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\u2022 \u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u597d\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u591a\u4e48\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u548c\u4ed6\u4e00\u8d77\u957f\u5927\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u6709\u632b\u6298\u611f\u3002\u201d\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u3001\u5fb7\u88d4\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d1d\u7279\u548c\u7ef4\u683c\u7eb3\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u51af \u2022 \u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u5728\u6d1b\u65af\u963f\u62c9\u83ab\u65af\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684\u8001\u540c\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u66fe\u7ecf\u53d1\u51fa\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u611f\u53f9\uff0c\u201c\u51af \u2022 \u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5927\u8111\u662f\u5426\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b58\u5728\u6bd4\u4eba\u7c7b\u66f4\u9ad8\u4e00\u7ea7\u7684\u751f\u7269\u7269\u79cd\uff1f\u201d \u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u90a3\u79cd\u5728\u9ed1\u677f\u4e0a\u5199\u51e0\u4e2a\u516c\u5f0f\u5c31\u80fd\u6539\u53d8\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u5e03\u5c14\u5df4\u57fa\u6210\u5458\u8fea\u5384\u591a\u5185\u751a\u81f3\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u51af \u2022 \u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u662f\u201c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=1353668475,3222073630&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=120&amp;f=JPEG?w=382&amp;h=549\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u7279(Hans Bethe, 1906-2005),\u00a0\u56e0\u57281938\u5e74\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6052\u661f\u80fd\u591f\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u5411\u5916\u91ca\u653e\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u591a\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u800c\u83b7\u5f971967\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5956\u3002\u8d1d\u7279\u5bf9\u51af\u2022\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u6781\u4e3a\u4f69\u670d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong><strong>\u5348\u9910\u65f6\u5206\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u805a\u4f1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1903\u5e7412\u670828\u65e5\uff0c\u51af\u2022\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7554\u7684\u5308\u7259\u5229\u9996\u90fd\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\uff0c\u539f\u540dNeumann Janos\u00a0\uff08\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u2022\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0\uff09\u3002\u5176\u65f6\u5308\u7259\u5229\u548c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u867d\u7136\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u53ea\u662f\u5916\u4ea4\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u7684\u8054\u5408\uff0c\u5185\u653f\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u4e14\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u540d\u3001\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u4e0e\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\u4eba\u7684\u59d3\u5728\u524d\u540d\u5728\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u6210\u4e86\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u8003\u8bc1\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7956\u5148\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e9a\u6216\u8499\u53e4\u8349\u539f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e9a\u8bfa\u4ec0\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u82f1\u6587\u91cc\u7684\u7ea6\u7ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6635\u79f0\u5206\u522b\u662f\u626c\u5947\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5c3c\u3002\u51af\u2022\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u5341\u5c81\u90a3\u5e74\uff0c\u505a\u94f6\u884c\u5bb6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u56e0\u4e3a\u62c5\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u987e\u95ee\u6709\u529f\uff0c\u88ab\u6388\u4e88\u8d35\u65cf\u5934\u8854\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u5bb6\u65cf\u59d3\u6c0f\u524d\u9762\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2avon\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u51af\u2022\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4ed6\u79fb\u5c45\u5230\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5168\u540d\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u7ea6\u7ff0\u2022\u51af\u2022\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=1537363683,2640661706&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=500&amp;h=349\" \/><br \/>\n\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u81ea\u7531\u5e7f\u573a<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u51af \u2022 \u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u7684\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u53d1\u5c55\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u548c\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\uff08\u5185\u6218\u6218\u80dc\u65b9\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u6d32\u53d1\u5c55\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u4ece\u5168\u6b27\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u540d\u4e00\u4e3e\u8dc3\u4e3a\u7b2c\u516d\u540d\uff0c\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u4f26\u6566\u3001\u5df4\u9ece\u3001\u67cf\u6797\u3001\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u548c\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u3002\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u7387\u5148\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u7535\u6c14\u5316\uff0c\u94fa\u8bbe\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\u7535\u529b\u5730\u94c1\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u7535\u8f66\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u9a6c\u8f66\uff08\u5f7b\u5e95\u6e05\u9664\u4e86\u6563\u5e03\u75c5\u83cc\u7684\u9a6c\u7caa\uff09\u3002\u5c31\u5728\u51af \u2022 \u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u51fa\u751f\u90a3\u5e74\uff0c\u6a2a\u8de8\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u5927\u6865\u5efa\u6210\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u957f\u7684\u5355\u5b54\u6865\u3002\u90a3\u4f1a\u513f\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5e03\u8fbe\u4f69\u65af\u9887\u6709\u4e9b\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u60c5\u8c03\u548c\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u4ec5\u5496\u5561\u9986\u5c31\u6709\u516d\u767e\u591a\u5bb6\uff0c\u6b4c\u5267\u9662\u7684\u97f3\u54cd\u6548\u679c\u751a\u81f3\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u53ef\u4f9b\u6311\u9009\u7684\u4fdd\u59c6\u4e0d\u8ba1\u5176\u6570\uff0c\u591c\u603b\u4f1a\u91cc\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u5973\u90ce\u8010\u5fc3\u5730\u503e\u542c\u5ba2\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=1181550062,4125038407&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=700&amp;h=467\" \/><br 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src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=3892748032,2063065997&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=775&amp;h=500\" \/><br 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src=\"https:\/\/img11.360buyimg.com\/n1\/12079\/12a80e4a-6550-45ab-ad62-2746c3de231e.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n\u56da\u5f92\u7684\u56f0\u5883( Prisoner&#8217;s Dilemma );\u00a0\u51af\u2022\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u3001\u535a\u5f08\u8bba\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u4e4b\u8ff7<\/p>\n<p>\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u7814\u5236\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u96c6\u4f53\u7684\u667a\u6167\u548c\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u66f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u5148\u662f\u51af 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lang=\"zh-CN\">\u00a0 \u00a0 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src=\"https:\/\/img0.baidu.com\/it\/u=3596996081,315002179&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPG?w=384&amp;h=288\" \/><br \/>\n\u51af\u2022\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u5728\u6388\u8bfe<\/p>\n<p>\u51af \u2022 \u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u628a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5f15\u5165\u5177\u6709\u7ebf\u6027\u3001\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u7f16\u7a0b\u548c\u672a\u6765\u53d1\u5c55\u52a8\u529b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u8ba1\u5212\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u65e0\u4e3a\u53ca\u6709\u4e3a\u6240\u5728\u3002\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u516d\u4f4d\u83b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u51af \u2022 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src=\"https:\/\/img2.baidu.com\/it\/u=1568939345,990175133&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=300&amp;h=177\" \/><br 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\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u5728\u60ca\u8be7\u4e8e\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u9020\u798f\u5168\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4e3a\u5b83\u6ca1\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u53d6\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u800c\u6cae\u4e27\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/img1.baidu.com\/it\/u=1538277541,3073704352&amp;fm=253&amp;fmt=auto&amp;app=138&amp;f=JPEG?w=300&amp;h=220\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u51af\u2022\u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u5973\u513f\u00a0Marina von Neumann Whitman(\u5de6,\u00a0\u66fe\u4efb\u5c3c\u514b\u677e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u987e\u95ee)\u548c\u5176\u5973\u513f,\u00a0\u5916\u5b59\u4eec<\/p>\n<p><strong>8<\/strong><strong>\u5047\u5982\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u80fd\u591f\u5ef6\u957f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u5047\u5982\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5c3c\u7684\u5bff\u547d\u50cf\u4e00\u822c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u90a3\u4e48\u957f\uff0c\u6d3b\u5230\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u53d1\u751f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u5462\uff1f\u201d\u00a01992\u00a0\u5e74\uff0c\u51af \u2022 \u8bfa\u4f0a\u66fc\u7684\u4f20\u8bb0\u4f5c\u8005\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba\u8bfa\u66fc \u2022 \u9ea6\u514b\u96f7\u66fe\u8fd9\u6837\u53d1\u95ee\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u51af \u2022 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