{"id":9260,"date":"2025-04-27T09:32:40","date_gmt":"2025-04-27T01:32:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=9260"},"modified":"2025-04-27T09:32:40","modified_gmt":"2025-04-27T01:32:40","slug":"%e9%9b%b7%e9%a2%90%ef%bc%9a%e6%97%a5%e6%9c%ac%e5%bc%80%e5%9b%bd%e3%80%81%e7%bb%b4%e6%96%b0%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%ad%e5%9b%bd%e5%9b%a0%e7%b4%a0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.danran1967.com\/?p=9260","title":{"rendered":"\u96f7\u9890\uff1a\u65e5\u672c\u5f00\u56fd\u3001\u7ef4\u65b0\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u56e0\u7d20"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>\u64b0\u6587\uff1a\u96f7\u9890<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1853\u5e747\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u56db\u8258\u9ed1\u8272\u5916\u56fd\u5de8\u8230\u7a81\u7136\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u9501\u56fd\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6c5f\u6237\u6e7e\uff08\u4eca\u4e1c\u4eac\u6e7e\uff09\u6c34\u9762\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u8230\u961f\u53f8\u4ee4\u5b98\u4f69\u91cc\uff08Matthew Calbraith 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Coleman Bridgman\uff09\u6765\u524d\u5f80\u5e7f\u5dde\uff0c\u5728\u9ec4\u57d4\u6e2f\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5546\u9986\u5185\u4f4f\u4e0b\u3002\u4ed6\u57281832\u5e745\u6708\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u82f1\u6587\u520a\u7269\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\uff08Chinese Repository\uff09\uff0c\u65e7\u8bd1\u300a\u6fb3\u95e8\u6708\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u5411\u897f\u65b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u520a\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u201c\u6c49\u5b66\u201d\u520a\u7269\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u535a\u7269\u3001\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u7b49\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\u5171\u53d1\u8868\u5404\u7c7b\u6587\u7ae0\u8fd1\u4e00\u5343\u56db\u767e\u7bc7\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u536090%\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u5173\u4e8e\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u5374\u6210\u4e3a\u897f\u65b9\u4e86\u89e3\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4fe1\u606f\u6e90\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u533a\u5212\u3001\u5c71\u5ddd\u3001\u7269\u4ea7\u3001\u4eba\u79cd\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u98ce\u4fd7\u3001\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u672c\u571f\u7684\u795e\u9053\u6559\u548c\u5916\u6765\u7684\u4f5b\u6559\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u9ad8\u5b98\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u6709\u6d3b\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u7528\u6ce5\u4eba\u966a\u846c\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\uff0c\u5bf9\u5929\u7687\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e0a\u6e90\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u4e0e\u5e55\u5e9c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u4f5c\u4e86\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u4f46\u65e5\u672c\u4e25\u5389\u9501\u56fd\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e5f\u8fdb\u5165\u65e5\u672c\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u8fdb\u5165\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u66f4\u8be6\u7ec6\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img 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Gutzlaff\uff09\u5bb6\u4e2d\u3002\u90ed\u5b9e\u814a\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u4e00\u76f4\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u8fd8\u5b66\u671d\u8bed\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u8ddf\u8fd9\u4e09\u4f4d\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u5b66\u4e60\u65e5\u8bed\u30021837\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u56db\u540d\u65e5\u672c\u6c34\u624b\u56e0\u6d77\u96be\u6f02\u6d41\u5230\u9a6c\u5c3c\u62c9\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u6fb3\u95e8\uff0c\u4ecd\u88ab\u5b89\u6392\u5728\u90ed\u5b9e\u814a\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u90ed\u5b66\u65e5\u8bed\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1837\u5e747\u6708\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u90ed\u5b9e\u814a\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8bc4\u8bba\u65e5\u8bed\u7684\u957f\u6587\u3002\u7ecf\u8fc7\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u65e5\u8bed\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u65e5\u8bed\u7684\u8bed\u97f3\u3001\u8bcd\u6c47\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u60c5\u51b5\u4f5c\u4e86\u7b80\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u540d\u8bcd\u3001\u52a8\u8bcd\u3001\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u3001\u6570\u91cf\u8bcd\u7684\u6784\u6210\u548c\u7528\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e86\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u90ed\u5b9e\u814a\u6b64\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u65e5\u8bed\u662f\u4e1c\u4e9a\u6700\u7cbe\u81f4\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u6bd4\u6c49\u8bed\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5438\u6536\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u62e5\u6709\u65e5\u8bed\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u4ece\u8bed\u8a00\u8bba\u65ad\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u662f\u5426\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u62e5\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u8bba\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u53cd\u6b63\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bc1\u660e\u4ed6\u81f3\u5c11\u201c\u8499\u7740\u4e86\u201d\u3001\u201c\u731c\u5bf9\u4e86\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u5728\u53d1\u8868\u5173\u4e8e\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u7ae0\u76841837\u5e747\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u90ed\u5b9e\u814a\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u536b\u4e09\u754f\uff08Samuel Wells Williams\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u4e58\u201c\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u53f7\u201d\uff08Morrison\uff09\u524d\u5f80\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u60f3\u628a\u6d41\u843d\u5728\u5916\u7684\u4e03\u540d\u65e5\u672c\u6c34\u624b\u9001\u56de\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u85c9\u6b64\u8e0f\u4e0a\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u571f\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8868\u793a\u53cb\u597d\uff0c\u201c\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u53f7\u201d\u6ca1\u5e26\u4efb\u4f55\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u7ecf\u7409\u7403\u4e8e7\u670830\u65e5\u8239\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u6c5f\u6237\u6e7e\u6c34\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u60f3\u5230\u5728\u767b\u9646\u65f6\u4e0d\u65ad\u906d\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u5cb8\u70ae\u51fb\uff0c\u4e00\u53d1\u70ae\u5f39\u8fd8\u843d\u5230\u7532\u677f\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u5f97\u653e\u5f03\u6c5f\u6237\u6e7e\u767b\u9646\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u5728\u8fd4\u822a\u9014\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c8\u60f3\u4ece\u9e7f\u513f\u5c9b\u767b\u9646\uff0c\u4ecd\u88ab\u70ae\u51fb\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u65e0\u529f\u800c\u8fd4\uff0c\u4e8e8\u6708\u5e95\u56de\u5230\u6fb3\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u5230\u6fb3\u95e8\u540e\uff0c\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u7684\u5373\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u957f\u6587\u300a\u201c\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u201d\u53f7\u7409\u7403\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u822a\u884c\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u5bf9\u7409\u7403\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4f5c\u4e86\u6700\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u662f\u6700\u65e9\u6765\u534e\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u65b0\u6559\u4f20\u6559\u58eb\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u65e9\u57281833\u5e746\u6708\u5c31\u6765\u5230\u5e7f\u5dde\uff0c\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u57ce\u5916\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u7406\u4f1a\uff08Congregation Church\uff09\u521b\u529e\u5370\u5237\u6240\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u53c8\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u4e1c\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u5728\u6fb3\u95e8\u7684\u5370\u5237\u6240\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u57ce\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6559\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u6c49\u8bed\uff0c\u4f46\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u8fd8\u662f\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u79cd\u79cd\u9014\u5f84\u5b66\u4e60\u6c49\u8bed\uff0c\u5e76\u66fe\u4e0e\u90ed\u5b9e\u814a\u4e00\u8d77\u5411\u90a3\u51e0\u4f4d\u65e5\u672c\u6c34\u624b\u5b66\u4e60\u65e5\u8bed\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u534f\u52a9\u88e8\u6cbb\u6587\u7f16\u8f91\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e1b\u62a5\u300b\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5e7f\u5dde\u5730\u533a\u7684\u53d1\u884c\uff0c1847\u5e74\u63a5\u66ff\u88e8\u6cbb\u6587\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7f16\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f69\u91cc\u7684\u8230\u961f\u662f1852\u5e7411\u6708\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u4f5b\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u5dde\u7684\u8bfa\u798f\u514b\u6e2f\u542f\u822a\uff0c\u7ecf\u52a0\u90a3\u5229\u7fa4\u5c9b\u3001\u5f00\u666e\u6566\u3001\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\uff0c\u4e8e1853\u5e744\u6708\u521d\u5230\u8fbe\u6fb3\u95e8\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u505c\u7559\u8fbe\u4e8c\u5341\u5929\u4e4b\u4e45\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6dfb\u52a0\u8865\u7ed9\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8fd1\u8ddd\u79bb\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u5230\u8fbe\u6e2f\u6fb3\u540e\uff0c\u4f69\u91cc\u5411\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u8be6\u7ec6\u6253\u542c\u65e5\u672c\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4ed6\u77e5\u9053\u65e5\u672c\u867d\u7136\u9501\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u3001\u8377\u5170\u7f51\u5f00\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u7528\u6c49\u5b57\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u4fe1\u4ea4\u7ed9\u536b\u4e09\u754f\uff0c\u7531\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6c49\u8bd1\u672c\u3002\u79bb\u5f00\u6e2f\u6fb3\uff0c\u4f69\u91cc\u8230\u961f\u53c8\u9a70\u5411\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u4ed6\u505c\u7559\u4e86\u8fd1\u534a\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7a33\u59a5\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u8bf7\u4e0a\u6d77\u7f8e\u56fd\u9886\u4e8b\u9986\u4e00\u4f4d\u5728\u8377\u5170\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u5c06\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u4fe1\u8bd1\u4e3a\u8377\u5170\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u505c\u7559\u540e\uff0c\u4f69\u91cc\u8230\u961f\u76f4\u9a70\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u4e5f\u4ece\u6fb3\u95e8\u4e58\u8239\u6765\u5230\u7409\u7403\u4e0e\u4f69\u91cc\u4f1a\u5408\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u524d\u5f80\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u536b\u4e09\u754f\u62c5\u4efb\u8230\u961f\u7ffb\u8bd1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2<\/p>\n<p>\u4f69\u91cc\u8230\u961f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u9762\u76841853\u5e74\u6bd5\u7adf\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u9a6c\u793c\u900a\u53f7\u201d\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u70ae\u51fb\u76841837\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd916\u5e74\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4ef6\u9707\u64bc\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5927\u4e8b\uff0c\u5373\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u542c\u8bf4\u6bd4\u5b83\u5f3a\u5927\u5f97\u591a\u3001\u5148\u8fdb\u5f97\u591a\u3001\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5b83\u666f\u4ef0\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u5c45\u7136\u88ab\u5c0f\u5c0f\u5c9b\u56fd\u82f1\u56fd\u6253\u8d25\u3001\u88ab\u8feb\u6253\u5f00\u5927\u95e8\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u9707\u60ca\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e5\u672c\u671d\u91ce\u6709\u8bc6\u4e4b\u58eb\u60f3\u65b9\u8bbe\u6cd5\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u79cd\u79cd\u6e20\u9053\u83b7\u53d6\u4e2d\u56fd\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u60c5\u62a5\u3002\u867d\u7136\u957f\u671f\u95ed\u5173\u9501\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u65e5\u672c\u4e00\u76f4\u6ce8\u91cd\u6d77\u5916\u60c5\u62a5\u641c\u96c6\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u957f\u5d0e\u6e2f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u8377\u5170\u5546\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u5411\u957f\u5d0e\u5730\u65b9\u6700\u9ad8\u5b98\u5458\u62a5\u544a\u6d77\u5916\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u62a5\u544a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u98ce\u8bf4\u4e66\u201d\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u98ce\u8bf4\u4e66\u4f20\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5c06\u9e26\u7247\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u963f\u7247\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u9e26\u7247\u7684\u98ce\u8bf4\u4e66\u5c31\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u963f\u7247\u98ce\u8bf4\u4e66\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u98ce\u8bf4\u4e66\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u79d8\u5bc6\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7531\u957f\u5d0e\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u4e0a\u4ea4\u5e55\u5e9c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5e55\u5e9c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u624d\u80fd\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u4f46\u963f\u7247\u98ce\u8bf4\u4e66\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u8fd8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u79cd\u79cd\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u4f20\u5230\u6c11\u95f4\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u671d\u91ce\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u6025\u8feb\u4e86\u89e3\u4e2d\u56fd\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u641c\u96c6\u6709\u5173\u60c5\u62a5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e5\u672c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u9e26\u7247\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u53cd\u5e94\u662f1841\u5e74\u653e\u5bbd\u4e86\u300a\u5f02\u56fd\u8239\u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Medhurst\uff09\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u521b\u529e\u53d1\u884c\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c\u201c\u9050\u8fe9\u201d\u662f\u201c\u8fdc\u8fd1\u201d\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u521b\u520a\u53f7\u7684\u9898\u8bcd\u6709\u4e24\u9996\u4e94\u8a00\u8bd7\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u521b\u8bba\u901a\u9050\u8fe9\uff0c\u5b8f\u8bcd\u8d2f\u53e4\u4eca\u3002\u201d\u201c\u5999\u89e3\u9192\u5c18\u76ee\uff0c\u826f\u5de5\u8d39\u82e6\u5fc3\u3002\u543e\u5112\u7a3d\u53e4\u4eca\uff0c\u8d56\u5c14\u4f5c\u5357\u9488\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u6742\u5fd7\u7684\u5b97\u65e8\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u8d2f\u901a\u57df\u5916\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e3a\u4e3b\uff0c\u542f\u8499\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u6797\u58eb\u4eba\u3002\u6742\u5fd7\u8bd1\u6709\u4f0a\u7d22\u5bd3\u8a00\u7b49\u53e4\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5927\u91cf\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u6280\u672f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5f62\u52bf\u65b0\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u571f\u5c14\u5176\u73b0\u72b6\u3001\u745e\u5178\u73b0\u72b6\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u9ec4\u91d1\u4ea7\u91cf\u3001\u65e7\u91d1\u5c71\u793e\u4f1a\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u65e0\u602a\u4e4e\u540e\u6765\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c06\u5176\u79f0\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u4e2d\u6587\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u8fc5\u901f\u3001\u6700\u5168\u9762\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4fe1\u606f\u603b\u6c47\u3002\u6742\u5fd7\u4e5f\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u62a5\u9053\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u9999\u6e2f\u65b0\u95fb\u5916\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u3001\u5bf9\u6e05\u519b\u4e0e\u592a\u5e73\u519b\u7684\u6218\u51b5\u62a5\u9053\u8fc5\u901f\u51c6\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e24\u672c\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u7531\u7409\u7403\u4f20\u5230\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5e55\u5e9c\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u590d\u523b\uff0c\u8981\u9ad8\u5b98\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u6c11\u95f4\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u89c6\u8fd9\u672c\u6742\u5fd7\u3002\u968f\u4f69\u91cc\u8230\u961f\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u201c\u53e9\u5173\u201d\u8fd4\u6e2f\u540e\uff0c\u7f57\u68ee\u8fd8\u5c06\u8bbf\u65e5\u89c1\u95fb\u4ee5\u201c\u65e5\u672c\u65e5\u8bb0\u201d\u4e3a\u540d\uff0c\u4ea4\u300a\u9050\u8fe9\u8d2f\u73cd\u300b\u4ece1854\u5e7411\u6708\u53f7\u8d77\u8fde\u8f7d\u30021856\u5e74\u8fd9\u672c\u6742\u5fd7\u505c\u520a\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u524d\u7684\u65e7\u520a\u4ecd\u662f\u968f\u540e\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u641c\u6c42\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u521b\u520a\u4e8e\u4e2d\u56fd\u9999\u6e2f\u3001\u4e3a\u65e5\u672c\u6240\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u6742\u5fd7\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5374\u4e0d\u88ab\u91cd\u89c6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u88ab\u638c\u63e1\u8bdd\u8bed\u6743\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u58eb\u5b50\u3001\u5b98\u5458\u6240\u770b\u91cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u5f71\u54cd\u81f3\u5927\u81f3\u6df1\u3001\u8d77\u5230\u9707\u64bc\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u9b4f\u6e90\u53d7\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u4e4b\u6258\u7f16\u64b0\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u56fd\u56fe\u5fd7\u300b\u30021839\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u6155\u745e\uff08Hugh\u3000Murray\uff091836\u5e74\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u7406\u5927\u5168\u300b\uff08The Encyclopaedia of Geogra-phy\uff09\uff0c\u8bd1\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u56db\u6d32\u5fd7\u300b\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u51e0\u5927\u6d32\u7684\u65b0\u77e5\uff0c\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u8d70\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u8d77\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u542f\u8499\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u514b\u654c\u5236\u80dc\uff0c\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u8fd8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u897f\u65b9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u8239\u8230\u3001\u706b\u70ae\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u6709\u201c\u5e08\u5937\u201d\u4eff\u9020\u4e4b\u610f\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9ad8\u5b98\uff0c\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u6df1\u8c19\u56fd\u60c5\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u6b64\u4e66\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u7248\u5c06\u4f1a\u906d\u5230\u4e25\u6279\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u672a\u5c06\u300a\u56db\u6d32\u5fd7\u300b\u4ed8\u6893\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6b64\u4e66\u4ecd\u4f20\u4e86\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u8d23\u96be\u3002\u4f46\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u5df2\u7ecf\u611f\u5230\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e86\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u654c\u4eba\u3001\u4e86\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5e76\u201c\u5e08\u5937\u957f\u6280\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u624d\u80fd\u6218\u800c\u80dc\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1841\u5e74\u590f\u79cb\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u9769\u804c\u9063\u620d\u65b0\u7586\u4f0a\u7281\u7684\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u8def\u8fc7\u9547\u6c5f\uff0c\u4e0e\u597d\u53cb\u9b4f\u6e90\u540c\u5bbf\u4e00\u5ba4\uff0c\u5bf9\u69bb\u7545\u8c08\u3002\u6797\u5219\u5f90\u5c06\u300a\u56db\u6d32\u5fd7\u300b\u7b49\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\u6709\u5173\u5916\u5937\u8d44\u6599\u4ea4\u7ed9\u9b4f\u6e90\uff0c\u5631\u5176\u7f16\u64b0\u6210\u4e66\u3002\u9b4f\u6e90\u4e0d\u8d1f\u91cd\u6258\uff0c\u4e8e\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u8ba2\u7acb\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\u6574\u7406\u6210\u300a\u6d77\u56fd\u56fe\u5fd7\u300b\u4e8e1842\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img 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