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1 \u5bf9\u5916\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027<\/p>\n

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2 \u5bf9\u201c\u7981\u70df\u201d\u6001\u5ea6\u6447\u6446\u4e0d\u5b9a<\/p>\n

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1838\u5e74\uff0c\u9e3f\u80ea\u5bfa\u537f\u9ec4\u7235\u6ecb\u4e0a\u594f\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e25\u7981\u5e76\u5c06\u7981\u70df\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u6269\u5927\u5230\u4e86\u5185\u5730\uff0c\u763e\u541b\u5b50\u4e5f\u5217\u5165\u63a7\u5236\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u770b\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u6ca1\u6709\u7acb\u5373\u4e0b\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5404\u7701\u5c06\u519b\u7763\u629a\u8bae\u594f\u3002\u4ed6 \u201c\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\u3001\u519b\u673a\u5927\u81e3\u4f1a\u540c\u6709\u5173\u90e8\u95e8\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u6309\u7167\u65e7\u6709\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u201d\u3002\u2466\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u7531\u4e8e\u7687\u5e1d\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u4ed6\u4e00\u4eba\u5b9a\u593a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u5927\u81e3\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5927\u81e3\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u9876\u591a\u5728\u4fa7\u9762\u5bf9\u7687\u5e1d\u6709\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\u3002\u2467\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u592a\u8fc7\u81ea\u4fe1\uff0c\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u8d44\u6e90\u4e25\u91cd\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u5bf9\u9e26\u7247\u6d41\u6bd2\u4e25\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0d\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u9e26\u7247\u8d70\u79c1\u6108\u6765\u6108\u7316\u72c2\u3002\u4e24\u65e5\u540e\u5f97\u5230\u6c89\u75db\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u4e0b\u5b9a\u51b3\u5fc3\u8ba9\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u5954\u8d74\u5e7f\u4e1c\u67e5\u7981\u9e26\u7247\u3002\u7981\u70df\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u662f\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u9063\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u4e3a\u94a6\u5dee\u5927\u81e3\u8d74\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7981\u70df\u7684\uff0c\u540e\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u8d77\uff0c\u6218\u706b\u8513\u5ef6\u81f3\u5317\u65b9\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u7684\u4e0a\u55bb\u4e2d\u9a82\u6797 \uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u4f46\u7ec8\u65e0\u5b9e\u9645\uff0c\u53cd\u751f\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u6ce2\u6f9c\uff0c\u601d\u4e4b\u66f7\u80dc\u6124\u61d1\uff0c\u770b\u6c5d\u4ee5\u4f55\u8bcd\u5bf9\u6715\u4e5f\u3002\u201d\u2468\u6001\u5ea6\u4e00\u8f6c\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u8d23\u4efb\u8fb9\u63a8\u5378\u5230\u4e86\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u7684\u5934\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u7981\u70df\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u5bf9\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u53d8\u4e3a\u8d28\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n

3 \u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0d\u660e\u786e<\/p>\n

\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u201c\u603b\u662f\u4ee5\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u51b3\u7b56\u90fd\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u540e\u6765\u4e00\u53d8\u518d\u53d8\u201d\uff0c \u5728\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u5728\u4e3b\u201c\u7f34\u201d\u6d3e\u548c\u4e3b\u201c\u629a\u201d\u6d3e\u4e4b\u95f4\u6447\u6446\u4e0d\u5b9a\u3002\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u590d\u6742\u3002\u4ece\u4e3b\u89c2\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u4ea4\u6362\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u594f\u6298\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8bb8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u5458\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fce\u5408\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u80c3\u53e3\u800c\u6781\u529b\u8ba8\u597d\u751a\u81f3\u865a\u6784\u5176\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5357\u65b9\u6377\u62a5\u9891\u9891\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u5374\u5bdf\u89c9\u4e0d\u51fa\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u610f\u56fe\u662f\u63a8\u5378\u8d23\u4efb\u8c0e\u62a5\u519b\u60c5\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u5929\u671d\u201d\u601d\u60f3\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u5c06\u533a\u533a\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5c9b\u5937\u201d\u653e\u5728\u773c\u91cc\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u864e\u95e8\u785d\u70df\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u5c40\u5df2\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u9700\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u53bb\u7981\u70df\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6c42\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5584\u540e\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5e7f\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u53cd\u590d\u591a\u53d8\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u5bf9\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4e8b\u52a1\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5931\u53bb\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e13\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5185\u671d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6001\u5ea6\u7ed9\u5168\u56fd\u4e0a\u4e0b\u8425\u9020\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u548c\u5e73\u5b89\u5b81\u7684\u666f\u8c61\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6700\u201c\u540e\u77e5\u540e\u89c9\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u201d;\u4ece\u5ba2\u89c2\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u82f1\u519b\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u4e0e\u901a\u8baf\u80fd\u529b\u8fdc\u80dc\u4e8e\u6e05\u738b\u671d\u3002\u5904\u5728\u7d2b\u7981\u57ce\u7684\u9053\u5149\u7687\u5e1d\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u53d1\u751f\u6570\u65e5\u4e4b\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u6536\u5230\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c \u56e0\u800c\u6e05\u738b\u671d\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u5e38\u5e38\u6ede\u540e\uff0c \u8fd9\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6ce8\u5b9a\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u6765\u72af\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc3\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u7684\u4e24\u5957\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u5957\u662f \u201c\u629a\u201d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5957\u662f\u201c\u527f\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e2d\u6e05\u738b\u671d\u662f\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u6574\u4e2a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e3b\u52a8\u6743\u7684\u3002 \u968f\u7740\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u5f3a\u5316\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u5927\u5c0f\u7410\u788e\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u90fd\u7531\u7687\u5e1d\u4e00\u4eba\u8bf4\u4e86\u7b97\uff0c\u800c\u5173\u4e8e\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u751a\u81f3\u6ca1\u6709\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u5f00\u6218\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u573a\u897f\u65b9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u4e1c\u65b9\u519c\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u4ea4\u950b\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u201c\u629a\u201d\u4e0e\u4e3b\u201c\u7f34\u201d\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u53ea\u5728\u9053\u5149\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u4e00\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u521a\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u5929\u5185\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6279\u4e0d\u81ea\u91cf\u529b\u8005\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u4e3b\u201c\u527f\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u662f\u201c\u5929\u671d\u201d\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5bf9\u201c\u9006\u5937\u201d\u7684\u672c\u80fd\u53cd\u5e94\u30021840\u5e748\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u7980\u5e16\u201d\u7684\u8c15\u4ee4\u662f\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8f6c\u53d8\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5728\u5df4\u9ea6\u5c0a\u5916\u76f8\u81f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb0\u76f8\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a00\u8f9e\u6073\u5207\uff0c\u6587\u53e5\u9887\u548c\u201c\u5929\u671d\u7687\u5e1d\u201d\u7684\u80c3\u53e3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u4e24\u5929\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u65e8\u610f\u7531\u4e3b\u201c\u527f\u201d\u503e\u5fc3\u4e8e\u4e3b\u201c\u629a\u201d\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5feb\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u76f8\u4fe1;\u5f53\u5e7f\u4e1c\u7426\u5584\u8c08\u5224\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u6d88\u606f\u4f20\u5230\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u8033\u4e2d\u65f6\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u53c8\u51b3\u8ba1\u5f00\u6218\uff0c\u77ed\u77ed\u56db\u4e2a\u6708\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u53c8\u53d8\u4e86\u3002\u4ee51840\u5e7412\u6708\u5f00\u59cb\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u4e3b\u201c\u527f\u201d\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u7426\u5584\u548c\u4e49\u5f8b\u5728\u5e7f\u4e1c\u8c08\u5224\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee4\u4ed6\u6ee1\u610f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u4e5f\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4ece\u65b0\u542f\u7528\u88ab\u9769\u804c\u4e86\u7684\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5c06\u679c\u52c7\u4faf\u6768\u82b3\u3001\u5955\u5c71\u8c03\u5230\u5e7f\u4e1c\u6765\u4e3b\u6301\u5bf9\u201c\u82f1\u5937\u201d\u7684\u6218\u4e8b\u3002\u201c\u4e3b\u6218\u6d3e\u201d\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u671d\u4e2d\u5f97\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u90a3\u822c\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u524d\u7ebf\u519b\u961f\u6e83\u8d25\uff0c\u7d2b\u7981\u57ce\u5374\u6377\u62a5\u9891\u9891\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6218\u8d25\u7b7e\u7ea6\u3002\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u5728\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u591a\u6b21\u52a8\u6447\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u901a\u76d8\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4e00\u9053\u9053\u5723\u65e8\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5934\u75db\u533b\u5934\u811a\u75db\u533b\u811a\u7f62\u4e86\u3002\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4e0e\u5317\u4eac\u76f8\u8ddd\u751a\u8fdc\uff0c\u4ea4\u901a\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u9a7f\u9a6c\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u600e\u80fd\u8ddf\u5f97\u4e0a\u6218\u4e89\u5f62\u52bf\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff1f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5b98\u5458\u666e\u904d\u4e0d\u61c2\u6d0b\u6587\uff0c\u5728\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\u5f80\u6765\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u4e8b\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5f80\u5f80\u4f9d\u636e\u5bf9\u65b9\u4e3b\u5b50\u7684\u53e3\u5473\u800c\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0e\u539f\u6587\u5927\u6709\u51fa\u5904;\u800c\u524d\u7ebf\u7684\u5b98\u5458\u6c47\u62a5\u6218\u51b5\u7684\u594f\u6298\u4e2d\u5f80\u5f80\u5341\u4e4b\u516b\u4e5d\u662f\u5047\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u4f9d\u636e\u63a5\u5230\u7684\u8fc7\u65f6\u800c\u53c8\u865a\u5047\u7684\u594f\u6298\u53bb\u5224\u65ad\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5f62\u52bf\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u5bfc\u81f4\u51b3\u7b56\u5931\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n

4 \u6218\u4e89\u5931\u8d25\u540e\u7684\u201c\u5c45\u5371\u601d\u5b89\u201d<\/p>\n

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\u6218\u8d25\u7b7e\u7ea6\u7684\u7ed3\u5c40\u867d\u4e0d\u5e94\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e8e\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e5f\u8d1f\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u8d23\u4efb\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u773c\u5149\u53bb\u82db\u6c42\u53e4\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u53f2\u4e3a\u9274\u3002\u9053\u5149\u5e1d\u53ca\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\u5bf9\u624b\u5b9e\u529b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u76f2\u76ee\u5e94\u6218\u5bfc\u81f4\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u66ff\u4ee3\u843d\u540e\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u6587\u660e\u662f\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u91ca<\/p>\n

\u2460\u2462\u2463\u2464\u2466\u2469 \u8305\u6d77\u5efa.\u5929\u671d\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u2014\u2014\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u518d\u7814\u7a76[M].\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c2005.<\/p>\n

\u2461 \u8d39\u6b63\u6e05.\u4e2d\u56fd\u2014\u2014\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u53d8\u8fc1[M].\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.<\/p>\n

\u2465 \u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u6863\u6848\u9986\u7f16.\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u6863\u6848\u53f2\u6599.\u5929\u6d25\uff1a\u5929\u6d25\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1993\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u518c.<\/p>\n

\u2467 \u9648\u5927\u58eb.\u4e2d\u82f1\u6bd4\u8f83\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u5931\u8d25\u539f\u56e0\u65b0\u63a2[J].2006.<\/p>\n

\u2468 \u7b79\u529e\u5937\u52a1\u59cb\u672b\uff08\u9053\u5149\u671d\uff09\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u518c\uff09.\u795e\u5dde\u56fd\u5149\u793e.1954.<\/p>\n

\u8f9b\u7ecf\u7eac.\u5929\u671d\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u4f53\u5236\u4e0e\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u2014\u2014\u300a\u5929\u671d\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u2014\u2014\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u518d\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u7b80\u8981\u8ff0\u8bc4[J]. \u5f53\u4ee3\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c2013.5\uff088\uff09.<\/p>\n

\u95fb\u5c11\u534e\uff0c\u5468\u6eaf\u6e90.\u8bc4\u6790\u9053\u5149\u7687\u5e1d\u5728\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e2d\u7684\u56db\u6b21\u9009\u62e9[J].\u6c42\u7d22\uff0c1990\uff086\uff09.<\/p>\n

[\u7f8e]\u67ef\u6587\u8457.\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u73b0\u5386\u53f2\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e2d\u5fc3\u89c2\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8d77[M].\u6797\u540c\u5947\uff0c\u8bd1.\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c2010.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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