u4e45\u8fdc\u7684\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5373\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5ac9\u5992\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5bb9\u6613\u6fc0\u53d1\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5ac9\u5992\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8d85\u51e1\u8131\u4fd7\u7684\u98ce\u4fd7\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5272\u793c\uff0c\u7ed9\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u602a\u8bde\u7684\u5370\u8c61\uff1b\u518d\u6b21\uff0c\u64c5\u957f\u53cd\u72b9\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u76f8\u5bf9\u665a\u671f\u624d\u63a5\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5916\u8868\u4e0b\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u7740\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u591a\u795e\u6559\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u6028\u6068\u7684\u77db\u5934\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53d1\u6e90\u5904\uff0c\u5373\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bf4\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u3002\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u5ac9\u5992\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u90fd\u59cb\u7ec8\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba9-\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8428\u7279(Jean-Paul Sartre)\u3002\u8ba9-\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8428\u7279\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5931\u8d25\u8005\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u906d\u9047\u4e0e\u4e0d\u5229\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ed9\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u5bfb\u627e\u501f\u53e3\u800c\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u89c2\u5ff5\u770b\u5f85\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4fbf\u6210\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u66ff\u7f6a\u7f8a\u3002\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6216\u88ab\u5f7b\u5e95\u540c\u5316\u6216\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u6d88\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u4f0a\u5e0c\u745f(Gustav Ichheiser)\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c1\u89e3\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u504f\u89c1\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u504f\u89c1\u4e3a\u4f55\u88ab\u6fc0\u6012\u6216\u7206\u53d1\uff1b\u9488\u5bf9\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6b63\u5e38\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u53cd\u5e38\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u66f4\u662f\u5bf9\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u975e\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff1b\u9488\u5bf9\u7528\u5ba3\u4f20\u6216\u66ff\u7f6a\u7f8a\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u751f\u4e0e\u6839\u672c\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5178\u578b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u523a\u6fc0\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u4f0a\u5e0c\u745f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49(\u5373\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u8fbe\u6c11\u65cf\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u590d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49)\u3001\u975e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49(\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6240\u9009\u62e9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u5bfb\u6c42\u540c\u5316)\u548c\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49(\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4ece\u81ea\u8eab\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u5f85\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u5176\u6d41\u6563\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49)\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u975e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bb6\u56ed\u4e0d\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bfc\u81f4\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6301\u7eed\u7d27\u5f20\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u6c11\u65cf\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u4ed6\u8005\u90fd\u6709\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u4e0d\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5f02\u65cf\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bc4\u5c45\u5728\u5f02\u65cf\u4e2d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c11\u6570\u7fa4\u4f53\u5206\u5e03\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u65f6\u523b\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u7d27\u5f20\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5bf9\u5f02\u65cf\u6587\u5316\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u6587\u5316\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bc4\u751f\u8005\u6270\u4e71\u4e86\u6b63\u5e38\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5bf9\u6df7\u4e71\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u65cf\u90a3\u6837\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u6545\u59cb\u7ec8\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u53cd\u72b9\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u4ec0\u6d1b\u83ab\u00b7\u4f2f\u683c\u66fc\u3001\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u3001\u8ba9-\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8428\u7279\u3001\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u4f0a\u5e0c\u745f\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4f7f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bfb\u627e\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u4e0e\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u6027\u603b\u7ed3\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u6700\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u3001\u504f\u89c1\u4e0e\u6b67\u89c6\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u59822005\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u5728\u300a\u5168\u7403\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u4e2d\u5373\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u5386\u6765\u662f\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u5176\u542b\u4e49\u5e94\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u81f4\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u672c\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6307\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u6068(\u65e0\u8bba\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u96c6\u4f53)\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e(\u6216)\u79cd\u65cf\u3002\u201d2006\u5e74\u300a\u5927\u82f1\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u4ea6\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u9488\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f53\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u4e0e\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u867d\u7136\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u62d3\u5c55\u4e86\u7814\u7a76\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u5f25\u8865\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5f0f\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5bbd\u6cdb\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u4e0e\u6b67\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6982\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u662f\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u65f6\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u76f8\u4e92\u6307\u6458\u3001\u62b5\u727e\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u7c7b\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e76\u5b58\uff0c\u4e14\u4e00\u5ea6\u751a\u4e3a\u6d41\u884c\u3002\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u62c9\u624e\u5c14\u3001\u96c5\u5404\u00b7\u5361\u8328\u3001\u672c\u00b7\u54c8\u73c0\u3001\u6770\u7f57\u59c6\u00b7\u67e5\u6069\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4fbf\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u30021939\u5e74\u300a\u901a\u7528\u72b9\u592a\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u65e2\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u65cf\u7fa4\u654c\u610f\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u53c8\u5c06\u6b64\u79cd\u654c\u610f\u8ffd\u6eaf\u81f3\u53e4\u4ee3\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u6570\u5343\u5e74\u53d1\u5c55\uff1b1993\u5e74\u5f90\u65b0\u3001\u51cc\u7ee7\u5c27\u4e3b\u7f16\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u300a\u72b9\u592a\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u538c\u6076\u3001\u618e\u6068\u3001\u6392\u65a5\u4e0e\u4ec7\u89c6\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u542b\u4e49\uff1b2007\u5e74\u300a\u72b9\u592a\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u300b\u4e5f\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u7b49\u53cd\u72b9\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u671f\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2005\u5e74\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49(Working Definition)\u4ea6\u5373\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7eaa\u5ff5\u8054\u76df\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u5178\u578b\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4ec7\u5916\u5fc3\u7406\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u62df\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6f14\u5316\u4e3a\u4ec7\u6068\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53ca(\u6216)\u5176\u8d22\u4ea7\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u793e\u533a\u673a\u6784\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u8bbe\u65bd\u7b49(\u53cd\u72b9)\u8a00\u8bed\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u56fd\u3001\u4ee5\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u540d\u4e49\u4f24\u5bb3\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u5ba3\u626c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8d1f\u9762\u5f62\u8c61\u3001\u5426\u8ba4\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u6216\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5938\u5927\u5927\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u6307\u8d23\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53cc\u91cd\u5fe0\u8bda\u6216\u66f4\u52a0\u5fe0\u8bda\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u72b9\u592a\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u6743\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7ecf\u5178\u53cd\u72b9\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0e\u56fe\u50cf(\u5982\u5f11\u6740\u8036\u7a23\u6216\u8840\u8165\u8bfd\u8c24)\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u6216\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u884c\u4e3a\u8d1f\u6709\u96c6\u4f53\u8d23\u4efb\u7b49\u3002\u8be5\u5b9a\u4e49\u65e2\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u62bd\u8c61\u4e3a\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u770b\u6cd5\u4e0e\u4ec7\u6068\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53c8\u8ba4\u53ef\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u53cd\u72b9\u6d3b\u52a8\u30022016\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7eaa\u5ff5\u8054\u76df\u5168\u4f53\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9a\u4e49\u88ab\u91c7\u7eb3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u7eaa\u5ff5\u8054\u76df\u5b9a\u4e49\u201d\u30022020\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9a\u4e49\u5df2\u88ab\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3001\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u3001\u585e\u6d66\u8def\u65af\u7b4918\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b98\u65b9\u8ba4\u53ef\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u53cd\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8be5\u5b9a\u4e49\u5907\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u662f\u5c06\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5c06\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u4e0e\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u5c06\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u4e3a\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u4eba\u4e89\u53d6\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u516c\u6b63\u5ba1\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/aisearch.cdn.bcebos.com\/fileAsset\/kZgWNV1BwEyanvVXGcCGIQ\/1791271807313rB3mjB.png?authorization=bce-auth-v1%2F7e22d8caf5af46cc9310f1e3021709f3%2F2026-10-06T07%3A30%3A08Z%2F86400%2Fhost%2F0f05b9c711c3ce25376d9302f8daea7eb1caca7240ad3594a7644fee97f374cc\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7ed3\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u81ea1879\u5e74\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672f\u8bed\u51fa\u73b0\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u79cd\u65cf\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u9010\u6e10\u6de1\u5316\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5e0c\u814a-\u7f57\u9a6c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u65b0\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8303\u7574\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6982\u5ff5\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u540c\u65f6\u88ab\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u53d8\u5f97\u6108\u52a0\u5f00\u653e\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u8fc4\u4eca\u5c1a\u672a\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u8ba4\u4e0e\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5c06\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u66f4\u591a\u542b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1\u4e16\u7eaa\u5927\u6d41\u6563\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u957f\u671f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\u5bc4\u5c45\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4ea4\u5f80\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u65cf\u7fa4\u6216\u5b97\u6559\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u56e0\u6b64\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u592a\u591a\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u3001\u6b67\u89c6\u4e0e\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u660e\u786e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u3001\u8feb\u5bb3\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u90fd\u5177\u5907\u72ec\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u751a\u81f3\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u60ef\u5e38\u77db\u76fe\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81\u5e76\u65e0\u4e8c\u81f4\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u4f55\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u4f55\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f55\u79cd\u53c8\u662f\u60ef\u5e38\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4e0e\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5e94\u662f\u5728\u754c\u5b9a\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\u6ce8\u610f\u533a\u5206\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u65ad\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u4e0e\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u66f4\u52a0\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0d\u53cb\u597d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u7eb3\u5165\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u56fd\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u6b64\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bfc\u81f4\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u521d\u59cb\u6982\u5ff5\u88ab\u65e5\u6e10\u6de1\u5fd8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u4ea4\u5f80\u5173\u7cfb\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u53ea\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u610f\u3001\u8feb\u5bb3\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u624d\u5e94\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u6700\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u6108\u52a0\u5f00\u653e\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5bbd\u6cdb\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u4e0e\u666e\u904d\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u533a\u5206\u54ea\u4e9b\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u662f\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u5f80\u4e2d\u4e5f\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4f55\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u65ad\u6cdb\u5316\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u5316\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u65f6\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u68c0\u89c6\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u81ea1879\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u9996\u521b\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672f\u8bedAntisemitismus\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u72b9\u592a\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u4e8e\u4f55\u4e3a\u53cd\u72b9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8ba8 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15],"tags":[2723,15142,12594],"views":4,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77228"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=77228"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":77230,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/77228\/revisions\/77230"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=77228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=77228"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=77228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}