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Martin)\u5bf9 1485-1607\u5e74\u82f1\u56fd\u7c73\u5fb7\u5170\u5730\u533a 10 \u4e2a\u90e1\u7684\u5708\u5730\u6570\u5b57\u91cd\u65b0\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a715000 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Fletcher)\u548c \u9a6c\u5e93\u6d1b\u514b(Diarmaid 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Hughes)\u5728\u5206\u6790\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u65f6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u662f\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6597\u4e89\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4e00\u8fde\u4e32\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u5bfc\u81f4\u738b\u5ba4\u57281640\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u7684\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5e1d\u56fd\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u52a0\u6cf0\u7f57\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3001\u90a3\u4e0d\u52d2\u65af\u548c\u897f\u897f\u91cc\uff0c\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u5728\u745e\u5178\u3001\u8377\u5170\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u548c\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5bf9\u6297\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u628a\u82f1\u56fd\u5185\u6218\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u82f1\u56fd\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u53c8\u662f\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u603b\u5371\u673a\u7684\u201d\u8868\u73b0[20]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u51b3\u4e0d\u4e0b\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u90a3\u4e0d\u52d2\u65af\uff0c1647\u5e747\u6708\u7531\u4e8e\u98df\u7269\u77ed\u7f3a\u7b49\u539f\u56e0\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u8d77\u4e49[21]\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u666e\u7f57\u65fa\u65af\uff0c1596-1635\u5e74\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u4e86108\u6b21\u6c11\u4f17\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c1635-1660\u5e74\u66f4\u591a\u8fbe156\u6b21\uff0c1661-1715\u5e74\u5219\u8fbe110\u6b21\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec5\u670960\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u53d1\u751f\u591a\u8fbe374\u6b21\u7684\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u9887\u4e3a\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u5e03\u6d1b\u8d6b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u519c\u6c11\u8d77\u4e49\u5c31\u50cf\u5de5\u4e1a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u7f62\u5de5\u4e00\u6837\u666e\u904d[22]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u4e71\u4e5f\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u8d77\u4e49\u548c\u9769\u547d\u3002\u6309\u7167\u6885\u91cc\u66fc(Roger Bigelow Merriman)\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u5728\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u897f\u6b27\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u516d\u6b21\u53cd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9769\u547d\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u514b\u4f26\u5a01\u5c14\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u9769\u547d\u3001\u52a0\u6cf0\u7f57\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u8461\u8404\u7259\u548c\u90a3\u4e0d\u52d2\u65af\u53cd\u5bf9\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3001\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u6295\u77f3\u515a(Fronde)\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u8377\u5170\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5371\u673a\u548c\u63a8\u7ffb\u5965\u4f26\u6cbb\u5bb6\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u8d77\u4e49[23]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u3002\u671d\u9c9c\u5728\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u671f\u8fde\u5e74\u6c34\u65f1\u707e\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51cb\u655d\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e861592-1598\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7834\u574f\u5c1a\u672a\u6062\u590d\uff0c1624\u5e74\u521d\u53c8\u53d1\u751f\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u63a5\u7740\u53c8\u662f1627\u5e74\u548c1636\u5e74\u7684\u540e\u91d1\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u906d\u5230\u5de8\u5927\u7834\u574f\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u671f\u4e5f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u3002\u57281640\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u5bbd\u6c38\u5927\u9965\u8352\u201d(1642-1643\u5e74)\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0a\u6da8\u5230\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u767e\u59d3\u88ab\u8feb\u5356\u6389\u519c\u5177\u3001\u7272\u755c\u3001\u571f\u5730\u751a\u81f3\u5bb6\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u751f\u8def\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5219\u5c3d\u5f03\u8d22\u7269\uff0c\u9003\u81f3\u4ed6\u4e61\u3002\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u60b2\u82e6\u7684\u7edd\u671b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8870\u9000\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\uff0c\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u8d77\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u5c9b\u539f\u5927\u8d77\u4e49(\u4ea6\u79f0\u201c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\u8d77\u4e49\u201d)\u3002\u5fb7\u5ddd\u5e55\u5e9c\u8d39\u5c3d\u5468\u6298\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u9a87\u4eba\u542c\u95fb\u7684\u6b8b\u5fcd\u624b\u6bb5\u624d\u5c06\u8d77\u4e49\u9547\u538b\u4e0b\u53bb[24]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u4e1c\u4e9a\u8fd8\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u52a8\u8361\u90fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u548c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u524d\u534a\u671f\uff0c\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4e16\u754c\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u56db\u573a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u7f05\u8fb9\u5883\u6218\u4e89(1576-1606\u5e74)\u3001\u4e2d\u65e5\u671d\u9c9c\u6218\u4e89(1592-1598\u5e74)\u3001\u660e\u6e05\u8fbd\u4e1c\u6218\u4e89(1616-1644\u5e74)\u548c\u4e2d\u8377\u53f0\u6d77\u6218\u4e89(1661-1662\u5e74)[25]\u3002\u800c\u5728\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5219\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u81ea1400\u5e74\u4ee5\u67656\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u6218\u4e89\u6700\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u65f6\u671f[26]\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6218\u4e89\u5305\u62ec\u6b27\u6d32\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u6218\u4e89\u201d(1618 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Parker)\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u57281635-1666\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u5171\u53d1\u751f\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u53db\u4e71\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\u517149\u6b21\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6b27\u6d3227\u6b21\uff0c\u7f8e\u6d327\u6b21\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u548c\u975e\u6d32\u517115\u6b21(\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u674e\u81ea\u6210\u8d77\u4e49)[28]\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u662f\u5de7\u5408\u5417?\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u73b0\u8c61\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5462?<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u3001\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5168\u7403\u5371\u673a\uff1a\u89e3\u91ca\u660e\u671d\u706d\u4ea1\u7684\u65b0\u89c6\u89d2<\/p>\n<p>\u5e15\u514b(GeoffreyParker)\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5168\u7403\u5371\u673a\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u548c\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5176\u540d\u8457\u300a\u5168\u7403\u5371\u673a\uff1a\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u5927\u707e\u96be\u300b[29]\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u548c\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af(Lesley M. Smith)\u5408\u7f16\u7684\u300a\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u603b\u5371\u673a\u300b[30]\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5168\u7403\u6027\u5371\u673a\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u6c11\u4f17\u56de\u5fc6\u8bb0\u8ff0\u7684\u6709\u51731618\u5e74\u81f31680\u5e74\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u5371\u673a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8fd0\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u9769\u547d\u3001\u65f1\u707e\u3001\u9965\u8352\u3001\u4fb5\u7565\u3001\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u5f11\u541b\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0e\u707e\u96be\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u3002\u5371\u673a\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u5230\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u7531\u4fc4\u56fd\u5230\u6492\u54c8\u62c9\u4ee5\u5357\u975e\u6d32\uff0c\u8513\u5ef6\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u7f8e\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u6ce2\u53ca\u3002\u57281640-1650\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5bfc\u81f4\u9965\u9991\u3001\u8425\u517b\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0b\u964d\u4ee5\u53ca\u75be\u75c5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u636e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u8be5\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u5171\u67091\/3\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u53e3\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u800c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u660e\u6e05\u6613\u4ee3\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e15\u514b\u5e76\u975e\u5bf9\u201c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5371\u673a\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5371\u673a\u8868\u73b0\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5f88\u65e9\u5c31\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u7684\u201c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5371\u673a\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u9c8d\u59c6\u4e8e1954\u5e74\u5728\u521b\u520a\u4e0d\u4e45\u7684\u300a\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u300a\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5371\u673a\u300b\u4e2d\u6b63\u5f0f\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u7ae0\u7531\u963f\u65af\u987f(Trevor 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Fagan)\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e9a\u6d32\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u8fdc\u6bd4\u6b27\u6d32\u540c\u671f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u66f4\u5177\u5a01\u80c1\u529b\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u9965\u997f\u548c\u8425\u517b\u4e0d\u826f\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u4f7f\u5f97\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u5185\u5927\u6279\u6c11\u4f17\u4e27\u547d\u3002\u540c\u6837\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u4e5f\u6ce2\u53ca\u671d\u9c9c\u534a\u5c9b\u5357\u90e8\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u7a3b\u7530\uff0c\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u593a\u8d70\u4e86\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u4e07\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e3e\u56fd\u5927\u65f1\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u6a2a\u5f81\u66b4\u655b\uff0c\u6fc0\u8d77\u56db\u65b9\u6c11\u53d8\uff0c\u6ee1\u65cf\u52bf\u529b\u4e58\u673a\u4ece\u5317\u65b9\u52a0\u5927\u653b\u51fb\u529b\u5ea6\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5357\u90e8\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u957f\u6c5f\u6d41\u57df\u5148\u540e\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u4e25\u91cd\u65f1\u707e\u3001\u6d2a\u707e\u3001\u65f6\u75ab\u3001\u9965\u8352\u3002\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u997f\u6b7b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6b7b\u4e8e1644\u5e74\u6e05\u519b\u51fb\u8d25\u660e\u671d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u6b21\u6218\u4e89[51]\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>(\u4e8c)\u5168\u7403\u5316\uff1a\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5371\u673a\u7684\u63a8\u624b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u660e\u671d\u706d\u4ea1\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u9636\u6bb5(\u5373\u65e9\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3)\u3002\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u5fb7\u8332-\u963f\u6885\u65af\u6258(Felipe 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2005\u5e7401\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u8d75\u4e16\u745c\uff1a\u300a\u201c\u4e0d\u6e05\u4e0d\u660e\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u65e0\u660e\u4e0d\u6e05\u201d\u2014\u2014\u660e\u6e05\u6613\u4ee3\u7684\u533a\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\u89e3\u91ca\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u6708\u520a\u300b (\u4e0a\u6d77)2010\u5e7407\u671f \u3002<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u5230\u4e86\u665a\u8fd1\uff0c\u7f51\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5982\u300a\u660e\u671d\u8986\u4ea1\u771f\u76f8\uff1a\u4eba\u53e3\u903c\u8fd12\u4ebf\uff0c\u7cae\u98df\u589e\u957f\u7a7a\u95f4\u8017\u5c3d\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8001\u9f20\u662f\u538b\u57ae\u660e\u671d\u201c\u7a3b\u8349\u201d?\u660e\u672b\u5317\u4eac\u9f20\u75ab\u6d41\u884c\u300b\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u4e0a\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u5c1a\u672a\u89c1\u5230\u6709\u4eba\u505a\u51fa\u8ba4\u771f\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u300a\u660e\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c1972\u5e74\u6392\u5370\u672c\uff0c\u672c\u7eaa\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u5e84\u70c8\u5e1d\u4e8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u8463\u542b\uff1a\u300a\u4e09\u5188\u8bc6\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u8fbd\u5b81\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u6c88\u9633)\uff0c2000\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c2\u9875\uff0c\u201c\u9006\u81e3\u8349\u6a84\u201d\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u738b\u5bb6\u8303\uff1a\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u6613\u4ee3\u7684\u5076\u7136\u6027\u4e0e\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u970d\u5229\u8fea\uff1a\u300a\u7b80\u660e\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u6c5f\u897f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u5357\u660c)\uff0c1985\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c61\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u660e\u671d\u548c\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d\u7684\u4e24\u4ea1\u56fd\u4e4b\u541b\uff0c\u4e5f\u9887\u4e3a\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u660e\u671d\u7684\u5d07\u796f\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u6709\u4eba\u540c\u60c5\u4ed6\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u4e3a\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\uff0c\u529b\u56fe\u91cd\u6574\u671d\u7eb2\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u4e43\u7956\u4e43\u7236\u548c\u4e43\u5144\u7684\u660f\u8069\u8150\u8d25\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4e0e\u81e3\u4e0b\u5173\u7cfb\u6076\u52a3\uff0c\u5728\u4f4d\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u6362\u4e8650\u4e2a\u5927\u5b66\u58eb\uff0c11\u4e2a\u5211\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66\uff0c14\u4e2a\u5175\u90e8\u5c1a\u4e66\uff0c\u8bdb\u6740\u603b\u77637\u4eba\uff0c\u6740\u6b7b\u5de1\u629a11\u4eba\u3001\u903c\u6b7b1\u4eba\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u53c8\u63d0\u62d4\u91cd\u7528\u5978\u81e3\u3002\u300a\u660e\u53f2\u00b7\u5978\u81e3\u4f20\u300b\u6240\u5217\u8005\u5978\u81e3\u4e0d\u8fc710\u4eba\uff0c\u9664\u53bb\u5357\u660e\u7684\u9a6c\u58eb\u82f1\u3001\u962e\u5927\u94d6\u5916\u4e8c\u4eba\uff0c\u51718\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u5d07\u796f\u671d\u5c31\u5360\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a(\u6e29\u4f53\u4ec1\u3001\u5468\u5ef6\u5112)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a \u201c\u52e4\u52c9\u7684\u660f\u541b\u201d\u800c\u5df2(\u8fd9\u91cc\u501f\u7528\u65b0\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u901a\u4fd7\u8bfb\u7269\u7684\u4e66\u540d\uff0c\u5373\u5415\u5fd7\u52c7\u7684\u300a\u52e4\u52c9\u7684\u660f\u541b\u5d07\u796f\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u4e2d\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2013\u5e74)\u3002\u800c\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u738b\u671d\u7684\u67e5\u7406\u4e00\u4e16\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u540d\u58f0\u4e0d\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u665a\u8fd1\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4ed6\u505a\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002\u6768\u683c(Michael B. Young)\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u4e0d\u50cf\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u541b\u4e3b\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3a\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u90aa\u6076\u3001\u5815\u843d\u3001\u7c97\u9c81\u3001\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u5962\u534e\u6216\u8005\u611a\u8822\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4ed6\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u7f8e\u5fb7\u201d(Michael B. Young: Charles I. New York: Macmillan Education. 1997. p.174)\u3002\u4ed6\u529b\u56fe\u6574\u987f\u7eb2\u7eaa\uff0c\u52a0\u5f3a\u738b\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e5f\u91cd\u7528\u767d\u91d1\u6c49\u516c\u7235\u7b49\u4f5e\u81e3\uff0c\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u5173\u95ed\u4f1a\u8bae\u8fbe11\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e0d\u60dc\u4e0e\u8bae\u4f1a\u5f00\u6218\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ea1\u56fd\u4e4b\u541b\uff0c\u5728\u4e3a\u4eba\u5904\u4e16\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u65e0\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[15]\u970d\u5229\u8fea\uff1a\u300a\u7b80\u660e\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c65\u9875;\u960e\u7167\u7965\uff1a\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c2003\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c183\u3001184\u9875<\/p>\n<p>[16]\u7a0b\u897f\u7b60\uff1a\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u5708\u5730\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u8d44\u6599\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u52a8\u6001\u300b1981\u5e7410\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[17]\u9648\u66e6\u6587\uff1a\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u90fd\u94ce\u738b\u671d\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5708\u5730\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bd5\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u53f2\u5b66\u96c6\u520a\u300b1984\u5e7402\u671f \u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f30\u8ba1\u6570\u5b57\u663e\u7136\u6709\u6240\u5938\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[18] JohnE. Martin. Feudalism to Capitalism: Peasant and Landlord in English Agrarian Development. London: Macmillan,1986. pp.134-135.<\/p>\n<p>[19] Anthony Fletcher &amp; Diarmaid Macculloch. Tudor Rebellions. London: Addison-Wesley,1973, pp13-108.<\/p>\n<p>[20] Ann Hughes. The causes of the English civil wars (Second edition). London: Macmillan Press, 1998.<\/p>\n<p>[21] Joseph Bergin. The Seventeenth Century: Europe, 1598-1715.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. p.70.<\/p>\n<p>[22] Geoffrey Parker &amp; M. Smith. The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (second edition). London &amp; New York: Routledge, 1997, p.11.<\/p>\n<p>[23] Roger Bigelow Merriman: Six Contemporaneous Revolutions. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, I938.<\/p>\n<p>[24]\u827e\u7ef4\u56db(WilliamS. Atwell)\uff1a\u300a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u201c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5371\u673a\u201d\u7684\u51e0\u70b9\u89c2\u5bdf\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u4e8e\u8463\u5efa\u4e2d\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u6e05\u53f2\u8bd1\u4e1b\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u8f91\u201c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7eaa\u5371\u673a\u201d\u4e13\u8f91\uff0c \u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c 2013\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[25]\u53c2\u9605\u674e\u4f2f\u91cd\uff1a\u300a\u706b\u67aa\u4e0e\u8d26\u7c3f\uff1a\u65e9\u671f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5168\u7403\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4e16\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c2017\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c7\u7ae0\u300a\u70fd\u70df\u56db\u8d77\uff1a\u665a\u660e\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4e16\u754c\u56db\u5927\u6218\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[26] Geoffrey Parker: \u201cCrisis and Catastrophe: The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered\u201d. in The American Historical Review. Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical AssociationVol. 113, No. 4 (Oct., 2008).<\/p>\n<p>[27] Geoffrey Parker (eds). The Thirty Years\u2019 War (secondedition). London: Rutledge, 1997. pp. 166, 178.<\/p>\n<p>[28] Geoffrey Parker: \u201cCrisis and Catastrophe: The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>[29] Geoffrey Parker: Global Crisis: War, Climate Change andCatastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 2013.<\/p>\n<p>[30] Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M.Smith: The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century.<\/p>\n<p>[31] Trevor Aston (ed.). Crisis in Europe, 1560\u20131660. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965.<\/p>\n<p>[32]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u6536\u4e8e\u8463\u5efa\u4e2d\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u6e05\u53f2\u8bd1\u4e1b\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u4e00\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[33]\u53c2\u9605\u674e\u4f2f\u91cd\uff1a\u300a\u201c\u5929\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5730\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u4e2d\u671f\u6c5f\u5357\u6c34\u7a3b\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b(\u5317\u4eac)1994\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[34]\u5218\u662d\u6c11\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6c14\u5019\u4e4b\u53d8\u8fc1\u300b\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986(\u53f0\u5317)\uff0c1982\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c135-146\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[35]\u6734\u6839\u5fc5\u3001\u674e\u9550\u6f88\uff1a\u300a&lt;\u4e19\u5b50\u65e5\u8bb0&gt;\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u4e0e\u519c\u4e1a\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u53e4\u4eca\u519c\u4e1a\u300b(\u5317\u4eac)2003\u5e7403\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[36]\u7530\u5bb6\u5eb7\uff1a\u300a\u6c14\u5019\u6587\u660e\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c2012\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c174\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[37]\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c14\u8c61\u5c40\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4e94\u767e\u5e74\u65f1\u6d9d\u5206\u5e03\u56fe\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5730\u56fe\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c1981\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[38]\u4ee5\u4e0a\u53c2\u9605\u674e\u4f2f\u91cd\uff1a\u300a\u201c\u5929\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5730\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u6e05\u4ee3\u524d\u4e2d\u671f\u6c5f\u5357\u6c34\u7a3b\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u300b<\/p>\n<p>[39]\u90d1\u5ec9\uff1a\u300a\u8c6b\u53d8\u7eaa\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u676d\u5dde)\uff0c1984\u5e74\u3002\u5206\u89c1\u76f8\u5173\u5404\u5e74\u6761\u76ee\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[40]\u5415\u7ef4\u797a\uff1a\u300a\u660e\u5fb7\u5148\u751f\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u4e8e\u300a\u56db\u5e93\u5168\u4e66\u5b58\u76ee\u4e1b\u4e66\u300b\u96c6\u90e8\u2022\u522b\u96c6\u7c7b\u7b2c185\u518c\uff0c\u5e84\u4e25\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8(\u53f0\u5357)\uff0c1997\u5e74\uff0c\u53775\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[41]\u9a6c\u61cb\u624d\uff1a\u300a\u5907\u9648\u5927\u9965\u758f\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u4e8e\u8ba1\u516d\u5947\uff1a\u300a\u660e\u5b63\u5317\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c1984\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c5\u5377\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[42]\u5e03\u7f57\u4ee3\u5c14\uff1a\u300a15\u81f318\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u660e\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u7b2c1\u5377\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97(\u5317\u4eac)1992\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c99\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[43]\u300a\u660e\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c1974\u5e74\u6392\u5370\u672c\uff0c\u7b2c442-443\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[44]\u5434\u6709\u6027\uff1a\u300a\u761f\u75ab\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5f71\u5370\u6587\u6e0a\u9601\u56db\u5e93\u5168\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986(\u53f0\u5317)\uff0c1983\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c779\u518c\uff0c\u300a\u539f\u5e8f\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[45]\u5218\u5c1a\u53cb\uff1a\u300a\u5b9a\u601d\u5c0f\u8ba1\u300b\uff0c\u6536\u4e8e\u201c\u660e\u672b\u6e05\u521d\u53f2\u6599\u9009\u520a\u201d\u4e4b\u300a\u7532\u7533\u6838\u771f\u7565\u300b\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c1985\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[46]\u90d1\u5ec9\uff1a\u300a\u8c6b\u53d8\u7eaa\u7565\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[47]\u9a6c\u61cb\u624d\uff1a\u300a\u5907\u9648\u5927\u9965\u758f\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[48]\u5b8b\u5e94\u661f\uff1a\u300a\u91ce\u8bae\u8bba\u6c14\u8c08\u5929\u601d\u601c\u8bd7\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u4e0a\u6d77)\uff0c1976\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u8d22\u8bae\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[49]\u8fd9\u91cc\u501f\u7528\u65b0\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u901a\u4fd7\u8bfb\u7269\u7684\u4e66\u540d\uff0c\u5373\u5415\u5fd7\u52c7\u7684\u300a\u52e4\u52c9\u7684\u660f\u541b\u5d07\u796f\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u4e2d\u79d1\u6280\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u6b66\u6c49)\uff0c2013\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[50]\u5361\u6d1b\u00b7M\u00b7\u5947\u6ce2\u62c9\uff1a\u300a\u6b27\u6d32\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53f2\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986(\u5317\u4eac)\uff0c1988\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c80-81\u9875<\/p>\n<p>[51]\u8d39\u6839\uff1a\u300a\u5c0f\u51b0\u6cb3\u65f6\u4ee3\uff1a\u6c14\u5019\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u5386\u53f2(1300-1850)\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u676d\u5dde)\uff0c2013\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c59\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[52]\u8d39\u5c14\u5357\u5fb7\u8332-\u963f\u6885\u65af\u6258\uff1a\u300a\u4e00\u56db\u4e5d\u4e8c\uff1a\u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5c55\u5f00\u4e86\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u5de6\u5cb8\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u793e(\u53f0\u5317)\uff0c2012\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c5\u30016\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[53]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u6536\u4e8e\u8463\u5efa\u4e2d\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u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